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Perceptie-effecten van geografische variantie in (micro-)prosodische
eigenschappen
Marie Nilsenová
Communicatie- en informatie Wetenschappen
Faculteit Geesteswetenschappen
Universiteit van Tilburg
Background
• Clear correlation between age, body size and F0, as well as timbre (Greisbach 1999, Kraus, Freyberg & Morsella 2002)
• Listeners should be able to exploit that knowledge, eg reflecting on the Frequency Code: deeper <-> bigger/taller
• But listener estimates not as good as could be expected, also correlation not always perfect (Cohen et al 1980, Gunter & Manning 1982, van Dommelen & Moxness 1995)
• Free (non-linguistic) variation with social, geographical distribution?
• Expectation: listeners should perform better when estimating speakers in their own variant compared to another variant
Methodology
• 16 speakers (8 male, 8 female/8 B-Dutch, 8 B-Flemish) reading the same short text (newspaper article)
• 2 groups of participants - Dutch, Flemish• Task: estimate speaker’s length, weight, age and the
‘pleasantness’ of the voice (operationalized as 3 properties; Cronbach’s >.65); fixed time
• Also report if speaker Dutch or Flemish
Speaker comparison: Female
Age
(years)
Weight
(kg)
Length
(cm)
NL-fem-1 25 65 173
NL-fem-2 40 60 174
NL-fem-3 57 63 163
NL-fem-4 56 65 178
VL-fem-1 38 60 169
VL-fem-2 31 68 180
VL-fem-3 34 56 163
VL-fem-4 36 56 169
Speaker comparison: Male
Age
(years)
Weight
(kg)
Length
(cm)
NL-masc-1 41 88 184
NL-masc-2 34 72 184
NL-masc-3 29 83 190
NL-masc-4 25 83 174
VL-masc-1 32 79 185
VL-masc-2 41 65 180
VL-masc-3 28 78 188
VL-masc-4 37 63 168
Questionnaire
• Wat vindt u van deze stem?
Plezierig OnplezierigVriendelijk OnvriendelijkAangenaam Vervelend
Wat is volgens u de leeftijd van de spreker? jaarWat is volgens u de lengte van de spreker? cmWat is volgens u het gewicht van de spreker? kg
De spreker is Vlaams Nederlands
Design
• Two conditions: normal and reversed speech (Audacity)
• Purpose of the reversed speech condition: – to assure that speakers do not adapt to the variant they hear
based on previous experience;– also, to examine if adaptation to own variant also relevant for
perception of an ‘unknown’ language
Participants (N=179)
Normal speech condition
Reversed speech condition
Dutch Male
Female
10
25
27
41
Flemish Male
Female
9
18
13
36
Total 62 117
Measure of accuracy
• Index of accuracy (Kraus, Freyberg & Morsella 2002): the average of the absolute difference between estimated and actual values (AD) - the mean of the absolute differences between judges’ estimates of speakers’ values on an attribute and the speakers’ actual value
• The AD measure indexes judges’ average error in estimating a particular attribute
• It answers the question “How close is the average estimate of attribute X to the actual value of X?”
• Absolute accuracy - the sum of the absolute difference between estimated and actual values (AA)
Results (Length)
• Normal condition (AD): interaction effect between speakers’ variant and gender, and listeners’ variant (p<.05, partial eta squared = .127) in the predicted direction
• Reversed condition (AD): main effect of speakers’ variant (p<.05, partial eta squared = .058): Dutch speakers estimated more accurately than Flemish speakers
Results (Pleasantness)
• Normal speech condition: interaction effect of speaker’s variant and listener’s variant (p<.01, partial eta squared = .135) - listeners prefered their own variant
• Reversed speech condition: clear main effect of speaker’s variant (p<.001, partial eta squared =.535) - reversed Flemish prefered to reversed Dutch
Conclusion
• Accuracy of length estimation higher in normal speech condition for own variant
• Result not translated into the reversed speech condition
• Clear preference for speakers of own variant• Listeners generally reported that estimating weight
difficult• Other measures of accuracy to explore the directions
of the accuracy judgments
Thanks to:
Hanne Kloots
Machiel Debets
Julia Hirschberg
Marc Swerts