PENGANTAR EKONOMI

Screen graphics created byH. Mustika Lukman Arief, SE.,MBA.,MM.

INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMICS

NEED UNLIMITEDRESOURCES LIMITED

WHAT IS ECONOMICS ?• Economics is the study of the

ways that individual and societies allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited needs

• KEY WORD :–NEED UNLIMITED–RESOURCES LIMITED

Outline• Introducing Mikro Ekonomi• Permintaan & Penawaran• Elastisitas Permintaan &

Penawaran• Teori Tingkah Laku Konsumen• Teori Biaya Produksi• Pasar Persaingan Sempurna• Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna

.• Introducing Makro Ekonomi• Pendapatan Nasional• Keseimbangan Aggregate Dua Sektor• Keseimbangan Aggregate Tiga Sektor• Keseimbangan Aggregate Empat

Sektor• Teori Penawaran Uang, Kurs dan

Moneter• Neraca Pembayaran & Perdagangan• Pertumbuhan & Pembangunan

Ekonomi

Reference• Economics; Book 1 & 2; PA.

Samuelson• Mikro Ekonomi; Teori

Pengantar; Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005

• Makro Ekonomi; Teori Pengantar; Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005

ECONOMICSNEEDS:

UNLIMITEDRESOURCES:

LIMITEDGAP

1. INFLATION2. UNEMPLOYMENT3. UNEQUALITY

- FUNCTIONAL & - REGIONAL- INDIVIDUAL

4. POVERTY5. Balance of

Payment

1. NR2. HR3. CR4. E

GOODS & SERVICES

ECONOMICSPROBLEMS

1. WHAT’S2. HOW3. WHEN4. FOR WHOM

CHOICES

OPPORTUNITY COST

GAP •RESOURCES LIMITED :

–NR, HR, CR & Entrepreneur–GOODS & SERVICES–CHOICES–OPPORTUNITY COST

ECONOMICS PROBLEM

• INFLATION• UN-EMPLOYMENT• UN-EQUALITY : functional

& size, regional, individual• POVERTY

TYPES OF ECONOMICS SYSTEM

• TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM

• A system in which the question what, how, for whom and when are answered in the same way from generation to generation

.• COMMAND ECONOMIC SYSTEM• A system in which the question what, how,

for whom and when are answered by a central authority

• MARKET SYSTEM• A system in which the question what, how,

for whom and when are answered through independent decision of the people. This often used interchange able with capitalism

.•MIXED ECONOMY•An economics system in which there are elements of tradition, command and the market

ACTORS OF ECONOMY•HOUSEHOLD

–Suppliers of input factor–Demander of goods and services

–Payer taxes

.•FIRMS•Suppliers of goods and services

•Demander of input factor•Payer of Taxes

.• GOVERNMENT• To protect private property• To regulate money• To produce public goods and services• To assess social cost• To regulate and maintain competition• To promote economic growth and stability• To fight poverty• To eliminate discrimination• To receive of taxes• To send of subsidy

MICRO VS MACRO• MICROECONOMICS• Efficiency of Resources• Maximum Satisfaction

• MACROECONOMICS• Government Regulation• Demand and Supply Aggregate Activity

MACROECONOMICS ISSUES

• HIGH PERFORMANCE GROWTH AND STABILITY

• IMPROVEMENT ECONOMIC• PRICE STABILITY• UN-EMPLOYMENT /

POVERTY REDUCTION

INFLUENCES OF MACRO ACTIVITY

• PRIVATE CONSUMPTION• INVESTMENT• GOVERNMENT

EXPENDITURE• NET EXPORT ( EXPORT –

IMPORT )

MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM• ECONOMIC GROWTH• UNSTABLE OF ECO

ACTIVITY• UNEMPLOYMENT AND

INFLATION• TRADE AND BALANCE OF

PAYMENT

MACROECONOMIC POLICY• FISCAL POLICY

–Government expenditures and Taxation• MONETARY POLICY

–Control of the money supply by the federal reserve system

• SUPPLY SIDE POLICY–Ad Hoc policies to address specific

problems

GOAL OF MACROECONOMIC• RAPID GROWTH• PRICE STABILITY• INCOME EQUALITY• FULL EMPLOYMENT• BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

EQUILIBRIUM• EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF

INCOME

RAPID GROWTH• SHIFT PRODUCTION

POSSIBILITIES CURVE AT RATE SUCH THAT JOBS ARE CREATED AT SAME RATE AS GROWTH IN LABOR FORCE

PRICE STABILITY•SHIFT AGGREGATE SUPPLY (AS) AND AGGREGATE DEMAND (AD) CURVE AT SAME RATE

INCOME EQUALITY• REDUCES PURCHASING

POWER OF INCOME• TRANSFER PURCHASING

POWER FROM FIXED INCOME RECIPIENTS

• DISTORTS INCENTIVES AND DECISION MAKING

FULL EMPLOYMENT• AUTOMATIC STABILIZATION

EXPENDITURE THAT RISE WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT INCREASES AND FALL WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT FALLS

• UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT• WELFARE PAYMENTS• INCOME, SALES, AND EXCISE

TAXES

BALANCE OF PAYMENT• BUDGET ENFORCEMENT• Caps discretionary spending• Creates PAYGO system PAYGO=

applies only to NEW LEGISLATION and Amendments to former legislation

• Created Three Categories of Spending– Net Interest on Debt– Discreationary Spending– Mandatory or Direct Spending