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Pei-Fen Lee Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Taiwan University 1

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Development and Purposes Biodiversity action plan in Taiwan Committee of Sustainable Development Environmental monitoring Specific wildlife groups Mammal (bat), bird, amphibian, and butterfly 2

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Bird Monitoring What? Breeding or migratory species? Where? Spatial coverage When? Efficient and representative How? Standard protocol A comprehensive survey covering entire Taiwan using volunteers on 155 breeding bird species 3

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Previous Work or Development Sustainable indicators initiated by EPA Only in design phase, no further survey Biodiversity inventory by Council of Agriculture Only in northern Taiwan 5 years Local sustainable indicators Taipei city (2007- ) 4

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Biodiversity Inventory Only 5 year 1999 2003 200 projects Convenient sampling Data records: 0.8 million Most are vegetation (0.55 million) With location info. Not well designed 5

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Previous Work or Development Forest bird survey Only last for 2 years New year bird count Only last for 2 years Not well organized Bird inventory by bird societies Comprehensive in spatial scale, but no clear geo-records and no standard sampling protocol 6

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BBS in North America 7 1966 >7100 >3000 routes

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BBS in UK 8 1994 >2000/yr >3000 sites

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Single Species Monitoring Cattle Egret in North America Short term: Distribution Summer Long term: changes 1966 till now 9

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Summer Visitors Population Trend in UK 10 50% reduction since 1994 Conservation strategy

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Sustainable Development Indicators In UK 11 Ecological monitoring: 50% reduction in farm birds Biodiversity strategy

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Indicators for Long-term Monitoring Same location Fixed survey time Long-term survey Proper design to adapt to budget, time and human resources constraints 12

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Taiwan Breeding Bird Survey Long-term survey on breeding birds Large spatial scale Standard protocol Aims: ecological monitoring info, sustainable development indicators, distribution change under climate change impact, Data will open to the public 13

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Bird societies Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University Endemic Species Research Institute (since 2010) Participants 14

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Selecting Sampling Sites Stratified random sampling scheme Representative of the environment Ecoregion Elevation (ecosystems) Volunteers Roads available, but avoiding over- developed areas 15

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Point Count 16 Time (min.) Cumulative species (%) 6 min to reach 80% How much time spent in one point: 6 min.

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When to conduct survey? 17 Bird detected (%) Hours after sunrise (hr) Noon 0-5 hrs after sunrise Breeding season

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Sampling Sites (Routes) and Points Each sites: 6 10 points Point spacing > 200m Points should be < 4km in length 18

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Identifying the species by sight or sound avoid double sampling Recording distance 100m Passing by Each Point: 6 min survey time ( ) 100m 25m 0m

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Which Months? Twice per breeding season Consideration of the elevation difference > 2500 m, May & June 1000-2500 m, April & June < 1000 m, March & May

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Training Lessens

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Field Training in Different Ecosystems

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Field Training

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Field data recording sheet

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Web pages of Taiwans BBS

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Excel format sheet to record survey data

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Survey data submitted via the Internet

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Organizations and Volunteers Volunteers: >200 Organization: >20

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2009 BBS 160 sites with 1,296 points Cover all major ecosystems 118 volunteers 128 breeding species 202 species, > 90,000 bird records 30

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2009-2011: >240 sites 2009 - 2010 All (500 sites)

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148 species >90% of breeding bird species (155) in Taiwan >230 species

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2009 BBS data 33 Species richness Density (#/ha)

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2009 BBS data 34 Species Richness by Elevation Total Density (#/ha)

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36 species Forest type: 26 Grassland type: 10 Species Population Index (2009-2010)

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Growth? Breeding birds +15% Forest birds: +13% Grassland birds: +22% Grassland type Forest type All species 20092010 50 75 100 125 150 Population Index (2009=100) Population Index

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2009 BBS data Ranking by total abundance 37 /ha 1 1.7210.83% 2 1.358.51% 3 0.955.97% 4 0.825.21% 5 0.744.67% 6 0.644.05% 7 0.513.25% 8 0.483.04% 9 0.452.84% 10 0.372.32% 1

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Chinese Bulbul Taiwan Bulbul Black Bulbul Finch-billed Bulbul Density Pattern of Family Pycnonotidae

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Protected species Level II Ring-necked pheasant Common species Bamboo Partridge

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Exotic species North: Black- throated laughing thrush South: White- rumped Shama

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Elevation Species richness No data

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Endemic species richness Protected species richness

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Rare Species Fairy Pitta Russet Sparrow Black-napped Oriole Maroon Oriole

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Future of Taiwan BBS A monitoring database Environmental monitoring network Professional researchers Promoting sustainable development under climate change by supplying suitable information for decision-making 44

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NGO Government & University Volunteers

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International cooperation