International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Association and Integrated Program on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution

Joint SeminarHotel Royal Pedregal, Mexico D.F., Mexico

January 22-23rd, 2004

Pedro Oyola Ph DDirección Ejecutiva

Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambientepoyola@conama.cl

Introduction• In 1997 Santiago Metropolitan Region was

declared saturated with TSP, PM10, CO, O3 and latent for NO2.

• An Atmospheric Decontamination and Prevention Program for the Metropolitan Region was initiated.

• An intensive program to reduce the impact from mobile sources, specially public transportation system was started.

• An important collaboration between CONAMA and the Universities was initiated oriented to increase the capacity building.

MAIN AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS

HIGH LEVELS OF

• PM10 and PM2.5

• OZONE

Santiago Cost/ Benefits Action Plan 2001-2005

Actions

Emissionreduction

( ton/year )

2.755 MP 14.732 NOx

Cost

127 US$ mill/year

Benefits

260 US$ mill/year

Health cost ( $ / year )

Type of vehicles

Light gasoline

Light LPG

Light CNG

Light diesel

Damage( $ / year)

10.959

15.812

18.798

103.960

Santiagode Chile

End of the world

San

tiag

o d

e C

hil

e

40km

LAS CONDES

P. O´HIGGINS

PUDAHUEL

LA FLORIDA

SEMINARIO

CERRILLOS

EL BOSQUE

LA PAZ

Santiago Metropolitan Region´s Air Quality Network

El Monte

Metereological Network

Airport

% of PM10 reduction at the Macam Network-Winter period 1997-2003

Material Particulado PM10 Comparación Período Invernal 1997-2003

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Pudahuel Cerrillos Parque OH La Florida La Paz El Bosque Las Condes

In

dice IC

AP

19972003

43%

35%31% 34% 44%

8%

36%

Anthropogenic Responsibility on PM10 Inmissions

Source ParticipationBuses 21%Trucks 13%Light Vehicles 14%

Mobile Total 48%Combustion Fixed 12%Processes Fixed 14%Homes 7%

Fixed Total 33%Firewood, farmland, sewage 19%

Area Total 19%

GoodGood to RegularRegularBadCritical

Meteorological Conditions

Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation

The ventilation indicators for Santiago are

August, 13 17:00August, 13 17:00

August, 14 17:00August, 14 17:00

August, 15 17:00August, 15 17:00

Pudahuel August, 16 00:00Pudahuel August, 16 00:00

Site Location in Región Metropolitana

Cerro Calán

Gotuzzo

Buin

Cu-As-Mo-S Time Series at BuinWinter 1996

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

10000.0

4-jul 6-jul 8-jul 10-jul 12-jul 14-jul 16-jul 18-jul 20-jul 22-jul 24-jul

ng

/m3

Cu

As

Mo

S

• In large cities, vehicle emission are usually the most important• In small cities, there may be sources specific (and limited) to the area that are significant (smelters, house heating, biomass burning, etc.) • Fixed sources are easiest to control, moving sources are harder• Local emissions may mislead the interpretation of the results.• Monitoring site representativeness is needed

Emissions

Monitoring site representativeness, PM-10

1 3 5 7 9

11 13

15

17

19

21

23

JulyAugust

SeptemberOctober

NovemberDecember

0

50

100

150

200

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

ug

/m3 )

Time of day

Parque O'Higgins, average day

July August September October November December

Data from a monitoring site should be representative of

the community, independent of local sources.

1 3 5 7 9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

JanuaryFebruary

MarchApril

MayJune

0

50

100

150

200

250

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

ug

/m3 )

Time of day

Pudahuel, average day

January February March April May June

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

JanuaryFebruary

MarchApril

MayJune

0

50

100

150

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/m3 )

Time of day

Las Condes, average day

January February March April May June

Local traffic influence

No local traffic influence

VISUALIZATION

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time of day

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

g/m

3 )

May

June

July

August

September

EC

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time of day

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

g/m

3 )

May

June

July

August

September

PM2.5

• Similar shapes for the monthly average indicate similar sourcesfor EC and PM2.5

•Traffic is the likely source for the 8 – 9 hrs. peak• Different source is expected for the midnight peak• Wind may be responsible for the minimum at 13 – 18 hrs.

May determine the concentration of pollutants in certain areas• Controls the local wind pattern• Limits the spatial extent of pollutants

Topography

• Cluster analysis of the data among the stations is used to obtain groups with similar temporal behavior

• These groups are similar for PM10 and ozone

• The groups are independent of the season

• Topography of the city is probably responsible for the configuration of the groups

Environmental grouping

Ozone PM10

Late episodeEarly episode

Episode

PM10 Daily Cycles April-September (2000-2003)

Airborne transport of Fine Particle inside the Mapocho

ValleyEpisode 28 - 30 July 2003

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72

Time of day

Ab

s. C

oe

f. (

1/k

m)

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

Usach

Puhaduel

Airport

Fine Particles Size Distribution and Temporal EvolutionLas Condes, 10 - 11 July 2003

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Time

Nu

mb

er

44,5

71

151

202

Size (nm)

Pudahuel 23 july 2003

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time

Nu

mb

er

44,5

71

151

202

Size ( nm)

Daily and Nightly Averages of the Physicochemical Composition of the PM2,5 at Pudahuel

PUDAHUEL - Composición Media del PM2.525 de Junio al 11 de agosto 2003

NOCTURNO 18 a 6 hPM2.5 = 83,8 gm-3

DIURNO: 6 - 18 hPM2.5 = 44,8 gm-3

% del PM2.5 (concentración en gm-3)

K+ 4% (1,9)

K+ 6% (5,3)

XXV JORNADASCHILENAS DE QUIMICA

Clusters and Sources

C25C26C27C23C29C30C28C22C24C31C32C33C34C35Dimethyl-phenanthranesCoroneneBenzo[a]pyreneAntrathreneBenzo[a]anthraceneIndeno[1,2,3-cd] pyreneBenzofluoranthenesBenzo[e]pyreneChrysene/TriphenyleneBenzo[ghi]perylenePeryleneFluoranthenePyrenePhenanthreneFlureneAnthraceneMethyl-phenanthranesC18C20C16PhytaneC17PristaneC19C21UCMC14C15

HAPs Comparison at Pudahuel & Parque O´Higgins

Comparación HAPs en Parque O'Higgins v/s Pudahuel 200323 de Julio

0

30

60

90

120

HAPs

Co

nc

en

tra

ció

n (

ng

/m3 )

Filtro PUF

F+P:1529F+P:170

Acknowledgements

http://fisica.usach.cl/uv/archivoshttp://www.conama.cl/rm/realtime