Pedagogies for Diversity:Preparing Students for an

Interdependent World

Karl A. SmithCivil Engineering

University of Minnesota

Provost’s Luncheon SeminarCalifornia State University – Dominguez Hills

October 25, 2005

Pegadogies of Engagement: Using Cognitive Science to Design Instruction for Diverse Learners

“If we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity.” President John F. Kennedy, Commencement Address, American University, June 10, 1963.

Cited in Harlan Cleveland, Nobody in charge: Essays on the future of leadership, Jossey-Bass, 2002.

Age of Interdependence

Tom Boyle of British Telecom calls this the age of interdependence; he speaks of the importance of people’s NQ, or network quotient – their capacity to form connections with one another, which, Boyle argues is now more important than IQ, the measure of individual intelligence.

Cohen, Don & Prusak, Laurence. 2001. In good company: How social capital makes organizations work. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

NYTimes MAGAZINE April 3, 2005It's a Flat World, After All By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN

Video – Think Global Series: http://minnesota.publicradio.org/radio/features/2005/05/collaboration/

Platform for Collaboration(1st Three Flatteners):1. 11/9/892. 8/9/953. Work Flow Software

Horizontalize

The great question of this new century is whether the age of interdependence is going to be good or bad for humanity. The answer depends upon whether we in the wealthy nations spread the benefits and reduce the burdens of the modern world, on whether the poor nations enact the changes necessary to make progress possible, and on whether we all can develop a level of consciousness high enough to understand our obligations and responsibilities to each other.

JD Edwards Ad from Time Magazine, 9/00

Pedagogies of Engagement

Lila M. Smith

Lila M. Smith

1. Learning is a social activity (John Dewey)

2. Innovative learning requires ambiguity (Stuart Pugh)

3. All learning requires un-learning (John Seely Brown)

4. Learning is situated (Jean Lave)

Foundations forPedagogies of Engagement

Foundations - John Dewey

John Dewey’s ideal school:

•a “thinking” curriculum aimed at deep understanding

•cooperative learning within communities of learners

•interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary curricula

•projects, portfolios, and other “alternative assessments” that challenged students to integrate ideas and demonstrate their capabilities.

Dewey, John. 1915. The school and society, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cooperative Learning•Positive Interdependence•Individual and Group Accountability•Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction•Teamwork Skills•Group Processing

Cooperative Learning Research Support Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., & Smith, K.A. 1998. Cooperative learning returns to

college: What evidence is there that it works? Change, 30 (4), 26-35.

• Over 300 Experimental Studies• First study conducted in 1924• High Generalizability• Multiple Outcomes

Outcomes

1. Achievement and retention2. Critical thinking and higher-level

reasoning3. Differentiated views of others4. Accurate understanding of others'

perspectives5. Liking for classmates and teacher6. Liking for subject areas7. Teamwork skills

Small-Group Learning: Meta-analysis

Springer, L., Stanne, M. E., & Donovan, S. 1999. Effects of small-group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology: A meta-

analysis. Review of Educational Research, 69(1), 21-52.

Small-group (predominantly cooperative) learning in postsecondary science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET). 383 reports from 1980 or later, 39 of which met the rigorous inclusion criteria for meta-analysis.

The main effect of small-group learning on achievement, persistence, and attitudes among undergraduates in SMET was significant and positive. Mean effect sizes for achievement, persistence, and attitudes were 0.51, 0.46, and 0.55, respectively.

Strategies for Energizing Large Classes: From

Small Groups toLearning Communities:

Jean MacGregor,James Cooper,

Karl Smith,Pamela Robinson

New Directions for Teaching and Learning,

No. 81, 2000.Jossey- Bass

The Harvard Assessment Seminars - Richard J. Light

All the specific findings point to, and illustrate, one main idea. It is that students who get the most out of college, who grow the most academically, and who are the happiest, organize their time to include interpersonal activities with faculty members, or with fellow students, built around substantive, academic work.

Environmental Factors That Enhance Students= Academic and Personal Development and SatisfactionAlexander Astin in What matters in college:

Four critical years revisited. Jossey-Bass, 1993.

Student-student interactionStudent-faculty interactionA faculty that is very student-orientedDiscussing racial/ethnic issues with other studentsHours devoted to studying B Time on taskTutoring other studentsSocializing with students of different race/ethnicityA student body that has high socioeconomic statusAn institutional emphasis on diversityA faculty that is positive about the general education programA student body that values altruism and social activism

Shaping the Future: New Expectations for Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology – National Science Foundation, 1996

Goal B All students have access to supportive, excellent undergraduate education in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology, and all students learn these subjects by direct experience with the methods and processes of inquiry.

Effective Course Design

Students

Goals andObjectives

Assessment

EC 2000

Bloom’sTaxonomy

Course-specificgoals & objectives

Cooperative learning

Lectures

Labs

Other experiences

Classroomassessmenttechniques

Tests

Instruction

Other measures

Technology

(Felder & Brent, 1999)

Desired Attributes of a Global Engineer*• A multidisciplinary, systems perspective, along with a product

focus• An awareness of the boundaries of one’s knowledge, along

with an appreciation for other areas of knowledge and their interrelatedness with one’s own expertise

• An awareness of and strong appreciation for other cultures and their diversity, their distinctiveness, and their inherent value

• A strong commitment to team work, including extensive experience with and understanding of team dynamics

• High ethical standards (honesty, sense of personal and social responsibility, fairness, etc)

• An ability to think both critically and creatively, in both independent and cooperative modes

*A Manifesto for Global Engineering Education, Summary Report of the Engineering Futures Conference, January 22-23, 1997. The Boeing Company & Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Minnesota Studies in International Development

(MSID)

• MSID-Kenya Site Visit

• February 2003

• 30 students studying in Kenya in MSID program

Nairobi, Kenya

The Country

Linnea

Engineers for a Sustainable World (ESW)

Maybe I’m just asking you to pay closer attention to the land

Maya Lin Boundaries

I feel I exist on the boundaries

Whole Earth, Winter 2002

Mitakuye Oyasin

"We are all related"

Education is an art of process, participation and making connection.

Albert White Hat, Sr. & Cheryl MedearisSinte Gleska University, Rosebud, SD

Safe for Diversity

The required solvent for civilization is respect for differences. The art is to be different together.

Civilization will be built by cooperation and compassion, in a social climate in which people of different groups can deal with each other in ways that respect their cultural differences.

Harlan Cleveland, Nobody in charge: Essays on the future of leadership, Jossey-Bass, 2002.

5 changes I'd like to see1. Take advantage of classroom gatherings for student-

student interaction2. Involve more students in study abroad and other forms of

engagement that are well outside their familiarity – Lee Shulman - Goal of Education - make the strange familiar and make the familiar strange.

3. Change the PhD preparation to make it more focused on Scholarly Teaching & SOTL - (UW Re-envisioning the PhD, Woodrow Wilson - Responsive PhD, Carnegie Study of the Doctorate.

4. Study ourselves. Engaged Scholarship.5. Embrace sustainability - universities should be leading

the efforts and studies to develop more sustainable communities and workplaces.