Inclusive Pedagogies & Assessment

WP Workshop, London May 2012Tempus: Equal Access for All

Day Four, Prof Penny Jane Burke

Aims of session

• To outline key issues for developing inclusive pedagogies and assessment

• To draw on notions of reflexivity• To draw on these insights in relation to our

experiences & practices• To identify areas of further development for

supporting equal access & widening participation in HE

WP & Pedagogical Practices

• Teaching and learning in HE is central to developing inclusive practices to promote equal access and participation

• Teachers who are working with learners from a range of different social and cultural backgrounds must carefully consider the complex power relations of the pedagogic space

Some key questions

• For example who is being included and who is not? • What are the processes of inclusion? • Whose knowledge and experiences are being

recognised and drawn on in the classroom?• Are there taken-for-granted practices that students

from under-represented backgrounds might not be familiar with?

• How is teaching supporting students to access the curriculum and to understand expectations?

Developinginclusive approaches

• Being explicit at the start of the programme to promote mutual respect and clear ground rules of ways to work together –

• Having an explicit discussion with students about the different and competing perspectives and forms of knowledge in academic contexts

• BUT also subjecting these to critical reflection in collaborative processes of learning & meaning-making

• concerns with curriculum & assessment are seen as part of pedagogical practices and relations, NOT as separate entities

• Thus, pedagogies are concerned not only with explicit practices of teaching & learning but also with questions about the nature and construction of knowledge, competing epistemological perspectives & ways that learning might be assessed to support learning processes.

Flawed notions of deficit

• Inclusive teaching practices REJECT the notion that some groups of students are unable to engage with those practices and forms of knowledge granted the highest levels of social esteem

• Such perspectives are based on flawed assumptions of deficit connected to the politics of misrecognition

• Rather the teacher starts from the understanding that ‘ability’ is tied to (unequal) access to different forms of (legitimated and privileged) cultural and academic capital – and the privileging of some knowledge and experience over others

Value & recognize diverse knowledge & experience

• The teacher works to demystify these practices & forms of knowledge to make them accessible to those who have been historically excluded from the opportunity to engage with them

• value & recognize the richness & diversity of experiences & perspectives all students bring to their learning & to pedagogical relationships - these experiences & perspectives seen as key resources for learning

Creating inclusive pedagogical spaces

• Teaching designed to creates spaces for students to:– explore & develop their interests and experiences, – to exchange ideas and dialogue, – to make connections between the theoretical and

the practical – to develop their understanding within the wider

diverse community of learning to which they develop a strong sense of belonging.

Reflection…

• Discuss the importance of developing inclusive pedagogies in HE for equal access and WP

• What are the challenges? What are the opportunities?

Writing transitions – Assessment Practices & Frameworks

• WP research focusing on assessment and feedback practices in HE has shown that academic writing and assessment practices often operate in exclusive ways– an over-emphasis on ‘skills’ and a lack of attention to

writing processes, methodologies and epistemologies– exposed the limitation of current understanding

about the impact of different modes of assessment and feedback on students from historically under-represented groups

Feeling stuck• At the moment I’m not really able to look from a

particular angle to define a theme for my essay and to get to any particular point…I had a tutorial with another professor but it didn’t really help and I just feel stuck. I’ve read so much but there are so many different theories and I can’t find a focus. I’m not sure what they expect at M level and I really want to write about what I understand. On the PGCE, the writing was more concrete – we looked at curriculum and the theories were related to my practice. At M level it is more theoretical (Transitions project, ‘Victor’, MA Education student, 2010)

Writing as technique or skills…• approaches to teaching writing in HE tend to

construct writing in mechanistic ways• Students who are seen to ‘have problems’ with

their writing are often advised to seek additional help through remediation programmes

• writing is often constructed as a set of techniques that are separate from disciplinary/methodological concerns

• Assumption that writing can be straightforwardly taught to those individual students seen as lacking study skills

Exclusive practices

• Those who struggle to express their understanding in the privileged epistemological frameworks are often reconstituted as ‘weak’ and ‘at risk’ students.

• Such discourses often make problematic and flawed links between WP and lowering of standards.

• Such approaches have the effect of re/locating issues of access and participation with the individual student’s writing, rather than understanding that particular pedagogical and literacy practices narrow who can be recognised as a legitimate author/student in HE.

Writing as Methodology • Research intervention: intensive writing workshops - I

explored experiences of academic writing and literacy practices with a group of MA students

• They worked with pieces of student writing to ask questions of the text -- to try to understand what it might mean to ‘be explicit’, ‘be critical’ and ‘orchestrate the voices’ through referencing practices.

• used Laurel Richardson’s idea of ‘writing as a method of enquiry’ (Richardson, 2000) to:

• explore their experiences of writing & to develop their writing plans and material in the context of the MA assessment framework.

Writing as contextual• Workshop acknowledged the complicated processes

that writing entails for all students, including the intellectual and emotional struggle of crafting and producing a piece of writing for assessment.

• I deliberately organized this as a workshop embedded in the course, rather than as additional support for students identified as ‘needing help’ with their writing

• The workshop emphasized the importance of the different contexts in which writing is produced

• & the identities and perspectives that profoundly shape the student-authors’ experiences of and approaches to writing for assessment in HE

Embedded approach…

• Mark: I think writing is one of the things that I feel able at, so that I wouldn’t perhaps have chosen to go to an extra course, but it is actually really useful in enlightening me to the different styles of academic writing that were needed for this particular course. So it is perfect that it is embedded into the course.

Structure & thought patterns • Gary: I would have liked something like this in my

undergrad. It would have directed me so much better… something actually in the course saying this is how we do it, this is how we expect the writing to be, because again I think the writing is very personal to a subject and like my writing now is very different to what I was doing in my undergrad and even in what I was doing in my PGCE. Like there are very different styles of writing and so it would have been useful. This [workshop] was excellent because I have actually realised what I need to do in terms of my dissertation and how I need to structure it, maybe what thought patterns I need to have instead, and obviously having that clear guideline will hopefully help.

anxiety

• Beth: I think it is really important actually to embed it and wish that it had been earlier on for me. I think it would have helped with the anxieties that I was talking about at the start. You know they are just going to laugh when they get these essays; it is just not at all the standard that they are expecting. Because if you have never worked at that level before, you don’t know at all whether you are achieving the standard…

Being explicit• Tina: I really liked the bit where you were talking

about all the different ways of interpreting, be explicit and be critical, because I am an English teacher, so I find the writing bit okay and I mark people’s essays all the time, so I find that bit fine, but I think as a teacher I write, ‘be explicit’ and it is quite useful to see it like that and I can imagine me writing a similar thing and then going back to that checklist and just sort of, it is that meta-cognition isn’t it, I guess? Because I can always be too comfortable with what I am doing and it is making me think a bit more carefully I think.

What are the purposes of assessing student work?

• It is important to identify the purposes of assessment explicitly as these will affect all aspects of your assessment strategy…

Purposes might include:• To provide evidence of students’ knowledge &

understanding• To provide evidence of students’ acquisition of subject-

specific skills, or the ability to apply knowledge & understanding

• To demonstrate power of expression of knowledge & understanding

• To support the learning of students• To provide feedback on their work• To help evaluate your teaching• To help students evaluate their own learning

Formative & Summative…

• Formative: not normally graded• Has a teaching function• Aim to help students develop their

understanding and improve their work• It can help familiarize students with the

practices and language of a new subject area• Can be combined with summative assessment• Summative assessment is formally graded

Participative assessment

• “a process in which students and tutors share, to some degree, the responsibility for making evaluations and judgments about students’ written work, gaining insights into how such judgments are made and finding appropriate ways to communicate them” – (Reynolds and Trehan, 2000: 270)

• This might involve self-assessment or peer-assessment

Self-assessment• Students take greater responsibility for their

learning• Students might contribute a comment on their

own work – e.g. the strengths and how they might develop their work further

• It could involve students negotiating a piece of writing with the lecturer & perhaps criteria for assessment

• The student's own evaluation could be submitted with the assignment and a grade negotiated with the lecturer

Peer-assessment

• Students might provide comments on the work of their peers, using agreed assessment criteria

• Students might grade their peer’s work, moderated then by the lecturer

• Less formal approaches: students provide formative feedback

• Student presentations with comments by peers, then written up for summative assessment by the lecturer

Reflection…

• What are the benefits and challenges of these different approaches to assessment?

• Have you ever experienced these approaches yourself? In what ways were they helpful in supporting learning?

Purposes of feedback…

• To support students in developing their writing and understanding

• To teach a particular aspect of disciplinary content

• To help support the student in understanding academic conventions

• To help students to identify strengths and areas of improvement

• To explain or justify as grade

Complexities to consider• The purposes of feedback are sometimes mixed and unclear• Different expectations of students and lecturers• Students might find comments vague, unclear, confusing• Students might have different feedback from different lecturers on

the same work• Feedback is shaped by the lecturers disciplinary, epistemological

backgrounds as well as their own values and interests• Feedback does not always relate to guidelines and/or criteria• Feedback is often not as helpful as we want it to be• Giving/receiving feedback is emotional, as well as rational

– (adapted from Lillis and Swann, 2003)

Participatory approaches• How does the student locate herself in the

writing? • If she uses the first or third person, what effect

does that have on the claims that she is making? • How does she draw on other writers exploring

similar lines of enquiry? • Which ‘voices’ in the field is she drawing on to

support her argument? • What is the relationship between form and

content in the text?

Discussion

• Consider the connections between the points made in PJB’s presentation and your own experiences of pedagogies, feedback and assessment – What further questions has this raised?

• What are the particular implications of this for providing student support in relation to equal access for all? How do these considerations help us to think about developing a WP framework in HE?

• Andrew.wilkins@roehampton.ac.uk