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Building Energy Efficiency Standards
ZNE WebinarCalifornia Community Colleges
Vision for ZNE and the 2019 Building Standards
Mazi Shirakh, PEZNE Technical Lead
May 27, 2016
Title 242016
Standards
Public Resources Code (PRC 25402): Reduction of wasteful, uneconomic, inefficient or unnecessary consumption of energy
(a)(1) Prescribe, by regulation, lighting, insulation climate control system, and other building design and construction standards that increase the efficiency in the use of energy and water…
Warren Alquist Act Signed into law in 1974 by Governor Ronald Reagan and launched by Governor Jerry Brown in 1975
Authority & Process
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Zero Net Energy: Residential by 2020 and Nonresidential by 2030
CARB Climate Change Scoping Plan
California Long Term Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan
Policy Drivers For Building Standards
Governorʹs “Clean Energy Jobs Plan”
Governor Brown’s ZNE goals – focused on ZNE building code requirement by 2020 for newly constructed residential buildings – get there in 3 code cycles (2013, 2016, 2019)
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Zero Net Energy StandardsAchieve additional energy savings from building components regulated under Title 24 to reach ZNE goals
Integrate onsite generation into building Standards to accomplish ZNE
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Impacts of Building Standards on Home Energy Use
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Focus on CA Climate DiversityStandards set expectations for climate‐specific designsCA weather data captures statewide coincident peak demand climate conditions
California Standards for California Climates
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Coastal - 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8
Inland - 2, 4, 9, 10
Central Valley - 11, 12, 13
Desert - 14, 15
Mountains -16
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2016 Standards Energy Impact SummaryEnergy and Demand Savings
Electric Savings, GWHs
Demand Reduction, MW
Gas Savings, Mtherms
GWH Savings Over 2013
Total Residential 345.0 115.0 31.0 28%Total Nonresidential 192.0 80.0 (0.9) 5%Total 2016 Standards 537.0 195.0 30.1
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Benefits of the 2016 Standards Update
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2.2 Million Homes
After 30 years of construction,California will annually save energy
equivalent to:
12 Power Plants
3.1 Million EVs driven for 40 miles
each day
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Life Cycle Costing
Standards measures must be cost effective1. Using Life Cycle Costing Methodology (LCC)
i. Discounted cash flows for costs and benefits
ii. Accounts for maintenance costs/benefits
iii. Appropriate discount rates and life of measures ‐
30 years for residential measures15 years for nonresidential measures
2. Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)
i. Value of gas and electricity changes depending on the season and the time of day
ii. 8,760 TDV multipliers for each hour of the year
iii. Favors measures that save energy during high demand periods
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ZNE Definition: The 2015 IEPR VisionA ZNE Design Designation Building is one where the value of the net amount of energy produced by on‐site renewable energy resources is equal to the value of the energy consumed annually by the building, at the level of a single “project” seeking development entitlements and building code permits, measured using the California Energy Commission’s Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) metric.
A ZNE Design Designation Building meets an Energy Use Intensity (EUI) value designated in the Building Energy Efficiency Standards by building type and climate zone that reflect best practices for highly efficient buildings.
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2016 Residential Standards MeasuresFour Major Measure Were Adopted:1. High Performance Attics (HPA) – Attics get very hot in summer, up to 140o F where
the duct system and the air handler is usually located; HPA adds insulation at the roof deck to help reduce the attic temperature by 40o F or more.
2. High Performance Walls (HPW) – Additional insulation in wall cavity or continuous insulation.
3. Natural Gas instantaneous (tankless) Water Heater – Energy Factor (EF) of 0.82
4. High efficacy lighting (LED) and controls throughout the house
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2016 Standards Measures
High Performance Attics (HPA) performance defined by:Roof deck insulation equivalent to R‐13 insulation below deck and R‐38 insulation on the ceiling. Insulation choices may include spray foam, batt or blown‐in, and SIP panels.
However, the builder has many other options, all meeting the HPA performance:
1. R‐6 continuous insulation with radiant barrier2. Hybrid roofing systems combining insulation and higher roof
reflectance3. Ducts in conditioned space (below ceiling)4. Ducts in unvented attics5. Or other solutions suggested by the industry
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2016 Standards Range of Options
Above Deck Insulation
Hybrid Roofing
Unvented Attic with Blown-in Insulation
Ducts in Conditioned Space
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2016 Standards Measures
High Performance Walls (HPW) – Performance Defined By:
R19 cavity + R5 Continuous Insulation – U‐Factor 0.051
However, the builder has many other options, all meeting the HPWperformance:
1. 2x4 @ 16” OC, R15 + R‐8 CI (0.051)
2. 2x6 @ 24” OC, R19 + R‐5 CI (0.049)
3. 2x6 @ 24” OC R21 + R‐4 CI (0.048)
4. Staggered studs with batt insulation or spray foam
5. Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs)
6. Or other solutions suggested by the industry
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2016 Standards Other Measures
Instantaneous (Tankless)Water Heaters• Basis of prescriptive and performance approach – set
on federal IWH performance, currently at Energy Factor of 0.82
• For tanks less than 55 gallons, allow prescriptive alternative for standard storage water heaters in combination with: Quality Insulation Installation (QII), and either
Compact pipe distribution design, or
Insulating all half inch and larger hot water pipes
For tanks above 55 gallons, no QII is required, only combine with compact distribution or pipe insulation
• Use the performance path for additional options, such as electric heat pump water heaters
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2016 Standards Other MeasuresHigh Efficacy Lighting
1. All high efficacy high CRI lighting throughout the house, paired with JA8 compatible controls
2. All recessed downlights in ceilings must be high efficacy
3. Allow luminaires with screw base sockets as high efficacy if the socket is populated with a high quality, JA8 compliant lamp at the time of inspection; exception for downlights
2016 lighting improvements result in large energy savings. Reduction in plug loads and properly sized PV are needed to get to ZNE.
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Impact of 2016 Standards on the PV Size
1. To get to ZNE, the 2016 improvements results in a PV system that is 13% smaller in cooling CZs
2. Or about 900 watts smaller
3. Or about 70 square feet smaller foot print for the PV system
PV footprint on the roof in extreme CZs will be an issue for the ZNE goal; more efficiency helps to reduce the PV footprint area.
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2016 Standards Nonresidential Measures
Nonresidential Measures Mostly to Stay In‐line With ASHRAE National Standards:
1. Equipment Efficiencies
2. Envelope U‐factors
3. Indoor Lighting
4. Outdoor Lighting
5. Elevators and Escalators
6. Windows and Doors HVAC Lockout Sensors
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2016 Standards Process and Measures1. Update the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) assumption based on TDV and
other parameters
2. Using the updated TDVs, evaluate cost effectiveness of additional envelope measures for the extreme cooling climate zones; possible measures include additional roof deck insulation for high performance attics and improving the wall U‐factors
3. Using the updated LCC to determine the cost effectiveness and size of PV systems for each climate zone.
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The ZNE Challenge – Load HarmonizationThe sun shines when it shines and the wind blows when it blows, and those often are not the times when we need them the most
• Solar PV peak is not coincident with utility peak – PV output drops off significantly after 3 PM, while the utility‐grid peak is around 6 PM or later
• This results in significant PV overgeneration in mid‐day when the demand is relatively low, especially in milder spring and autumn months
PV Load Harmonization – Strategies that will harmonize the building based PV generation and overgeneration with the gird.
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Bad Duck – PV OvergenerationThe overgeneration problem gets worse in the near future as we approach the 50% utility Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) by 2030, and ever increasing building based renewables – resulting in the so called “Duck Curve” problems
Hawaii and Australia have already encountered these problems, as will other states and countries with significant penetration of solar electric, where renewables output must be curtailed due to overgeneration
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Good Duck: Grid Harmonization
Teach the Duck How to Fly ‐ The renewables output must be managed to bring maximum benefit to the building, grid, and the environment – load harmonization strategies may include:
1. Orienting the PV array close to southwest, or at least between 150 to 270 degrees from true north to align PV output better with the grid peak (Res and Nonres)
2. Using battery storage to store a portion of the PV output and make it available to grid later in the day (Res and Nonres)
3. Using thermal storage, demand side management, or other strategies to shift the building loads away from the grid peak (Nonres)
4. Making EV charging stations available during PV overgeneration periods (Nonres)
These strategies will bring financial benefits to the site by reducing demand charges and taking advantage of TOU rates
Like a flying duck, harmonized renewables will have a flat belly
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The ZNE Tools – Energy Design RatingRESNET Energy Design Rating (EDR) score determines how close a home is to the ZNE target:
1. Reference home is a 2006 IECC compliant home, EDR=100
2. A score of zero means the house is a ZNE building
3. CEC’s CBECC‐Res software has the capability to calculate EDR scores
4. CBECC‐Res can be used for both basic Title 24 compliance and determining EDR scores
5. Third party vender software will also have the same capabilities
6. Builders can use a combination of envelope energy efficiency features, better appliances that go beyond minimal requirements, and PVs to get to a target EDR number
Download CBECC‐Res here for free:
http://www.bwilcox.com/BEES/BEES.html
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The ZNE Challenge – Community Scale Solar (CSS)
• Despite impressive growth to date, solar PV only represents a small fraction of U.S. electricity generation and millions of households are being left out
• To date, solar PV’s U.S. growth has been concentrated in two markets: utility‐scale solar and residential rooftops, which are mostly installed in upper‐income households
• Community‐scale solar (0.5–5 MW projects) represents a substantial untapped market of up to 30 GW by 2020 in the USA
• Community‐scale solar is inclusive of low‐ and moderate‐income households
Source: RMI ‐ Community‐Scale Solar ‐WHY DEVELOPERS AND BUYERS SHOULD FOCUS ON THIS HIGH‐POTENTIAL MARKET SEGMENT: http://www.rmi.org/shine_community_solar
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Community Scale Solar ‐ Challenges
How are long‐term ownership, costs, and benefits of CSS attributed to each parcel?
1. Treat it as the “common swimming pool or club house”; entire community will share costs and benefits, the benefits could cause a reduction in the monthly HOA fees –how to allocated benefits to dwellings of different sizes and characteristics?
2. Treat it similar to the neighborhood park or school, except there will be a “credit” on the annual property tax
3. The utility owns the CSS and charges each individual dwelling for energy; could cost more than regular energy from the utility discouraging home owners from joining
4. Use Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SREC), similar to “Cap and Trade”; tend to be short term as home owners can opt in and out at will
5. Who will pay for and own the land where the CSS is located?
6. How will Net Energy Metering Rules (NEM) impact the CSS benefits?
7. How will building departments enforce the CSS regulations through building permit process?
Do you have any idea? We are all ears!!
Despite huge potentials, CSS presents many practical and regulatory challenges
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The ZNE Tools – Standards Resources2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards
2016 Residential Compliance Manuals
2016 Nonresidential Compliance Manuals
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2016standards/
CalGreen (Title 24, Part 11)
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2016standards/rulemaking/documents/15‐day_language/revised_express_terms/2016_T24_Standards_Part_11_CalGREEN_15‐Day_Language.pdf
2015 Integrated Energy Policy Report (IEPR)
http://www.energy.ca.gov/serp.html?q=2015+iper&cx=001779225245372747843%3Actr4z8fr3aa&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF‐8
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US Green Building CouncilFounded in 1993, the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) is a membership-based non-profit organization that promotes sustainability in how buildings are designed, built and operated. The USGBC is best known for its development of the LEED rating system.
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LEED Points are Awarded inThese Categories: Energy and Atmosphere – Has the
most points
Water Efficiency
Materials and Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation
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Total Possible 110 Points
Levels of Certification
PLATINUM80 + POINTS
GOLD60-79 POINTS
SILVER50-59 POINTS
CERTIFIED40-49 POINTS
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US Green Building Council – Contact information:Abena DardenProject Director Thornton Tomasetti 650 California St., Suite 1400 San Francisco, CA 94108 T +1.415.365.6900 F +1.415.365.6901 D +1.415.365.6950 [email protected]
Lynn N. Simon, FAIA, LEED FellowSenior Vice President Thornton Tomasetti 650 California St., Suite 1400 San Francisco, CA 94108 T +1.415.365.6900 F +1.415.365.6901 D +1.415.365.6988 M +1.415.806.6320 [email protected]
LEED Contact Information
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Mazi Shirakh, PEZNE [email protected]
Payam Bozorgchami, PEProject Manager, 2019 Building [email protected]
Larry Froess, PECBECC Software [email protected]
Standards Contact Information – Energy Commission
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Christopher MeyerManager, Building Standards [email protected]
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Questions?
