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2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Repair of Dam with an Uncompacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering & Forestry Feb.., 2013

Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

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Page 1: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference

Repair of Dam with an  Un‐compacted  Embankment  Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE 

Stuntzner Engineering & Forestry

Feb.., 2013

Repair of Dam with an  Un‐compacted  Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE 

Stuntzner Engineering & Forestry

Feb.., 2013

Page 2: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Dam and Reservoir Features• Reservoir

– Storage = 175 acre‐feet– Surface area = 12 acres

• Dam:– Homogeneous soil embankment, 100,000 CYDs?– 38 feet high, 800 feet long,  – 15 feet top width, 3:1 side slopes– Principal Spillway ‐

Riser 

– Emergency Spillway ‐

Open channel

Page 3: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Problem / Goal

• Re‐occurring slide on downstream face.

• Complete repair before Fall rains

• Stuntzner started work late May

Page 4: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Reservoir History• 80 pages of Dam Safety Records; Stuntzner is 3rd

PE on the project.• 1993 and 1994: two storage applications.  Dam Safety informs 

owner that stamped design required.

• 1997: Dam Safety documents work not done per plan.• 2007: work was done on dam for previous problems and to repair 

first slide in subject area.  New toe drain added in slide area.

• 2007: PE signed off that dam construction was adequate.• 11 moisture‐density tests found for construction as of 2007. (1 per 

10,000 CYDs). 

• 2007‐2012: two later repairs of the same slide area have occurred, 

done by construction company, no PE involved.

• May 2012: Stuntzner hired to engineer repair of dam to be finished 

in 2012 if possible.

• 80 pages of Dam Safety Records; Stuntzner is 3rd

PE on the project.• 1993 and 1994: two storage applications.  Dam Safety informs 

owner that stamped design required.

• 1997: Dam Safety documents work not done per plan.• 2007: work was done on dam for previous problems and to repair 

first slide in subject area.  New toe drain added in slide area.

• 2007: PE signed off that dam construction was adequate.• 11 moisture‐density tests found for construction as of 2007. (1 per 

10,000 CYDs). 

• 2007‐2012: two later repairs of the same slide area have occurred, 

done by construction company, no PE involved.

• May 2012: Stuntzner hired to engineer repair of dam to be finished 

in 2012 if possible.

Page 5: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Investigation ‐

Entire Embankment

• Animal burrows on dam embankment• Minor brush on embankment• Wetland plants on outside slope of dam, all 

around and below slide repair area • Toe drain found for first dam repair, but no 

toe drains found for main part of dam.

Page 6: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Slump –

rotational failure

Page 7: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Investigation

Page 8: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Investigation –

Slump Surface

• Standing water on top of slide even though no  recent rain and pond elevation below this level • Soils had zero strength and were saturated

• Soils had organic smell (stink).• It appeared from geometry and old toe slide 

repair pictures that newer toe drain had been  destroyed

in the most recent slide.

• No evidence of past flow in the newer toe drain.

• Standing water on top of slide even though no  recent rain and pond elevation below this level

• Soils had zero strength and were saturated• Soils had organic smell (stink).• It appeared from geometry and old toe slide 

repair pictures that newer toe drain had been  destroyed

in the most recent slide.

• No evidence of past flow in the newer toe drain.

Page 9: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Investigation ‐

Slide Cause

Page 10: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Investigation ‐

Slump Cause

• Obvious internal weakness.• Most likely cause was water, but no proof.• Hand augured three holes in area of slide repair.  

– Found strong to very weak soils.  – Most material was way over 50% percent moisture 

(by wt.). – Organics in some locations.

• Hand augured one hole in good embankment:– high moisture, adequate density.

Page 11: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Repair Solution “Brainstorm”

• Liner on inside • Ballast on outside • Centerline  trench/fill with slurry.• Remove / replace.

• Liner on inside • Ballast on outside • Centerline  trench/fill with slurry.• Remove / replace.

Page 12: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Repair ‐

excavation

• Excavation started late Aug. 2012• Quickly found very wet, low‐strength soils• Organics and other Debris• Poor materials went from top to bottom.

• Excavation started late Aug. 2012• Quickly found very wet, low‐strength soils• Organics and other Debris• Poor materials went from top to bottom.

Page 13: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Poor Embankment Materials

Page 14: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Repair ‐

construction

• Started adding soils Sep 11.• Borrow (and excavated) soils wetter than 

Spec. • Need to dry soils in borrow area.

• Contractor wanting to not “waste”

time to dry  soils and place wet.

• Required much oversight by Engineer:

• Started adding soils Sep 11.• Borrow (and excavated) soils wetter than 

Spec.• Need to dry soils in borrow area.• Contractor wanting to not “waste”

time to dry 

soils and place wet.• Required much oversight by Engineer:

Page 15: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Typical Moisture‐Density Curve

Page 16: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Overlay of another soil sample

Page 17: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Several soil samples and test results

Page 18: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Embankment Testing Summary

• 18000 CYDS removed• 51 moisture/density tests  ‐

about 1 test per 350 

Yds.• A number of times embankment had to be 

removed or ripped, dried and recompacted.• M‐D specs were allowed to vary at the very top 

elevations  due to impending rains, but strength  was always adequate per roll and heel tests.

• The top rock coarse for the road across the dam  was placed just as the Fall rains started.

Page 19: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

After thoughts• Very fat clays may need several days to dry.• Consider doing preliminary tests to pre‐

determine a drying and compacting method  for the soils.

• Consider requiring certain equipment on site

Page 20: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Engineer‐Contractor Relationship

• Contactor must construct dam to specs.• Generally an Engineer must sign off that dam 

was constructed to Plans and Specifications.• Engineer can help contractor to achieve specs 

by offering and testing options.• Having the Engineer regularly on site can 

speed construction and spot problems to  avoid.

Page 21: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

How to prevent this• Adequate observation:• Engineer should consider:

– Their time on site– Experience of others doing observation– number and frequency of visits– soil variability, – competence of contractor, – soil and weather conditions,  – equipment, etc.

Page 22: Repair of Dam with an Un compacted Embankment Urstadt...2013 Oregon Dam Safety Conference Repair of Dam with an Un‐compacted Embankment Eric Urstadt, PE, PLS, CWRE Stuntzner Engineering

Questions?