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REORIENTATING DEVELOPMENT FOR REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE
GASES : CASE STUDY OF PUNE MUNCIPAL CORPORATION
NARESH A. ZURMURE IFS
Deputy Director General YASHADA
State Training Planning & Evalution Agency &
Director Administrative Training Institute Maharashtra
ABSTRACT
The driving forces for the growth of the cities depletes natural resources, degrades
environmental parameter and creates pressure on basic services of the city which deteriorates the
quality and standard (permissible limit) of various factors which ultimately affects the
environment adversely (directly or indirectly). Changes in Physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of environment degrade its quality, which have impacts on biodiversity, natural
resources and human health. This affects overall economy and administration of the city.
Therefore, measures, action plans and policies for sustainable development should be such which
could keep the environmental factors balanced and pollution free.
Pune is one of the first cities in India to document a detailed carbon emission inventory at
the municipal level. Conventionally accounting of the GHG emissions, resulting from the
consumption of fossil fuels through various activities like transport, electricity consumption, and
municipal solid waste and sewage degradation. Further, the values of GHG are expressed in
terms of CO2 equivalents (CO2Eq) to map the overall trend of GHG emissions.
Due to rapid industrialization, modernization and urbanization of Indian cities, there has
been a change observed in environmental quality because of GHG . To assess the current status
of GHG, it is necessary to understand the contribution of various activities. Pune city generated
about 4.7 million metric tonne of carbon-di-oxide equivalents (MMTCO2Eq) of cumulative and
1.46 tCO2Eq per capita emissions in 2010–11. Electricity use had the maximum contribution of
2.65 MMTCO2Eq which 56.38% of the total CO2 emissions, followed by petroleum products
which generated 1.72 MMTCO2Eq which is 36.50%. Municipal solid waste and sewage
contributed to 0.335 MMTCO2Eq which is 7.12%..
Pune is one of the most rapidly growing cities of India. For its balanced and complete
development, PMC has implemented various projects as well as made provisions to solve the
immediate basic requirements of citizens as well as to cater the future needs. To cope up with the
challenges of emission of GHG in various developmental activities PMC reoriented development
strategies to minimize emission. Various adaptive and mitigative measures are taken by PMC for
tackling the problem of emission of GHG from Solid waste, Sewage, transportation and
electricity consumption. PMC adopted Technological change and substitution that reduce
resource inputs and emissions per unit of output. Although several social, economic, and
technological policies would produce an emission reduction. Overall PMC implementing
policies to reduce GHGs emissions and enhance sinks
KEY WORDS
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION: This is a biological process making it possible to degrade organic
matter by producing biogas which is a renewable energy source and sludge which can be used as
fertilizer.
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless, and non-
poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is
considered a GHG. Emissions mean the release of GHGs and/or their precursors into the
atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
CLIMATE CHANGE: A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human
activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural
climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
CNG (COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS): CNG is natural gas compressed for the use of
transport sector. Principal constituents of natural gas are Methane and Ethane, but most gases
contain varying amounts of heavier hydrocarbons that are normally removed by processing.
COMPOSTING: Composting is biotechnological process of composting involving the
degradation of waste by earthworms.
CO2 E (CARBON DIOXIDE EQUIVALENT): A metric measure used to compare the emissions
from various GHGs based upon their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide
equivalents are commonly expressed as “million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents
(MMTCO2Eq)”.
GHG (GREENHOUSE GASES): GHGs are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both
natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelength within the
spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth.s surface, the atmosphere itself, and
by clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary GHGs in the earth.s
atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made GHGs in the atmosphere,
such as the halocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and
perfluorocarbons (PFCs).
GREENHOUSE EFFECT: Energy from the sun is absorbed by the earths atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases re-emit some of this heat to the earths surface and prevent the escaping of heat
from the earths atmosphere and hence maintain the temperature favourable to support life on
earth. However, disproportionate and unjustified increase in the Greenhouse gases lead to
warming the air, oceans, and land.
GLOBAL WARMING: It has been observed that, the atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4,
and N2O have grown by about 31%, 151%, and 17%, respectively, the recent and on-going rise
in global average temperature near earths surface. It is caused mostly by increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
ORGANIC WASTE: The biodegradable component of the waste stream that is of biological
origin but does not contain any listed waste, radioactive waste or hazardous waste.
PMC: Pune Muncipal Corporation, Pune sixth largest city of India. PMC is local urban self
government administering and Managing 248 sq km area and providing basic urban services to
nearly 35 lakh citizens. Responsible for development and welfare of the municipal area.
REFUSED DERIVED FUEL: It is a fuel produced by shredding and dehydrating solid waste
with a waste converter technology.
INTRODUCTION
Global warming and climate change are issues of serious concern which prompted the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) to establish the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a special body to
provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate
change along with its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts.
At present, there are 195 member countries under the IPCC most of which have started to
take initiatives to combat climate change. Most studies have attributed the primary reason for
climate change and global warming to the increase in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions
resulting from human activities. It has also been estimated that the post-industrial era has been a
.forcing. agent for climate change and the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Increasing
emission levels are leading to increase in temperatures globally. The phenomenon of global
warming and climate change are now no more just predictions; the anticipated effects are already
being experienced across the globe. Rapid melting of glaciers in Iceland (2012), droughts in East
Africa (2011), increasing instances of tsunamis, hurricanes, and El-Niño.s have all been
attributed as likely effects of climate change impacts.
As per the United Nations estimates, cities contribute more than 60% of the global
emissions, Anthropogenic activities related to consumption of fossil fuels are mainly responsible
for the GHG emissions. These emissions in the atmosphere are attributed to create a greenhouse
effect subsequently leading to global warming. Accounting of the GHG emissions, resulting
from the consumption of fossil fuels through various activities like transport, electricity
consumption, and municipal solid waste and sewage degradation.
Pune being situated to the west of the Deccan plateau is surrounded by hills on three
sides, which make the climatic conditions more pleasant. Pune has a tropical wet and dry
climate. According to 2011 census, total population of the city was 31.15 lakhs and
approximately floating population of 4.5 to 5 lakhs students and migratory labours. The total area
of the city is 243.84 sq. km. The male and female population is 16.02 lakhs and 15.13 lakhs
respectively with male to female ratio in the city is 945 females per 1000 males. Due to rapid
urbanization, industrialization and subsequent creation of job opportunities, Pune has become
shelter for migratory population from across the country every year.
Pune has always been regarded as a pro-active and forward-looking city as far as pro-
environment related initiatives are concerned. The PMC has also implemented many eco-friendly
and innovative projects for managing their resources effectively and responsibly. It is reflected
from initiatives like implementation of energy-efficient street lights, installation of bio-
methanation plants to treat bio-degradable municipal waste, promoting use of Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG) fuel within the public transport system, and so on. Realizing the significance
of GHG inventory and accepting the responsibility of the emissions at municipal level, which
may contribute towards global impact, the PMC proactively took an initiative to map the
emissions from different sources and help to develop specific strategies to curb the emissions.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Driving forces being anthropogenic, directly affects the environment which in turn have
adverse effects on various environmental factors. Due to growth of cities the pressure on citizen
services increases which adversely affect the basic parameters of environment. Pune is one of the
most rapidly growing cities of India. For its balanced and sustainble development, PMC has
reoriented various projects as well as made provisions to curb the emission of greenhouse gases.
PMC adopted number of preventive measures to minimize emission of greenhouse gases by
means of reorienting its development. Similarly curative measures are taken to absorb existing
greenhouse gases.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
SCIENTIFIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
Solid waste has the potential to create increased incidence of disease and health hazards if
not disposed with proper care. Methane, a green-house gas with a Global Warming Potential of
about 21 times that of CO2, is one of the principle emissions from the Solid waste dumping sites.
Planned disposal of solid waste is required for an improved local environment and for mitigating
the global challenge of a warming environment.
Pune is supposingly the first city in India to take initiative of complete and strict
prohibition of Open Dumping of Solid Waste. Around 1400 metric tons of Solid Waste is treated
per day; within which around 1000 metric tons/day is treated by using Refuse Derived Fuel
(R.D.F.) technology. Simultaneously, 200 metric tons/day of waste is being treated by vermin-
composting and 160 metric tons/day by bio-methanization technique. 200 metric tons of waste is
treated by Pyrolysis/Gasification technique from which energy (electricity) is generated. Since
open dumping was stopped, Methane gas has reduced which will aid in improving the
environment. Along with it, prohibition of open dumping will also restrict ground water
pollution due to formation of lechate and its percolation. Capping has been done on the area of
garbage dumping site. as a result of capping; leachate produced during raining season and
chances of fire due to gas generation during summer seasons will be completely stopped.
Similarly, capping will also solve the problem of flies and odor. So as to minimize the effect of
landfill at Urali-Devachi, capping has been done scientifically As a result of capping, leachate
problem solved; gas won‟t be released in air and will be collected and used for electricity
generation.
SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE:
Segregation of the waste at the source is important as well as beneficial for management
of solid waste. Around 1793 rag pickers from a cooperative society named Swatch are collecting
waste like paper, glass, tin, etc. from households across the city. At present waste is being
collected from approximately 2, 82,715 households by these rag pickers. With increasing number
of hotels in the city and for typical type of wet waste generated from such hotels PMC has set up
a distinct system to collect waste from these sources. Total 124 tonnes waste is collected from
1349 hotels in the city. To collect this hotel waste 20 tippers have been employed by PMC. For
waste segregation from hotels awareness amongst hotel owners is being created and fine is also
imposed at certain cases.
PMC has made a mandate for all newly built residential complexes to prepare vermin-
composting pits, biogas units and decentralized waste disposal system. Complexes will get a
completion certificate only after executing the above. Around 454 vermi-composting units, 135
bio sanitizers/ 44 bio-metheniser projects and mega projects are segregating their waste. It is
compulsory for hotels, small scale industries, row houses, bungalow, apartments to segregated
waste as wet waste and dry waste and it is expected to treat degradable waste at the source itself,
scientifically with the help of vermin-composting unit, biogas etc. According to PMC‟s
development rule, it is compulsory for all housing societies constructed after year 2000, to
dispose their waste scientifically by vermi-composting pits, biogas units and segregation of
waste be done. According to PMC, if the residential complex has vermin-composting unit, said
unit is entitled for 5% rebate in property tax,
BIOGAS PROJECT
The PMC has initiated methods of Organic waste treatment to generate electricity.
Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal in the form of methane (CH4) are generated from the
fermentation of bio-degradable matter present in solid-waste with the help of Biogas plant.
Everyday electricity is generated from 55 tons of waste. Electricity generated in plant is reused
for running the plant and for street lights because of which 2500 KW electricity is saved. Biogas
electricity generation plant has been ISO 9001 certified. The PMC has the objective to replicate
this waste to energy project across other areas under its jurisdiction and thereby reducing the
harmful effects of solid waste including the generation of CH4.
Pune has turned around its waste disposal situation from crisis to a situation of advantage.
The waste management facilities are now in a position of converting the waste that they are
treating to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), a greener energy source. The proportion of fermentable
matter in the solid waste mix of Pune is about 65 percent, The remaining constituent of the waste
(35%) is made up of either inert or recyclable materials like metal, glass, paper, plastic, rubber,
and leather that go back into the system by recycling. By treating the waste, PMC helps in
significantly reducing the methane emissions to 1/5th of the emissions as against a scenario
where the total MSW generated in the city were disposed of at the dumping sites. Without these
scientific technologies to process MSW the total CO2 equivalent emissions could have been 5.58
times (1,182,000 MT CO2e) the current emissions.
SEWAGE TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT
Approximately 744 MLD of sewage is generated by the Pune city, out of which around
527 MLD of sewage is treated by Pune Municipal Corporation through its 9 sewage treatment
plants which is then released into the river. There are digesters for anaerobic treatment of liquid
sludge generated from this sewage treatment plant. During the process of anaerobic treatment
sewage gas is generated. This sewage gas has following characteristics. Maximum Sewage Gas
Flow rate is 225 NM3/Hr to 250 NM3/Hr. CH4 55-60 (% v/v), CO2 35-40 (% v/v), H2S 1.4 –
1.6 (% v/v), Ammonia @ 0.9 (% v/v),Temperature :25-40 0C (% v/v), Calorific Value 4700-
4800 Kcal/NM3. The sewage was having above mentioned characteristics shall be used to
generate the electricity with the help of 100% sewage gas based Internal Combustion SI Engine.
The Sewage treatment plants are based on Advanced treatment process & the effluent BOD
levels will be less than 5mg/lit.This treated water of 115MLD will be reusable & PMC can
generate funds by selling this water.
The CH4 emissions from wastewater in Pune are estimated to be 5,678.98 MT of CH4
for the year 2010–11. This is equivalent to about 119,258.62 MT of CO2e for the same year.
This translates to approximately 5% of the total CO2e emissions generated within the city. By
treating the waste, PMC helps in significantly reducing the methane emissions to 1/5th of the
emissions as against a scenario where the total sewage generated in the city were released in the
river. The total CO2 equivalent emissions could have been 5.58 times (691,700 MT CO2e)
ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION:
PMC has been focused not only towards providing the required infrastructure but with
the objective of providing energy efficient systems. The same has been true for street lighting.
Street-lights are responsible for about 15% of the electricity used by the municipality and results
in significant costs. PMC has started to introduce LED lamps for street lighting and is also
increasing the share of florescent lights within its jurisdiction. The PMC has started the
“Development of Energy-efficient Street Lighting through Performance Contracting to make a
detailed evaluation of its present lighting infrastructure to make the system more efficient. and it
indicates increased efficiency in street lighting. from 2005–06 to 2010–11 seen very rapid
economic and public infrastructure growth but the electricity used for providing street-lighting
has increased only marginally from 33.04 GWh to 43.02 GWh.
The pattern of electricity consumed by PMC has undergone a change in the last few
years. The LT distribution component of electricity used by the public water works and other
utilities has dropped from 737.24 GWh in 2005–06 to barely 6.45 GWh in 2010–11, owing to a
large shift to HT lines.
Pune Municipal Corporation started taking action for conserving electricity Timers are
used to switch off and switch on the street lights which has resulted in 80% of street lights be
turned on and off according to sunrise and sunset. While developing strategies for saving energy,
The Electric department of PMC has started installing LED‟s to street lights using new
technologies such as Timer, Energy saving Feeder piller and T-5 fittings which will help save
energy. Under this, according to the pole height and width of the road, 70 Watt HPSV were
replaced with 43 Watt LED / 25 Watt LED, 96 Watt T-5 / 250 Watt HPSV were replaced by 83
Watt LED and 150 Watt HPSV were replaced by 83 Watt LED. Solar LED lights have been
installed in 30 gardens in the city. Similarly, LED‟s are being used for street lights. The feeder
pillers are being replaced by energy saving feeder pillers based on latest GSM technology.
BEE, through MITCON, has conducted energy audit of various PMC buildings, street
lights and hospitals. According to the audit report, the 40 Watt tubes lights in the lobby PMC
buildings have been replaced by 18 Watt LED lights. Also, the PMC display board has been
converted from neon to LED. It is estimated to reduce the energy consumption by 20%-25% by
implementing the above mentioned work. Around 500 crores units of electricity is the yearly
consumption of Pune City, within these 10% means 50 crore units we can save. It is considered
that 35 to 40% of electricity is wasted during distribution. If we can conserve 5% of electricity
then 20 crores units can be saved of electricity power station means we can conserve 70 crores
units during distribution. 0.75 kg coal is required behind generation of 1 unit electricity; mean
we can conserve5, 25,000 tons of coal when we conserve 70 crore units.
USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY:
Solar Energy is mainly used for heating water. To encourage citizens for use of
Renewable energy, Pune Municipal Corporation has decided to give exemption in property tax
for housing society for using of Solar energy, With the help of Biogas plant everyday electricity
is generated from 55 tons of waste. Electricity generated is used for street lights because of
which 2500 KW electricity is saved. Which results into saving of 2.19 crore units per annum.
0.75 kg coal is required behind generation of 1 unit electricity; mean we can conserve 16,425
tons of coal when we conserve 2.19 crore units.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT:
PMC provided with public transport for citizens. From April 2010, It has been planned to
buy 157 Euro IV CNG buses for reducing pollution. Now more than 425 CNG engine based
buses will be there. Under this plan number of buses are increased, old buses are removed and
new technology bus are bought, bus routes are repaired so that public transport should be
available to passengers will be capable, fast and in cheap rates. For management of Public
transport approximately for 1, 064 buses/day 52,749 lit of diesel is required and for 157 CNG
buses per day 6,784 Kg CNG gas is required. Since the calorific value of CNG is 48 MJ/kg vis a
vis 43 MJ/kg for Diesel. And emissions per metric tonnes for CNG is 2.69 MTCO2Eq as
compared to Diesel which is 3.19 MTCO2Eq. which results into reduction of 18.6 % CO2
emmission.
B.R.T. (BUS RAPID TRANSIT):
Dedicated transit route is provided for Public transportation through which buses can
travel rapidly. This helps in increasing number of people traveling by bus, reducing traveling
time by bus, increase in frequency of buses and reducing number of road accidents. This project
also includes proposal for 18 BRT routs. High performance, commercial speeds and High
occupancy 80-100 passengers observed in the peak sections. Service receives good rating by
users and indicate that BRT has reduced the travel time and new buses are of better quality.
PROVIDING LUXURY BUSES FOR IT INDUSTRIES:
There are companies of Information technology in and around Pune like Hijewadi,
Kharadi, Ranjangaon. Thousands of people work in these companies. Most of them use their
private vehicle because of which emission of various GHG gases. PMC provided 25 luxury
buses for officers and employee‟s. After this service is made available, private vehicles for I.T.
companies as well as traffic congestion reduced drastically.
ENCOURAGEMENT FOR USE OF CNG:
Central Government is continuously encouraging people for use of CNG engines so as to
reduce air pollution and to conserve the environment. Pune Municipal Corporation has allocated
Rs. 2 crores to provide subsidy for auto drivers to place CNG kits in rickshaw. Because of
providing the subsidy it will encourage rickshaw drivers for use of CNG engine which will
indirectly reduce the pollution.
CYCLE SCHEME:
To encourage citizens to ride cycles Corporation has planned cycle scheme. There will be
cycle stand at various places in city, citizens has to take cycle from stand and move wherever he
wish. Plan is to provide cycle free of rent for first two hours latter per hour Rs. 5 will be
charged per hour. 15 cycles will be provided on each stand and will help in reducing pollution in
city. To encourage students to ride cycle, for standard 7th
to 10th
students cycle provided free of
cost, Rs. 4 crores are allocated in the budget. This not only provides environment awareness but
also student‟s health will improved.
ECO- HOUSING
Under eco-housing, energy inefficient housing scheme is made compulsory in PMC area.
PMC Building permission department implemented assignment of star rating for new
construction work. 1000 marks are allotted for rating on their construction like planning for land-
use, environment friendly structure, material used during construction, power saving lights, use
of solar energy, water conservative system, disposal of waste, etc. Project is examined and
depending on that 1 to maximum 5 rating is given to that building. From the eco- housing
concept started; provisional certificate was given to 47 projects got 5 star rating, 52 projects got
4 star rating and 36 projects got 3 star rating. 60-65 % of electricity and 50-55% water is
conserved in 5 star rating eco-housing projects. Since solid waste and sewage is treated at
collection point pressure is decreased on services given by Corporation. Around 50.22 lakh sq. m
built up area has got eco-housing certification. Around 4,61,509 unit electricity and 175 lakh
liters of water has been saved. According to carbon credits 170 thousand tons/year of carbon
emission is decreased.
CURATIVE MEASURES
DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION OF GREEN COVER
Pune Municipal Corporation has taken firm steps to increase green cover in city. Green
cover and quality of this green cover decides the value of urban life style. Gardens, green belts
help in reducing mind stress and also increase the scenic beauty of city. city has total 125
gardens. Maximum concentration is on unoccupied places in city. Tree census conducted in
PMC area for documenting number of trees and their identification (species) on patches of lands.
According to the census figures, 35 lakhs of trees are present in 248 sq.km.area. Average dry
biomass for a tree is assumed 0.25 MT. One tone of biomass contains 0.45 MT of carbon which
is equivalent to 1.65 MT of CO2 equivalent. Therefore for 35 lakhs trees (5,775,000 MTCO2e).
URBAN JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT
Innovative concept of Urban Joint Forest Management is evolved in the Pune city with
the help of local resident and Forest Department. Hilly and encroachment prone land of forest
department approximately 2603 hectare is used for the purpose and various conservation efforts
are being taken around the city. This projects are implemented jointly by Pune Municipal
Corporation and Forest department along with local stackholders. This includes works such as
soil and water conservation, tree plantation and construction of protective wall This area is
extended in approximately 2603 hectors of land. As per statistics for Indian Forest eco system
carbon stock per hectare is 162 MT per hectare. whose CO2 equivalent is 594 MT per hectare.
For 2603 hectare area (1,546,000 MTCO2Eq).
ECORESTORATION TECHNIQUES
The presence of urban biodiversity is an indicator of „quality of life‟ in future within
growing cities. Enhancing urban biodiversity raises public awareness of the need to conserve
biodiversity at species and ecosystem levels. Making Biodiversity Conservation a part of city
governance by Ecorestorative strategies for open public spaces. Ecorestoration is not greening by
routine plantation of trees and creating large spreading lawns. This is a means for Protecting
urban biodiversity for future sustainability. Supporting the need for creating, no development
zones (especially in ecologically fragile areas) in adjoining fringe areas in surrounding rural and
wilderness landscapes.
RIVER IMPROVEMENT
Planning for fringe development by proactive identification of biodiversity hot specks.
And future problem areas Hill slopes / River fronts / Aquatic systems / Bird colonies Preserving /
recreating urban corridors between existing hot specks – roadside avenues. Biological orientation
to urban green spaces through: Indigenous plants, Restoring water bodies, Mozaic of trees and
shrubs .Under this river channelization and placement of Reno gibbion matterises on river side
so as to stop river pollution caused due to sewage and waste water. Allows percolation of water
to maintain ground water level. Facilitates growth of plants shrubs in the interspaces of rocks for
better bank stabilization and supports development of riparian ecosystem. For this project river
capacity is increased, river banks are conserved, for not allowing polluted water to get mixed in
river different pipeline will be made under gibbion matteries which will help in minimizing
pollution effect and will create favorable environment also for bio diversity. This indicates that
there will be reduction in HFL thus increasing the water carrying capacity of the channel. Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines for water quality and environmental flows are to be
achieved. Restore river ecology to achieve pre 1962 species distribution.
ECORESTORATION AND BEAUTIFICATION OF PASHAN LAKE
Pashan one of the major lakes in the Pune city. Pashan lake being a natural lake; its
catchment area is 40 sq.kms. This lake is situated near Mumbai-Bangalore high way.
Ecorestoration and Beautification of Pashan Lake is done under Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). In this project protective wall is constructed around lake,
removal of silt from lake, construction of silt island and strengthening, construction of retention
wall next to highway, tree plantation, stone pitching on mud dam, strengthening of stone check
dam, etc. work has been carried out. Surrounding lake area conserved because of which
migrating birds in huge number will get protection and their number will get increased.
STATUS OF PASHAN LAKE IN 2005 AND 2012 AFTER DEVELOPMENT
ECORESTORATION AND BEAUTIFICATION OF KATRAJ LAKE
Katraj Lake being manmade was built in 19th
century. This lake is spread approximately in an
area of 0.82 sq.km. Ecorestoration and Beautification work is going on at the Upper Katraj Lake.
Under this project removal of silt, tree plantation, construction of protective wall around lake,
stone pitching for conserving mud check dam jogging track of red mud and creating pathway for
citizens around lake, to boating facility on lake, bioremediation, etc. such works are to be carried
out and facilities like boating, jogging track, gardens are being provided.
STATUS OF KATRAJ LAKE IN 2005 AND 2012 AFTER DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS:
Pune Municipal Corporation has built Indradhanushya Environment Education and
Citizenship Center building. In the center environmental awareness programs are conducted with
the help of various governmental organizations, semi governmental organizations and NGO. In
coordination with students and teachers for PMC schools, collages, citizens, NGO‟s various
awareness generation programs, presentations, slide show, conference, models made by school
students, documentary show, drawing competitions, etc. are conducted.
For creating awareness about waste segregation meetings have been conducted in
Societies, Residential complexes and Professionals; and pamphlets, CD‟s, posters, banners etc.
are distributed. Regular awareness programs related to segregation of waste on ward level and
disposal of degradable waste at the source itself were given by Ward officers / ward health
officers / Head of health inspectors / divisional health inspectors / health inspectors in their
respective wards. Also, regular meetings with the Chairmen of various societies were conducted
and pamphlets were distributed to increase awareness and people‟s participation.
WHAT DOESN’T WORK!
Lawns are Water hungry, Do not support biodiversity, Do not reduce temperature, Do not
absorb noise, Avenues of Ashoka trees that are part of garden surrounds., Do not provide shade
and thus will not reduce summer temperature., Do not provide feeding or roosting sites for bird
life, Do not have flowers or fruits that are used by fauna as a single species of tree is used.
Concretization of open space, Increases temperature in summer by creating heat islands, Will not
attract birds and butterflies. Increases surface run off of rain water, thus reducing ground water
recharge.
WHAT WORKS
A patchwork of open space surrounded by a thick, wide shrub layer of indigenous plants.
A mix of evergreen and deciduous wide canopied tree cover of indigenous species. Select a mix
of flowering and fruiting plants for all seasons that attract butterflies and bird life that supports
the food chain. Provide a water trough that birds can access. Use keystone plant species such as
Ficus. Sp. Use indigenous climbers on trees. Do not remove old trees that are already present.
What‟s most important in urban biodiversity related landscape planning Mix of
appropriate plant species- trees, shrubs, climbers, ground flora. Matrix of heavy shade and open
shrub surrounds. Water source with a shrub surround. Use of bio-fertilizers. Use of local
composting of kitchen waste and garden material. Retaining old growth of trees. Maintaining
original contour of land and water courses for run off. Providing peace tranquility and a bonding
with nature.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Due to rapid industrialization, modernization and urbanization of Indian cities, there has
been a change observed in environmental quality because of GHG . To assess the current status
of GHG, it is necessary to understand the contribution of various activities. Pune city generated
about 4.7 million metric tonne of carbon-di-oxide equivalents (MMTCO2Eq) of cumulative
emissions in 2010–11. Electricity use had the maximum contribution of 2.65 MMTCO2Eq which
56.38% of the total CO2 emissions, followed by petroleum products which generated 1.72
MMTCO2Eq which is 36.50%. Municipal solid waste and sewage contributed to 0.335
MMTCO2Eq which is 7.12%..
Presently CO2 emissions for the city due to solid waste (4.6%) contributing to a total of
emissions of methane (CH4) of 10,131.43 MT and translating to emissions of 212,760.11
MTCO2Eq. Prohibition of Open Dumping of Solid Waste of Around 1400 metric tons per day.
PMC helps in significantly reducing the methane emissions to 1/5th of the emissions as against a
scenario where the total MSW generated in the city were disposed of at the dumping sites.
Without these scientific technologies to process MSW the total CO2 equivalent emissions could
have been 5.58 times (1,187,200 MTCO2Eq) the current emissions.
Total amount of sewage generated is 744 MLD out of which 527 MLD is treated by the
sewage treatment plants. Sewage treatment plants incorporate latest scientific technology.
Presently CH4 emissions from wastewater in Pune are estimated to be 5,678.98 MT of CH4 for
the year 2010–11. This is equivalent to about 119,258.62 MTCO2Eq. Without sewage treatment
it could have been 19,470.79 MT of CH4 equivalent to 408,886.59 MTCO2Eq. By treating the
waste, PMC helps in significantly reducing the methane emissions.
Most electricity in the India comes from burning coal, which emit greenhouse gases and
other pollutants). Reduce your consumption by using electricity from renewable sources or by
using less electricity. Reduce energy consumption, or produce their own energy using solar, wind
or hydropower. Among the methods for reducing your home electricity use are as follows: raise
the thermostat during the summer and lower it during the winter; purchase energy-efficient
lightbulbs; lower the temperature on your water heater and take shorter showers; and raise the
temperature in your refrigerator or open the door less often. When purchasing new appliances,
choose more efficient models by taking Energy Star ratings into account.
To reduce your personal impact, drive less, buy a more efficient vehicle, carpool, use
public transportation, walk or bike. Excessive accelerating and braking also reduces efficiency.
The easiest way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from your lifestyle is simply to
buy less. Failing that, avoid products with excessive plastic packaging, recycle or reuse
whenever possible, and make fewer shopping trips in order to use less fuel.
BEE, through MITCON, has conducted energy audit of various PMC buildings, street
lights and hospitals. Solar LED lights have been installed in 30 gardens in the city. Similarly,
LED‟s are being used for street lights. The feeder pillers are being replaced by energy saving
feeder pillers based on latest GSM technology. It is estimated to reduce the energy consumption
by 20%-25% by implementing the above mentioned work. Around 500 crores units of electricity
is the yearly consumption of Pune City, within these 10% means 50 crore units we can save.
CO2 emmission factor from CEAI for western grid is 0.81 MTCO2Eq per MWh. The total CO2
equivalent emissions saved (405,000 MTCO2Eq) the current emissions.
With the help of Biogas plant everyday electricity is generated from 55 tons of waste.
Electricity generated is used for street lights because of which 2500 KW electricity is saved.
Which results into saving of 2.19 crore units per annum. The total CO2 equivalent emissions
saved (17,740 MTCO2Eq) the current emissions. Solar Energy is mainly used for heating water.
To encourage citizens for use of Renewable energy, Pune Municipal Corporation has decided to
give exemption in property tax for housing society for using of Solar energy,
PMC provided subsidy for auto rikshaw owners to place CNG kits in rickshaw. which
encourages auto rickshaw owners for use of CNG engine. PMC provided with public transport
for citizens. From April 2010, It has been planned to have more than 425 CNG engine based
buses out of 1489 buses. Since the calorific value of CNG is 48 MJ/kg vis a vis 43 MJ/kg for
Diesel. And emissions per metric tonnes for CNG is 2.69 MTCO2Eq as compared to Diesel
which is 3.19 MTCO2Eq. which results into reduction of 18.6 % CO2 emmission. Dedicated
transit route BRT is provided for Public transportation through which buses can travel rapidly
which improves the fuel effficiency. This helps in increasing number of people traveling by bus
and decreases the consumption of Petrol because of non use of two wheelers. PMC provided 25
luxury buses for officers and employee‟s. After this service is made available, private vehicles
for I.T. companies reduced drastically.
Under eco-housing, energy inefficient housing scheme is made compulsory in PMC area.
60-65 % of electricity and 50-55% water is conserved in 5 star rating eco-housing projects. Since
solid waste and sewage is treated at collection point. Around 50.22 lakh sq. m built up area has
got eco-housing certification. Around 4,61,509 unit electricity and 175 lakh liters of water has
been saved. According to carbon credits 170,000 MTCO2Eq emission is decreased.
Pune Municipal Corporation has taken firm steps to increase green cover in city.
According to the census figures, 35 lakhs of trees are present in 248 sq.km.area. Average dry
biomass for a tree is assumed 0.25 MT. One tone of biomass contains 0.45 MT of carbon which
is equivalent to 1.65 MT of CO2 equivalent. Therefore for 35 lakhs trees (5,775,000
MTCO2Eq).
Innovative concept of Urban Joint Forest Management is evolved in the Pune city with
the help of local resident and Forest Department. Hilly and encroachment prone land of forest
department approximately 2603 hectare is used for the purpose and various conservation efforts
are being taken around the city. As per statistics for Indian Forest eco system carbon stock per
hectare is 162 MT per hectare. whose CO2 equivalent is 594 MT per hectare. For 2603 hectare
area (1,546,000 MTCO2Eq).
For the existing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and those that will be emitted in the
coming years we need to develop and implement carbon capture and storage. We should also
develop other methods to capture carbon. we are going to have to develop the technological,
institutional and financial capacity to put the carbon genie back in the bottle. That is, of course,
not enough. We also need to develop a form of energy that is cheaper, more reliable and less
dangerous than fossil fuels in order to drive those fuels out of the market place. The web of
ecosystem balance has been altered by human technology and population growth. The threats to
our food supply, water and air are everywhere.
The nostalgia and sentimentality of the environmental movement leads many to think that
if we can just change our lifestyles, we can become "one with nature" and lead a life that is in
harmony with the planet. While individual change is necessary for a sustainable planet, it is far
from sufficient. " Sustainability is a planetary scale management problem that requires the
development of scientific and organizational capacities that we do not yet possess. We need to
quit messing around and get to work on developing those capacities.
CONCLUSION
The growing residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation activities in cities,
have led to a rapid growth in consumption of fossil fuels, contributing to GHG emissions. Thus,
cities are attributed as key contributors to these emissions. In the context of concerns about
climate change impacts due to increasing GHG emission levels, PMC started to take concrete
initiatives. PMC took the challenge of combating global warming by reducing GHG emission for
combating the impacts of global environmental catastrophe. PMC also experience tangible local
benefits, including healthier habitats and communities with lower water and energy usage
(leading to lower costs). Many interventions like Scientific solid waste management, segregation
of waste at source, biogas project, sewage treatment, electricity conservation, use of renewable
energy, efficient public transport system, B.R.T. (bus rapid transit) system, providing luxury
buses for IT industries, encouragement for use of CNG, cycle scheme, eco- housing. and
Curative measures like development and protection of green cover, urban joint forest
management, ecorestoration techniques, river improvement, ecorestoration and beautification of
lakes are already being undertaken by the PMC to curb carbon emissions. In order to understand
the impact of these interventions in terms of their ability to reduce carbon emissions. PMC have
taken several initiatives to reduce the level of their CO2 emissions.
PMC identifies measures for promoting development objectives while yielding co-
benefits for addressing climate change effectively. PMC faces the challenge of providing
massive infrastructure to its growing population while adopting a low carbon growth. It is
estimated that the current level of per capita carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2Eq) in the
city, i.e., 1.46 tonne per capita will increase to about 3 to 4 tonne by 2030. The PMC aims to
understand its current pattern of carbon emissions, in order to plan specific
strategies/interventions to reduce the same.
Properly reorienting development can be part and parcel of sustainable development and
confirm that sustainable development paths can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce
vulnerability to climate change. The cost of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at source
levels is lower than, costs of inaction. It is also important to remember that climate policies can
bring many win-win benefits that may not be factored into cost estimates. These include
technological innovation, increased employment, improved energy security and health benefits
from reduced pollution. As a result, climate policies offering significant co-benefits
The largest growth in greenhouse gas emissions has come from energy supply and road
transport. Waste minimization and recycling provide important indirect mitigation benefits
through the conservation of energy and materials. Forest land when managed effectively, forests
are net carbon sinks, able to permanently absorb about one-tenth of global CO2 emissions into
biomass, soil and forest products. Reorienting development for offsetting in accordance with the
principles of "avoid – reduce – offset" and "do the best and offset the rest". For implementing
climate protection measures as effectively and efficiently as possible,
REFERENCES:
Environment Status Report 2010-11 of Pune Muncipal Corporation.
Carbon Inventory of Pune City 2010-11
Pune city Sanitation Plan.
Comprehensive mobility plan of Pune City.