PARTS 3 & 4PARTS 3 & 4SPEECH ORGANIZATIONSPEECH ORGANIZATION

Selecting a topicSelecting a topic

Subject - a broad area of knowledgeSubject - a broad area of knowledge

Topic- some specific aspect of a subjectTopic- some specific aspect of a subject

Identifying subjectsIdentifying subjects What a subject areas are important to you?What a subject areas are important to you?

What subject areas you know something about?What subject areas you know something about?

Setting the location and occasion for a speechSetting the location and occasion for a speech

General goal- type of speechGeneral goal- type of speech

Specific goal- a complete sentence that specifies the Specific goal- a complete sentence that specifies the

exact response you want from the audience.exact response you want from the audience.

Thesis Statement- a sentence that outline the specific Thesis Statement- a sentence that outline the specific

elements of the speech that support your goal.elements of the speech that support your goal.

Organization PatternsOrganization Patterns Topic Order- Organizing the main points of the Topic Order- Organizing the main points of the

speech by categories or divisions of a subject.speech by categories or divisions of a subject.

Time/chronological Order – organizing main pts, Time/chronological Order – organizing main pts, as a sequence of ideas or events, focusing on as a sequence of ideas or events, focusing on what comes first, second, third.what comes first, second, third.

Space Order – Organizing main pts. By following Space Order – Organizing main pts. By following a spatial or geographic progression.a spatial or geographic progression.

Narrative Pattern- speech is arranged to tell a Narrative Pattern- speech is arranged to tell a storystory

Circular pattern- one idea leads to the nextCircular pattern- one idea leads to the next

Organization PatternsOrganization Patterns

Logical reasons order – organizing main Logical reasons order – organizing main pts. With statements that indicate why the pts. With statements that indicate why the audience should believe something or audience should believe something or behave in a particular way.behave in a particular way.

Cause & effect pattern- Shows cause-Cause & effect pattern- Shows cause-effect relationshipseffect relationships

Problem-Solution- show the nature of the Problem-Solution- show the nature of the problem & justifies proposed solutionproblem & justifies proposed solution

Goal of an IntroductionGoal of an Introduction

get attentionget attention

set off the tone of a speechset off the tone of a speech

create a bond of goodwillcreate a bond of goodwill

establish credibilityestablish credibility

lead into content of speechlead into content of speech

Types of introductionsTypes of introductions

startling statementstartling statement

rhetorical questionsrhetorical questions

storystory

personal referencespersonal references

quotequote

suspensesuspense

Types of conclusionsTypes of conclusionsSummarySummary

StoriesStories

Appeal to action- describes behaviors you Appeal to action- describes behaviors you want your listeners to follow.want your listeners to follow.

Emotional impactEmotional impact

Gathering Ideas and MaterialsGathering Ideas and Materials

Taking Too Long to Get to the PointIncluding Irrelevant MaterialLeaving Out Necessary InformationGetting Ideas Mixed Up

Common Organizational ProblemsCommon Organizational Problems

Gathering Ideas and MaterialsGathering Ideas and Materials

I. IntroductionA. Attention getterB. Thesis

II. BodyA.B. (no more than five main points)C.Etc.

III. ConclusionA. ReviewB. Closing statement

Sample Outline for an Effective PresentationSample Outline for an Effective Presentation

Organizing the BodyOrganizing the Body

Identify Main Points and SubpointsChoose the Best Organizational Pattern

ChronologicalSpatialTopicalCause-EffectProblem-Solution

Organizing the BodyOrganizing the BodyFigure 11-2: A logic tree illustrates the relationship between the Figure 11-2: A logic tree illustrates the relationship between the

thesis, main points, and subpoints.thesis, main points, and subpoints.

Organizing the BodyOrganizing the Body

Main Points Should be Stated as ClaimsAll Points Should Develop the ThesisA Presentation Should Contain No More

than Five Main PointsEach Main Point Should Contain Only

One IdeaMain Points Should be Parallel in

Structure Whenever Possible

Rules for Main PointsRules for Main Points

Planning the IntroductionPlanning the Introduction

Capture the Listener’s AttentionGive Your Audience a Reason to ListenSet the Proper Tone for the Topic and

SettingEstablish Your QualificationsIntroduce Your Thesis and Preview Your

Presentation

Functions of the IntroductionFunctions of the Introduction

Planning the IntroductionPlanning the Introduction

Ask a QuestionTell a StoryPresent a QuotationMake a Startling StatementRefer to the AudienceRefer to the OccasionUse Humor

Types of Opening StatementsTypes of Opening Statements

Planning the ConclusionPlanning the Conclusion

The ReviewThe Closing Statement

Functions of the ConclusionFunctions of the Conclusion

Planning the ConclusionPlanning the Conclusion

Return to the Theme of Your Opening Statement

Appeal for ActionEnd with a Challenge

Types of Closing StatementsTypes of Closing Statements

Adding TransitionsAdding Transitions

Functions of TransitionsFunctions of Transitions

They Promote ClarityThey Emphasize Important IdeasThey Keep Listeners Interested

Adding TransitionsAdding Transitions

Characteristics of Effective TransitionsCharacteristics of Effective Transitions

They Refer to Both Preceding and Upcoming Ideas

A Bridge to Get Listeners From One Point to Another

Using LanguageUsing Language

Use specific languageUse specific language Concrete & preciseConcrete & preciseProvide details & examplesProvide details & examplesBe sensitive to cultural Be sensitive to cultural

differencesdifferencesUse RepetitionUse Repetition

Speaking Vividly & EmphaticallySpeaking Vividly & EmphaticallyVivid Language- Language that is full of Vivid Language- Language that is full of

life, bright, intenselife, bright, intenseSimile- A direct comparison of dissimilar Simile- A direct comparison of dissimilar

things using like or asthings using like or asMetaphor- a comparison that Metaphor- a comparison that

establishes a figurative identity between establishes a figurative identity between objectsobjects

Personification-The attribution of human Personification-The attribution of human qualities to in animate things or ideasqualities to in animate things or ideas

DramaDrama

Omission- Leave out a word Omission- Leave out a word or phrase that the audience or phrase that the audience expects to hear.expects to hear.

““I came, I saw, I conquered.” I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Inversion- Reverse the normal word Inversion- Reverse the normal word order of a phrase or sentence.order of a phrase or sentence.

““This much we pledge…”This much we pledge…”

JFKJFK

Suspension-Place the key word or Suspension-Place the key word or phrase at the end of the sentence.phrase at the end of the sentence.

“ “ Things go better with coke (vs.) Coke Things go better with coke (vs.) Coke goes better with everything”.goes better with everything”.

CadenceCadence Parallelism- Occurs when two or more Parallelism- Occurs when two or more

clauses or sentences have the same clauses or sentences have the same grammatical pattern. grammatical pattern.

““We will walk on our feet; we will work We will walk on our feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our with our own hands; we will speak our own minds.”own minds.”

EmersonEmerson

““I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius CaesarCaesar

(number your points)(number your points)

Antithesis- A sentence that has Antithesis- A sentence that has two parts with parallel structure two parts with parallel structure but contrasting meaning.but contrasting meaning.

““Ask not what your country can Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do do for you; ask what you can do for your country”.for your country”.

JFKJFK

RepetitionRepetition (Anaphora- repeats a word or phrase—(Anaphora- repeats a word or phrase—

““Blessed are the poor… , blessed are the Blessed are the poor… , blessed are the meek…, blessed are the peacemakers…”)meek…, blessed are the peacemakers…”)

Alliteration- The repetition of a consonant Alliteration- The repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase.sound several times in a phrase. (“Down with dope, up with hope” J. Jackson) (“Down with dope, up with hope” J. Jackson)