Parte Gema Examen

7/21/2019 Parte Gema Examen

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/parte-gema-examen 1/4

Cuestionario Gema exámen

What is sociophonetics? – It is the intersection of sociolinguistics andphonetics. It studies phonetic and phonological variation in particulardialects, speech styles, or groups.

Steps toards the standardi!ation of a dialect

Selection. "n existing variety is selected as the #asis. $sually, the mainreasons respond to socio%economical or ethnic reasons. &he variety used #ythe most in'uential communities.

Codi(cation. )inimi!ation of the varia#ility. *ixed spelling forms and syntax+grammar rules, manuals of style, dictionaries.

la#oration. )aximi!e the functions of the variety selected. xtend theresources of the variety to cover as many domains as possi#le. Introductionof ne voca#ulary, #orroings, and even ne grammatical structures.

Implementation. -iscourage the usage of other varieties. &o develop loyaltyand pride toards the use of this variety. u#lish academic #oo/s,nespapers, religious #oo/s, legal documents, etc, in this ne variety.

&rudgill % Sociolinguistics

• What is Standard nglish? It is the variety of nglish hich is usually used

in print, and taught in schools. It is used in nes #roadcasts and everything. &his doesn0t mean that non%standard nglish is #ad or anything. It is themost idely accepted form of nglish. "lso /non as 11C nglish and2xford nglish.

• 3istorical development4 It developed from the nglish dialects that ere

used in an around 5ondon, it as spo/en at the court and #y scholars atuniversities, and this as the starting point. It #ecame idespread than/s toprinting.

• Standard nglish and 6accent04 &here is no necessary connection #eteen

Standard nglish and any particular accent. 7, though, ill only happen inStandard nglish, #ut there are other accents that can #e present inStandard nglish aside from 7.

• &he spread of the standard form of nglish4 It #ecame idespread hen

printing #ecame popular, #ecause it as the variety used in #oo/s.

&rudgill – dialects. Ch. 8, 9, : ;

• What is 6dialect0? Social and geographical /inds or variations of language.

&hey have to do ith the spea/er0s social and geographical origins. We "55spea/ a dialect. We share it ith people from our area and social#ac/ground.

• Standard and non%standard -ialect4 Some dialects, such as the one of 11C

nesreaders, might #e more prestigious, #ut it is not superior. &he mostprestigious dialect is Standard nglish. <on%standard dialects use things

such as dou#le negation, or ords such as hisself instead of himself, hat



instead of that, done instead of did, etc. &hese are not rong, they are =ustdi>erent &hey are less prestigious though, that0s for sure.

• What is 6accent0? "ccent simply refers to your pronunciation. We all also

have an accent, it0s very similar to dialect, it is shaped #y our social#ac/ground and #y ho e really are. Standard nglish can #e producedith regional accents

• What are 6styles0? &hey are situational varieties of nglish. We can go from

very formal to very informal, there is a continuum of formality. &hey producedi>erent social e>ects. Styles are independent to dialects4 Standard nglishtends to #e more formal for example.

• What is 6slang0? &his continuum of formality is mostly related to

voca#ulary. @ery informal or colloAuial voca#ulary is /non as slang. "nexample of this continuum ould #e4

Bfatigued – tired – /nac/ered• What is 6register0? 7egister is independent of #oth dialect and style. It has

to do merely ith the topic that the spea/er is tal/ing a#out. Dinds oflanguage that re'ect the su#=ect matter are registers.

• What is 6Eargon0? &he =argon is the name that outsiders give to a group of

people0s register. &his register is technical and diFcult to master. If you/no the scienti(c name for a #one, for example, you sho that you #elongto that technical register. We use Eargon to refer to the registers that e donot #elong in.

)eyerho> – Introducing sociolinguistics• Social Class4 " measure of status hich is often #ased on occupation,

economic situation and lifestyle. &hese factors can #e used to form socialclasses, groups of individuals ith di>erent scores in these measures.

• Status4 It is a composite of economic ealth, linguistic and social

#ehaviour, attitudes and aspirations. Social class is #ased on status.

• Cross%over e>ect4 It happens hen mem#ers of the interior the one in the

middleH use prestigious variants more than the upper middle class the oneat the topH. Spea/ers from the second highest social class are the most

aare of it.

• *ine and 1road strati(cation4 1oth refer to distri#ution of variants across

to di>erent groups of people or styles. If they are minimally di>erent fromeach other, e ill have (ne strati(cation. If e have mar/edly di>erences,it ill #e #road. &he use of JnK instead of JLK in ords that end in –ing isstrati(ed di>erently in the orld. In the $S" there is a (ne strati(cation, andin the $D there is #road. 2ne of the possi#le conclusion to this is that in $S"there is more social mo#ility and it is easier to go up in the social scale

• Change from a#ove and change from #elo4 &hese refer only to ho aare

are people from the change. If the change is a#ove the level of aarenessand people can comment on it, it is a change from a#ove. It might have todo ith the social scale change from social classes that are 6a#ove0, #ut not



necessariliyH. Change from #elo, on the other hand, are changes thatpeople are unconscious a#out and are #elo the level of aareness

• 3ypercorrection4 It is a phenomenon in hich a spea/er has a perceived

correction, and hen that person BcorrectsM himself and tries to tal/ #onito,he produces something that is not attested in any native variety of nglish.xamples4 Instead of captain, saying capting B2h, JLK is #etter than JnK soI ill say captingMH

• 5inguistic insecurity4 It is the spea/er0s feeling that the variety that they

use is someho inferior, ugly, or #ad. It is a negative attitude toards theiron variety of language. It is highly related to hypercorrection, #ecausethey are not sure a#out their on variety of language, hich leads them to#e BtooM careful.

Eohn Wells – What is stuary nglish?

• What is nglish? )ain phonetic features shared and not shared ith

Coc/neyH4 @ariety of modi(ed regional speech, a mixture of non%regional andlocal south eastern nglish pronunciation and intonation. It is at the middleof the continuum of 7 and 5ondon nglish. It can #e heard in 3ouse ofCommons, Government, the city, media, advertising, etc. "ssociated ithstandard grammar and use #ut it shares some characteristics of Coc/ney.

Shared ith Coc/ney4

5%vocali!ation4 dar/ l l #ailandoK henever is not folloed #y a voel isreplaced #y K

Glottaling4 NtN #ecomes OK in the (nal of a sylla#le, in ord (nal, and #eforea consonant.

3appP%tensing4 in the (nal of ea/ sylla#les4 i.

Pod coalescence4 t=K #ecomes QK. &han/s to that, B&uesM in &uesday ispronounced =ust li/e BchooseM N Qu4!N. &he same happen ith d=K, replaced#y RK in ords such as du/e or reduce.

<2& shared ith Coc/ney4

3%dropping4 not pronouncing the h.

&h%fronting4 the dental phonemes and TK are replaced #y the la#iodentalphonemes f and vK. "i (n/ I thin/H and mUvV motherH.

"5"< C7$&&<-< & 2-I2

• 3o did Standard nglish developed after the <orman ConAuest? "fter the

norman conAuest, everything as done in 5atin or *rench and nglish asthe speech of the loer classes. nglish started to #ecome more popularith time and then it replaced *rench. Grammar started to #e consideratedin the 8th century.

• What #oosted the relatively rapid codi(cation of a standard system of

pronunciation? &he interest in teaching nglish as a foreign language, andthe spread of literacy, hich increased interest in the spo/en language.



• &he 11C and the spreading of a standard pronunciation4 &he 11C #oosted

the 7 accent #ecause of the restricted social group from hich 11Cemployment as dran. veryone tal/ed ith 7 accent

• Why is 7 chosen as a model for *5 teaching, despite its lo num#er of

BnativeM spea/ers? 1ecause even if only ;X use an 7 accent, it is stillhigher than any other esta#lished variety, and no other accent is so idelyspread as 7, hich ma/es it appropriate for foreign learners.

• What does 6)odern 70 implies hich as di>erent #efore the 9Yth

century? 1roadcasters and nesreaders from the 9Yth century sound verydi>erent than no &hey had di>erent pronunciation ha#its.

• -i>erences #eteen systems of pronunciation.

Systemic4 -i>erences in the inventory of phonemes, the num#er ofphonemic contrasts is smaller or greater.

xamples4 Scottish nglish does not have the voel (ve NZ4N nor the six N[N

-istri#utional. -i>erent phonotactic possi#ilities. &he system is the same#ut the phonetic context in hich a phoneme occurs may #e limited.

xample4 NrN in non%rhotic accents exists #ut only occurs in pre%vocalicposition redH. In "merican and Scottish nglish NrN occurs in all contexts. r\ voiced alveolar approximantH.

5exical. -i>erent phonemes in particular ords. &he system is the same #utthe occurrence of phonemes in some ords is di>erent. 1ut this di>erence isnot a result of sylla#le position as in distri#utional di>erences.

xample. <orthern accents have the distinction #eteen long and short 6u0as G1 does, #ut they still use the long voel to say B#oo/M.

7eali!ational. &he system of contrasts is the same #ut the phoneticreali!ation of some phonemes is di>erent.

xample. 5esson and *ield sho clear l in Wales and Ireland, #ut they shoa dar/ l in Scotland.

Documents

Parte Gema Examen