Part_1 Biology EOC Review

8/2/2019 Part_1 Biology EOC Review

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BIOMOLECULES

Building

Block

Uses Examples Test

Carbohydrate

Simplesugars

Ready source ofenergy

GlucoseGlycogenCelluloseStarch

STARCH turnspurple in iodine

SUGARS reactwith Benedicts

Solution

Protein Amino acids Transport Speed up

reactions Immunity Cell

communication

Enzymes (-ase)HemoglobinAntibodiesProteinhormones(insulin)

Reacts withBiuret Solution

Lipid Fatty Acids Back up energysource

In membrane

Fats, oils Leaves oily spoton brown paperbag

Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Store and transmitgenetic info

DNA, RNA DNA stains(methylene blue)


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CELLS

P R O K A R Y O T I C

Prokaryotic cells have DNAand ribosomes, but theyhave no internal membranes!(They don't have a nucleus)

They have ribosomes tomake proteins

These are the simplest cellsExamples are bacteria, likethose that cause strepthroat.

E U K A R Y O T I C

Eukaryotic cells have their DNAsurrounded by a membrane. (They have

a nucleus). Two examples shown are plant cells and

animal cells, but fungi and protists arealso eukaryotic

Notice, plants have chloroplasts (forphotosynthesis) and cell walls made ofcellulose. Animal cells don't have theseparts. Also, plant cells have a largervacuole for storage.

Both plants and animals havemitochondria to make ATP.

All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes tomake protein

These cells are more complex thanprokaryotic cells.


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CELL MEMBRANE

The plasma membrane surroundsEVERY cell.

It is made of lipid and protein

It controls what goes in and out of acell.

Associated with HOMEOSTASIS


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CELL TRANSPORT

Diffusion

Movement from highto low concentration

No energy required

Osmosis

Movement of waterfrom high to low

WATERconcentration across

a membrane

No energy required

ActiveTransport

Movement fromLOW concentration

to HIGH

concentration

USES ATP


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PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

C O N V E R T S S U N L I G H TT O C H E M I C A L E N E R G Y

C O N V E R T S E N E R G Y I NF O O D ( G L U C O S E ) T O

A T P

Cellular Respiration

Takes place inmitochondrion

Releases the energystored in glucose

AKA aerobicrespiration (NEEDSoxygen)


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AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

A E R O B I C R E S P I R A T I O N

Requires oxygen

Makes A LOT ofATP

Produces carbondioxide andwater

Happens in

mitochondrion

A N A E R O B I CR E S P I R A T I O N

Does not use oxygen

Makes only 2 ATP Small amount of ATP

Also called fermentation YEASTS make ethyl alcohol

BACTERIA and MUSCLECELLS (w/oO2) make LACTIC ACID

Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol)


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ATP CYCLE

CLICK THE ICON FORSOUND


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ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A S E X U A LR E P R O D U C T I O N

Creates identicalcopies (clones)

Only involvesMITOSIS

ONE parentinvolved

Common inbacteria and

unicellular protists

S E X U A LR E P R O D U C T I O N

Adds genetic variationInvolves meiosis andfertilization

TWO parents involved

Diploid and haploidcells


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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

M I T O S I S

One division

2n 2n (same number of chromosomes)

Results in 2 genetically identicalcells

M E I O S I S

Two divisions2n n

Half the number of chromosomes

Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploidcells

Forms gametes (egg and sperm)


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DNA

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.

A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of fourbases

In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G

DNAs shape is a double helix

The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds

A binds to T

C binds with G


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DNA REPLICATION Process of DNA copying itself

Steps DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)

Each side acts as a template

New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules

Two new molecules of DNA result each with one old and one newstrand.

Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)


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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus

Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a protein

In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus

mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome

In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order tomake the protein on the ribosome.

DNAmRNAprotein

Made of amino acids


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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA

DNA is in nucleus

GENES (made of DNA) hold code for protein

RNA

mRNA is made in nucleus TRANSCRIPTION

Remember base pairing rules

PROTEIN

mRNA goes to ribosome 3 bases on mRNA is a codon each codon codes for one amino acid tRNA brings the right amino acid to the mRNA Anticodon on tRNA base pairs with codon on mRNA


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1. DNA

2. mRNA3. Nucleus

4. Cytoplasm

5. Ribosome

6. Codon

7. Anticodon

8. tRNA

9. Amino acid

10. Protein

(polypeptide)

CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE PARTS?


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Be sure to usemRNA

You wont have

to memorize

this! What amino

acid is codedfor by the DNA

ATA GAG

READING THE CODON CHART

First convert DNA to mRNAATA GAGUAU CUC

UAU = tyrCUC = Leu


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We have two genes for each trait this is our GENOTYPE

One gene came from mom, onefrom dad

If the genes are alike, theindividual is homozygous (RR,rr)

If the genes are different , theyare heterozygous (Rr)

Some genes are dominant andothers are recessive

We only show a recessive trait ifwe have no dominant gene

RR and Rr wouldlook dominant

rr would look

recessive

This diagram shows the crossbetween 2 heterozygous purple

flowersCross is: Bb x Bb

Notice that 75% are purple and25% white

GENETICS


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Females are XX

Males are XYSex-linked traits areon X chromosome

Trait is more

common in MALESExamples arecolorblindness andhemophilia (bloodfails to clot)

SEX LINKAGE

Males give X chromosomes totheir daughters and Ys to their

sons

Moms give Xs to bothdaughters and sons


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Four bloodtypes

A, B, AB, O

Three different

alleles: A, B orneither

A = AA or AO

B = BB or BO

AB = AB

O = OO

CODOMINANCE BLOOD TYPE

Agglutinogen= protein


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PEDIGREES

Tracing traits throughgenerations

Males are squares

Females are circles

Horizontal line meansmarried

Vertical line means children

Filled in circle means theindividual HAS thecondition

Can you identify thegenotypes of individuals 4,

7, 12? 4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have onee)12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)


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In humans, 22 pair ofautosomes

1 pair of sex chromosomes XX = female

XY = male

Extra chromosomes a resultof non-disjunction

Chromosome pairs fail to separate in

meiosis One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra

21) Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)

XY = male

3 21s =

DownSyndrome


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GENETIC TECHNOLOGY

T R A N S G E N I CO R G A N I S M S

Organisms thathave 2 differentkinds of DNA

Gene cloning

Uses bacteria tomake humanproteins like insulin

D N A F I N G E R P R I N T I N G

Use gelelectrophoresis tocompare DNAfragments

IF DNA matches,its from the same

individual

Evidence

points tosuspect 2


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EVOLUTION CHANGE OVER TIME

E V I D E N C E

Fossil evidence Fossils found in

sedimentary rock Lower level fossils are

older and more PRIMITIVE We can compare fossils to

modern organisms Similar structure suggests

common ancestor

Biochemicalevidence

DNA and protein

similarities suggestcommon ancestor

N A T U R A L S E L E C T I O N

Credited to CharlesDarwin Organisms in populations

have variations that can bepassed from generation togeneration

More organisms born thatenvironment can support Organisms compete for

resources Those organisms with

favorable variations havemore babies and the

population evolves

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Part_1 Biology EOC Review