- 1. You Asked for it.. Biology REVIEW
2. biomolecules 3. CELLS EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC Eukaryotic cells
have their DNA surrounded by a membrane. (They have a nucleus).Two
examples shown are plant cells and animal cells, but fungi and
protists are also eukaryotic Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for
photosynthesis) and cell walls made of cellulose. Animal cells
don't have these parts. Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole for
storage.Both plants and animals have mitochondria to make ATP. All
eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make protein These cells are
more complex than prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have DNA and
ribosomes, but they have no internal membranes! (They don't have a
nucleus) They have ribosomes to make proteins These are the
simplest cells Examples are bacteria, like those that cause strep
throat. 4. CELL MEMBRANE The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell.
It is made of lipid and protein It controls what goes in and out of
a cell. Associated with HOMEOSTASIS 5. CELL TRANSPORT 6. Enzymes
are specific for reactions speed up reactions bind to substrate at
active site are reusable are not changed in the reaction are made
of PROTEIN 7. Photosynthesis and Respiration Converts sunlight to
chemical energy Converts energy in food (glucose) to ATP Cellular
Respiration Takes place in mitochondrion Releases the energy stored
in glucose AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen) 8. AEROBIC
vsAnAEROBIC RESPIRATION AEROBIC RESPIRATION Requires oxygen Makes A
LOT of ATP Produces carbon dioxide and water Happens in
mitochondrion ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Does not use oxygen Makes only
2 ATP Small amount of ATP Also called fermentation YEASTS make
ethyl alcohol BACTERIA and MUSCLECELLS (w/o O2) make LACTICACID
Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol) 9. AtpcYCLE CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND
10. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Asexual
Reproduction Adds genetic variation Involves meiosis and
fertilization TWO parents involved Diploid and haploid cells
Creates identical copies (clones) Only involves MITOSIS ONE parent
involved Common in bacteria and unicellular protists 11. Mitosis
and Meiosis Meiosis mitosis One division 2n 2n(same number of
chromosomes) Results in 2 genetically identical cells Two divisions
2n n Half the number of chromosomes Results in 4DIFFERENT haploid
cells Forms gametes (egg and sperm) 12. DNA DNA is a polymer of
nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of three parts:a sugar, a
phosphate and one of four bases In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and
G DNAs shape is a double helix The two strands are held together by
HYDROGEN bonds A binds to T C binds with G 13. DNA Replication
Process of DNA copying itself Steps DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds
break) Each side acts as a template New DNA nucleotides are added
according to base-pairing rules Two new molecules of DNA result
each with one old and one new strand. Happens in INTERPHASE (before
mitosis or meiosis) 14. Protein Synthesis Remember, genes are made
of DNA and are in the nucleus Genes (DNA) contain the instruction
for making a protein In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in
the nucleus mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
In translation,tRNAthen brings amino acids in the proper order to
make the protein on the ribosome. DNA mRNA protein Made of amino
acids 15. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 16. DNA mRNA Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosome
Codon Anticodon tRNA Amino acid Protein (polypeptide) Can you
IDENTIFY the parts? 17. Be sure to use mRNA You wont have to
memorize this! What amino acid is coded for by the DNAATA GAG
READING THE CODON CHART First convert DNA to mRNA ATA GAGUAU CUC
UAU = tyr CUC = Leu 18. We have two genes for each trait this is
our GENOTYPE One gene came from mom, one from dad Ifthe genes are
alike, the individual is homozygous (RR, rr) If the genes are
different , they are heterozygous (Rr) Some genes are dominant and
others are recessive We only show a recessive trait if we have no
dominant gene RR and Rr would look dominant rr would look recessive
This diagram shows the cross between 2 heterozygous purple flowers
Crossis: BbxBb Notice that 75% are purple and 25% white Genetics
19. Females are XX Males are XY Sex-linked traits are on X
chromosome Trait is more common in MALES Examples are
colorblindness and hemophilia (blood fails to clot) Sex Linkage
Males give X chromosomes to their daughters and Ys to their sons
Moms give Xs to both daughters and sons 20. Four blood types A, B,
AB, O Three different alleles: A, B or neither A = AA or AO B = BB
or BO AB = AB O = OO CODOMINANCE BLOOD TYPE Agglutinogen = protein
21. PEDIGREES Tracing traits through generations Males are squares
Females are circles Horizontal line means married Vertical line
means children Filled in circle means the individual HAS the
condition Can you identify the genotypes of individuals 4, 7, 12? 4
= Ee (parent 2 had to give an e) 7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had
to have one e) 12 = ee (affected with recessive condition) 22.
KARYOTYPE In humans, 22 pair of autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes
XX = female XY= male Extra chromosomes a result of non-disjunction
Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis One example is DOWN
SYNDROME (extra 21) Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY) A chart
showing arrangement of chromosomes XY = male 321s = Down Syndrome
23. GENETIC TECHNOLOGY DNA FINGERPRINTING TRANSGENIC organisms Use
gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments IF DNA matches, its
from the same individual Organisms that have 2 different kinds of
DNA Gene cloning Uses bacteria to make human proteins like insulin
Evidence points to suspect 2 24. EVOLUTION change over time
EVIDENCE Fossil evidence Fossils found in sedimentary rock Lower
level fossils are older and more PRIMITIVE We can compare fossils
to modern organisms Similar structure suggests common ancestor
Biochemical evidence DNA and protein similarities suggest common
ancestor Natural Selection Credited to Charles Darwin Organisms in
populations have variations that can be passed from generation to
generation More organisms born that environment can support
Organisms compete for resources Those organisms with favorable
variations have more babies and the population evolves 25.
Cladograms Determining evolutionary relationships Which type of
plant is most closely related to flowering plants? CONIFERS 26.
History of classification systems Aristotle Plants and
AnimalsLinneaus developed BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE TWO KINGDOMS:
plants and animals THREE kingdoms: plant, animal, Protist FIVE
kingdoms: plant, animal, Protist, fungi, Moneran 27. CLASSIFICATION
Scientific name is genus and species name.Organisms in same genus
are closely related 28. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION 29. Dichotomous
key Always begin with #1 Follow directions using choices given What
shape is Gina? Equilateral triangle 30. Types of Plants 31. PLANT
ADAPTATIONS Flowers and Fruits Root, stem, Leaf Flowers have bright
petals to attract pollinators Pollen (Sperm) can be transferred by
animals When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary
The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit surrounds and protects seed Fruit
also helps get baby plants in seeds away from parent plant Roots
are adapted to absorb water with root hairs Leaves are adapted for
photosynthesis by being flat and green Stems move water with xylem
32. TYPES OF ANIMALS 33. Disease causing viruses VIRUS STRUCTURE A
virus is not made of cells It is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
surrounded by protein coat (Capsid) Viral reproduction Virus cant
reproduce unless it is inside a living cell The virus uses the
cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein New viruses
either bud off of the cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots of
viruses 34. BACTERIA vs VIRUSES Bacteria Made of cells Can be
killed by antibiotics Examples of disease caused by bacteria is
strep throatVirus Not made of cells MUCH SMALLER THAN CELLS Cant be
killed by antibiotics Example of diseases caused by viruses are
AIDS (HIV), Smallpox, Influenza 35. Internal and external factors
in disease 36. IMMUNITY 37. PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE immunity Passive
immunity ACTIVE IMMUNITY Person DOES make antibodies AND memory
cells Provides long term immunity Natural:you have disease
Artificial you get a VACCINATION Person does NOT make memory cells
or antibodies Antibodies only are transferred Doesnt provide
long-term protection Natural: from breastfeeding Artificial:Rabies
shot 38. Behavioral Adaptations Behavior is any thing an animal
DOES.Animal behaviors also help animals survive and/or reproduce.
39. Innate behavior is also called inborn behavior. It is
programmed in DNA Innate behaviors include reflexes and instincts
Examples human suckling. spiders spinning webs Migration: birds
flying south for the winter Hibernation dormant when cold
Estivation dormant when hot Innate Behavior 40. Learned Behavior
41. Social behavior 42. ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS 43. Food CHAINS
Original source of energy for most chains is the sun 1st trophic
level is producer 2nd trophic level is primary consumer 2rd trophic
level is secondary consumer Decomposer not shown on chain, but they
recycle nutrients Energy is lost as you mover up the food chain 44.
SYMBIOSIS 45. Predation Predator EATS Prey The populations cycle
Predator has lower curve There cant be more predators than prey 46.
Population GROWTH EXPONENTIAL GROWTH J-curve Occurs when unlimited
resources are available Logistic growth S-curve Occurs because
resources are limited Carrying capacity reached 47. HUMAN
POPULATION GROWTH Overpopulation of humans leads to Destruction of
habitats (pollution and/or destroying) Loss of biodiversity
Introduced species Outcompete nativespecies 48. Carbon CYCLE
Cycling of carbon and oxygen Three main processes Photosynthesis
plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen Respiration uses oxygen,
produces carbon dioxide (both plants and animals) Combustion
burning releases more carbon dioxide Greenhouse Effect Carbon
dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere, making life possible
Increased carbon dioxide can make temperatures rise more Human
activities can lead to GLOBAL WARMING 49. BE A GOOD STEWARD
