PART FOURChapter 11: Sculpture and

InstallationSculpture methods covered in this chapter include:

•Modeling (additive)•Assembling (additive)•Carving (subtractive)•Casting (involves a mold)

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• terra cotta•mold• lost-wax process• “in the round”• low relief (bas-relief)• high relief

• contrapposto• installation• earthwork• time-based work

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Key Terms for this chapter include:

Sculpture and Installation

Sculpture involves works of art dealing with three-dimensional space.

Three-dimensional involves:Height, Width, and Depth

“In the round”: Freestanding artwork that can be viewed from any angle; completed on all sides.

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Maman, Louise Bourgeois, 1999, bronze cast

SculptureIn relief, forms project from but remain attached to a background surface; meant to be viewed frontally.

•Low Relief: Also called bas-relief; figures project only slightly from the background.

•High Relief: Forms dramatically project from the background by generally at least half their depth.

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Insert visual(s).Suggestion: 11.3 Durga Fighting the Buffalo Demon

Low relief (bas-relief) and High Relief

Sarcophagus lid, Mexico, Mayan late Classical Period Durga Fighting the Buffalo

Demon, cave, India.

MODELINGModeling is an additive process. The sculptor begins with a framework or nothing at all and adds material until the sculpture is finished. It is a very direct method of working.

•Clay, also known as terra cotta, is the most common modeling material.

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Insert visual(s).Suggestion: 11.4 Figurine of a Voluptuous Lady

Figurine of a Voluptuous Lady, Maya, 700-900,

ceramic

CASTING

Casting is a very indirect method of working. It involves a mold of some kind into which liquid or semi liquid is poured and allowed to harden.

•Bronze is a common casting material.

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Insert visual(s).Suggestion: 11.5 The Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara

CASTINGThe lost-wax process is the most common method for casting. The wax original is destroyed in the process making each sculpture cast unique.

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Bodhisattva, India, 12thc, Pala Dynasty

Micael Jackson and Bubbles,Jeff Koons, 1988, ceramic Daylight,

Rachel Whiteread, 2010, Resin.

CARVINGIn carving the sculptor begins with a block of material and cuts, chips, and gouges away until the form emerges. It is a subtractive process.

•Wood and stone are the principal materials historically used for this process.

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Insert visual(s).Suggestion: 11.9 Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon

Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon, 1495, Limewood Colossal Head,Olmec,

1500-300, Basalt

ASSEMBLING

In assembling, individual pieces, segments, or objects are brought together to form a sculpture. It is an additive process.

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Insert visual(s).Suggestions: 11.11 Cubi XII11.13 C.F.A.O.

Cubi XII, 1963, Stainless Steel, 1963 C.F.A.O., Martin Puryear, 2006-

7. Pine and found wheelbarrow

Conjoined, Roxy Paine, 2007. Stainless steel and concrete

Sculpture: The Human FigureThe human figure is a basic

subject for sculpture throughout time.

•Contrapposto: Meaning counterpoise or counterbalance; sets the body in a gentle S-shaped curve that implies the potential for human motion.

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Insert visual(s).Suggestion: 11.20 Apoxyomenos (Scraper)

Menkaure and Khamerenebty, Egypt, 2490-2473 BC

The Burghers of Calais, Auguste Rodin, 1884-85, Bronze

Kuya Preaching, Kamakura period, before 1207

Spirit Spouse, Ivory Coast , early 20th century, wood

Apoxyomenos, (Scraper),Roman copy of

Lyssipos, 320, marble

Dying Slave, Michelangelo, 1535-16

Contrapossto – slight weight shift (from Greeks)

Quantum Cloud XX (tornado), Anthony Gormley, 2000, stainless steel

Working with Time and Place

Human beings also sculpt the landscape and specific environments. There are practical, religious, and aesthetic reasons for this type of sculpture.

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Insert visual(s).Suggestion: 11.25 Serpent Mound

Working with Time and Place

•Earthwork: A work of art made for a specific place using natural materials found there, especially the earth itself.

•Installation: An artist modifies a space in some way and asks us to enter, explore, and experience it.

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Serpent Mound, near Locust Grove, OH

Reconstructed Icicles, Andy Goldsworthy, 1995

Fireflies on the Water, Yayoi Kusama, 2002, 150 lights and water

Red Room, (Child), Louise Bourgeois, Installation, 1994

The Gates,Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 2/12-17/05, Installation in

Central Park

Sculpture and Installation: Summary

Sculpture Methods Modeling AssemblingCarving Casting

Key Termsterra cottamoldlost-wax process“in the round”low and high relief

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contrapposto

installationearthworktime-based work