Parenting types Once children become mobile, parents need to direct their children's behaviour....
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Parenting types Once children become mobile, parents need to direct their children's behaviour. Introduction into rules and sanctions. Do all parents do this in the same way? No. Baumrind: 2 dimensions of parenting
Parenting types Once children become mobile, parents need to direct their children's behaviour. Introduction into rules and sanctions. Do all parents do
Parenting types Once children become mobile, parents need to
direct their children's behaviour. Introduction into rules and
sanctions. Do all parents do this in the same way? No. Baumrind: 2
dimensions of parenting
Slide 2
Parenting types 1. Nurturance 2 dimensions of parenting
Slide 3
Parenting types 1. Nurturance Parents high (low) in Nurturance
are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their
children 2 dimensions of parenting
Slide 4
Parenting types 1. Nurturance Parents high (low) in Nurturance
are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their
children 2. Control 2 dimensions of parenting
Slide 5
Parenting types 1. Nurturance Parents high (low) in Nurturance
are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their
children 2. Control Does the parent demand compliance? How?
Reasoned compliance vs power assertion 2 dimensions of
parenting
Slide 6
Parenting types 1. Nurturance Parents high (low) in Nurturance
are warm (cold) and emotionally attuned (unattuned) to their
children 2. Control Does the parent demand compliance? How?
Reasoned compliance vs power assertion 2 dimensions of parenting 4
Parenting Types
Slide 7
Baumrinds 4 Parenting Types Control Nurturance High Low High
Low
Slide 8
Baumrinds 4 Parenting Types Control Nurturance High Low
Authoritative Demanding but responsive. Reasoned compliance.
Consider child's perspective. Clear demands. High Low
Slide 9
Baumrinds 4 Parenting Types Control Nurturance High Low
Authoritative Demanding but responsive Reasoned compliance Consider
child's perspective Clear demands High Low Authoritarian Demanding
but unresponsive Forced compliance. Consider own perspective. Clear
demands.
Slide 10
Baumrinds 4 Parenting Types Control Nurturance High Low
Authoritative Demanding but responsive Reasoned compliance Consider
child's perspective Clear demands High Low Authoritarian Demanding
but unresponsive Forced compliance. Consider own perspective. Clear
demands. Permissive Responsive but undemanding Consider child's
perspective Few demands/ Feel powerless Low self-esteem
Slide 11
Baumrinds 4 Parenting Types Control Nurturance High Low
Authoritative Demanding but responsive Reasoned compliance Consider
child's perspective Clear demands High Low Authoritarian Demanding
but unresponsive Forced compliance. Consider own perspective. Clear
demands. Permissive Responsive but undemanding Consider child's
perspective Few demands/ Feel powerless Low self-esteem Uninvolved
Unresponsive & undemanding Neglectful
Slide 12
Are parenting types associated with certain child outcomes?
Yes
Slide 13
Children of authoritative parents Understand and accept social
rules (1) sociable (2) self-regulating (3) positive affect (4)
strong self-concept
Slide 14
Children of authoritarian parents Social rules understood but
not internalized. (1) situational compliance (2) poor emotional
functioning: withdrawn (3) poor social functioning: lack of
spontaneity
Slide 15
Children of permissive parents (1) poor impulse control (2)
poor compliance (3) low achievement motivation
Slide 16
Children of uninvolved parents Widespread developmental
delay
Slide 17
Parenting Types Summary: According to Baumrind, 4 distinct
classes of parenting styles. Each associated with different child
outcomes
Slide 18
Parenting Types Summary: According to Baumrind, 4 distinct
classes of parenting styles. Each associated with different child
outcomes Criticism: Can things be so simple? Do parents differ
categorically?
Slide 19
Parental Cognitions Parental behaviour shaped by thoughts
Example: Child acts up at dinner. Attributions? Is the child trying
to be bad? Need to make observations Goals? Resolve dispute
quickly? Power assertion Teach child values? Reasoning
Slide 20
Parental Cognitions Advantage over typologies? Continuous vs
categorical variables. Greater range of variation between parents
Greater contextual sensitivity Allows for within- parent
variability More powerful statistical procedures
Slide 21
Punishment Common response to child misconduct Administration
of an aversive stimulus or removal of a positive stimulus Often
includes hitting/spanking Straus & Gelles (1986) found 90% of
parents of 3- and 4-year-old children reported using corporal
punishment in the last year What is the effect of punishment?
Slide 22
Punishment Can help to reduce unwanted behaviours in the short
run Effectiveness depends on: Timing (must follow soon after
transgression) Rationale? However, corporal punishment can have
lasting negative emotional and behavioural consequences.
Slide 23
Punishment Corporal punishment: lasting negative long-term
consequences Olweus: higher aggression esp for boys Modeling
aggression In the absence of positive attention, can actually
reinforce negative behaviours Children withdraw parent has less
opportunity to socialize children in other ways
Slide 24
Fathers Traditionally, play a secondary role in infant care and
child-rearing. New & Benigni, 1987 investigated parenting in
rural Italy Fathers not present @ birth No physical caregiving
Infant-directed behaviours from a distance Less involved as child
grew older Why?
Slide 25
Fathers Traditionally, play a secondary role in infant care and
child-rearing. New & Benigni, 1987 investigated parenting in
rural Italy Fathers not present @ birth No physical caregiving
Infant-directed behaviours from a distance Less involved as child
grew older Why? Traditional beliefs 1.Only women capable of
emotional care 2.Fathers provide financial support 3.Only women
have the skills
Slide 26
Fathers Do traditional roles have any biological foundation?
Frodi et al., 1978 Compared mothers and fathers physiological
reaction to quiet, smiling, or crying infants Similar changes in
heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance
Slide 27
Fathers Do traditional roles have any behavioural foundation?
Parke & OLeary Compared mothers and fathers behaviours toward
their newborn Fathers just as likely to hold, touch, and vocalize
to their infants
Slide 28
Fathers Traditional family roles not set in stone In fact,
fathers in some countries increasingly involved in parenting
Progressive social policy (e.g.,Sweden) Fathers entitled to 2 years
paternity leave Reduced workday until child 8-years-old Changing
social roles (e.g., USA) Fathers assume primary care-giving role in
20% of double-income families
Slide 29
Fathers Still, change is slow; fathers still spend only 33% of
the time that mothers spend with children Why? 1. Little
experience, lack of confidence in skills 2. Mothers Only 23% of
employed mothers say they want more childcare help from fathers;
traditional roles hard to relinquish
Slide 30
Fathers Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of
child-care? Yogman et al., 1977 Compared how mothers and fathers
interact face-to-face with their infants Fathers: interact in
abrupt bursts Mothers: rhythmic and soothing
Slide 31
Fathers Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of
child-care?
Slide 32
Fathers Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of
child-care? Lamb, 1997 Compared mothers and fathers play Fathers
engage in more physical and unpredictable play (e.g., throwing,
tickling, etc) Mothers engage in calmer more co-operative play
Slide 33
Fathers Do mothers and fathers provide different kinds of
child-care? Lamb, 1997 Compared mothers and fathers play Fathers
engage in more physical and unpredictable play (e.g., throwing,
tickling, etc) Mothers engage in calmer more co-operative play
Consequence Infants seek out fathers for play; mothers for
comfort
Slide 34
Fathers Role of father underscored by the effect of the
absentee father Biller, 1974 Father absence has a large effect, esp
for boys (gender role, aggression, academic achievement) Why?
Slide 35
Fathers 1. Father provides identity figure 2. Loss of financial
and emotional support for entire family & boys more vulnerable
to stress 3. Today, fathers thought to make a general contribution
to broad family dynamics
Slide 36
Summary Parents an important socializing force in development
Considerable variability in parenting styles Some of this
variability may derive from parents own childhood experiences
Mothers and fathers play complimentary parenting roles