Pakistan, Blasts From the Past

7/23/2019 Pakistan, Blasts From the Past

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Pakistans ideological project: A historyNA DE EM F. PARAC HA UPDATEDabout 5 hours ago

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GenesisPa$%sta& !a'( %&to b(%&g %& August )*+, o& th( ba!$ o- hat %ts -ou(rs !a//(# th( 0To Nat%o& Th(or".1

Th( Th(or" as !u//(# -ro' th( )*th C(&tur" r%t%&gs o- 'o#(r&%st Mus/%' r(-or'(rs %& I%a ho a-t(r th(

!o//as( o- th( Mus/%' E'%r( %& South As%a b(ga& to (3/a%& th( r(g%o&1s Mus/%'s as a s(arat( o/%t%!a/ a

!u/tura/ (&t%t" 4(s(!%a//" !o'ar(# to th( H%u 'aor%t" o- I%a6.

Th%s s!ho/ar/" &ua&!( %&s%r(# b" th( %#(a o- th( &at%o&7stat( -%rst %&tro#u!(# %& th( r(g%o& b" 8r%t%sh

Co/o&%a/%sts gra#ua//" (9o/9(# %&to b(!o'%&g a ursu%t to r(ar( a (//7(#u!at(# a r(sour!(-u/ Mus/%'

'%##/(7!/ass %& th( r(g%o&.

E9(&tua//" %th th( h(/ -ro' s(!t%o&s o- th( Mus/%' /a(# (/%t( %& I%a th( ('(rg%&g Mus/%' '%##/(7

!/ass(s tur&(# th( %#(a %&to a 'o9('(&t -or a s(arat( Mus/%' ho'(/a %& South As%a !o'r%s(# o- thos(

ar(as h(r( th( Mus/%'s (r( %& a 'aor%t".
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Th%s %s hat ( to#a" u(rsta to b( th( 0Pa$%sta& Mo9('(&t.1

Ho(9(r h(& th( !ou&tr"1s -ou%&g -ath(r Muha''a# A/% :%&&ah 7 a (st(r&7(#u!at(# /a"(r a h(a# o-

th( A// I%a Mus/%' L(agu( 4AIML6 7 &a9%gat(# th( Mo9('(&t toar#s -%&a//" r(a!h%&g %ts goa/ o- !ar9%&g

out a s(arat( Mus/%' ho'(/a %& South As%a h( as soo& -a!(# %th a& a$ar# -a!t; Th(r( (r( a/'ost as

'a&" Mus/%'s 4%- &ot 'or(6 %& I%a tha& th(r( (r( %& th( &(/" !r(at(# Mus/%'7'aor%t" !ou&tr" o-

Pa$%sta&.

:%&&ah as !o&s!%ous o- th%s -a!t h(& h( #(/%9(r(# h%s -%rst 'aor a##r(ss at th( &( !ou&tr"1s Co&st%tu(&t

Ass('b/" o& August )) )*+,.

Though #ur%&g th( Mo9('(&t so'( -a!t%o&s o- h%s art" 4(s(!%a//" %& th( Pu&ab a th( -or'(r NWFP6 ha#

t(a$(# th( To Nat%o& Th(or" to a/so '(a& that th( Mus/%'s o- I%a #(s%r(# a& 0Is/a'%! Stat(1 :%&&ah as

(9(& though th(s( /(a#(rs too ha# ha# 9(r" /%tt/( %#(a (3a!t/" hat ou/# b( th( %#(o/og%!a/ 'a$(7u o- th(

!ou&tr".

:%&&ah #%(# %& )*+? /(a9%&g b(h% a hug( /(a#(rsh% 9a!uu' %& a !ou&tr" that ha# aar(&t/" a(ar(# o& th(

'a a /ot soo&(r tha& %t as a&t%!%at(# to b" (9(& thos( ho ha# b((& str%9%&g har# -or %ts !r(at%o&.

Th( /(a#(rsh% o- th( -ou%&g art" th( Mus/%' L(agu( as 'ost/" 'a#( u o- Pu&ab1s /a(# g(&tr" a

Moha%r 4Ur#u7s(a$%&g6 bourg(o%s%( (/%t(. Th( bur(au!ra!" as a/so #o'%&at(# b" th(s( to !o''u&%t%(s

h(r(as th( ar'" ha# a& o9(rh(/'%&g Pu&ab% 'aor%t".


3/52

E%th(r th( 'u/t%7!u/tura/ !o&&otat%o&s o- :%&&ah1s s((!h (r( &ot (&t%r(/" u(rstoo# b" h%s %''(#%at(

!o//(agu(s or (r( s%'/" s%#(/%&(# b" th('.

Th(s( !o&&otat%o&s so'(hat thr(at(&(# th( L(agu(1s /(a#(rsh% b(!aus( th( 8(&ga/%s o- East Pa$%sta& (r(

th( 'aor%t" (th&%! grou %& th( &( !ou&tr" a th( #('o!rat%! r(!og&%t%o& o- 'u/t%!u/tura/%s' a (th&%!

#%9(rs%t" o- Pa$%sta& ou/# ha9( auto'at%!a//" tra&s/at(# %&to 8(&ga/%s b(!o'%&g th( 'a%& ru/%&g grou.

A-t(r :%&&ah ha# ro't/" at(r(# #o& th( r(/%g%ous as(!ts o- th( Pa$%sta& Mo9('(&t th( L(agu(1s

/(a#(rsh% that -o//o(# h%s u&-ortu&at( #(ath %& )*+? #(!%#(# to r(%&tro#u!( th(s( as(!ts to &(gat( th(

'u/t%!u/tura/ t(&or o- :%&&ah1s s((!h.

:%&&ah a##r(ss%&g th( Co&st%tu(&t Ass('b/" 4August )) )*+,6.

8ut th%&gs %& th%s r(s(!t g(t (9(& 'or( !o'/%!at(# h(& o&( %s r('%(# o- ho %t as a!tua//" :%&&ah ho

tr%gg(r(# th( -%rst s(r%ous (3r(ss%o& o- (th&%! tur'o%/ %& Pa$%sta&.

I& Mar!h )*+? :%&&ah #(/%9(r(# to s((!h(s %& Dha$a 4th( /arg(st !%t" o- th( 8(&ga/%7#o'%&at(# East

Pa$%sta&6. Th( s((!h(s (r( #(/%9(r(# %& E&g/%sh a (r( 'a#( at th( h(%ght o- a rag%&g #(bat( %th%& th(

ru/%&g Mus/%' L(agu( o& th(


4/52

S/oga&s u(r/%&(# b" -a%th '%ght ha9( or$(# to hahaar#/" u// tog(th(r th( Mus/%' '%&or%t" o- 9ar%ous

(th&%!%t%(s o- I%a #ur%&g th( Pa$%sta& Mo9('(&tB th(r( as &o guara&t(( that %t ou/# b( ab/( to #o th( sa'(

%& a !ou&tr" h(r( th( sa'( Mus/%'s ha# b(!o'( a& o9(rh(/'%&g 'aor%t".

I#(a//" a s"st(' a !o&st%tut%o& a#9o!at%&g #('o!ra!" shou/# ha9( b((& or$(# out to -a!%/%tat( a

str(a'/%&( th( o/%t%!a/ a !u/tura/ art%!%at%o& o- a// (th&%!%t%(s %& th( &at%o&7bu%/#%&g ro!(ss.

8ut th%s as&1t #o&(. A-t(r :%&&ah1s #('%s( o/%t%!a/ a !u/tura/ (3r(ss%o&s o- (th&%!%t" (r( %''(#%at(/"

tr(at(# as b(%&g thr(ats to th( u&%t" o- th( &at%o&.

Pr%'( M%&%st(r L%


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Is/a'%! s!ho/ar a -ou(r o- th( :a'at7(7Is/a'% 4:I6 Abu/ A/a Mau#u#% as &ot a& Is/a'%! !/(r%!.

H( as a (//7r(a# a ro/%-%! our&a/%st a author. Though h%s !o''(&tar%(s %& th%s r(s(!t (r( h%gh/"

!o&s(r9at%9( h%s as a ra#%!a/ !o&s(r9at%s' b(!aus( &ot o&/" #%# h( !ha//(&g( th( Mus/%' &at%o&a/%s' o- th(

/%$(s o- :%&&ah 4!/a%'%&g &at%o&a/%s' ha# &o /a!( %& Is/a'6B h( (9(& 'a&ag(# to o--( 'a&" s!ho/ars

b(/o&g%&g to Su&&% sub7s(!ts b" a!!us%&g th(' o- b(%&g (#g(# %& a&!%(&t !/(r%!a/ tra#%t%o&s a #%stort%&g th(

tru( '(ssag( o- Is/a' through u&sa9our" %&&o9at%o&s.

To h%' th( Mus/%'s1 r(&(a/ as a o/%t%!a/ a !u/tura/ -or!( #(((# &ot o& Mus/%' &at%o&a/%s' but o& a&

(9o/ut%o&ar" ro!(ss a!ross a// Mus/%' so!%(t%(s %& h%!h th( (o/( (r( to b( 0Is/a'%s(#1 -ro' b(/o so that

th(" !ou/# b( r(ar(# -or Is/a'%! /as 4Shar%ah6 %'os(# -ro' abo9( 4th( stat(6.

So %t as %ro&%! h(& L%a


6/52

M('b(rs o- th( Co&st%tu(&t Ass('b/" #(bat%&g th( )*5 Co&st%tut%o&.

I& )*5, 'ost o- th( #(tra!tors !a'( tog(th(r %& th( /(-t7%&g Nat%o&a/ Aa'% Part" 4NAP6 a (r( !o&-%#(&t

that th( art" as %& a goo# os%t%o& to %& th( 'ost s(ats %& th( ro'%s(# #%r(!t (/(!t%o&s 4that (r( to b( h(/#

%& )*5?6.

8ut %& /at( )*5? Pr(s%#(&t Is$aar M%ra ho as&1t ha" %th th( Co&st%tut%o& &or %th th( ot(&t%a/ o-art%(s /%$( NAP to %& th( (/(!t%o& !o//u#(# %th th( '%/%tar" !h%(- A"ub =ha& a #%s'%ss(# th( ass('b/"

a %'os(# th( !ou&tr"1s -%rst Mart%a/ La.

M%ra ha# #(s!r%b(# th( )*5 Co&st%tut%o& as th( 0s(//%&g o- Is/a' -or o/%t%!a/ (s.1

8ut soo& a-t(r th( %'os%t%o& o- Mart%a/ La M%ra as #%s'%ss(# b" A"ub a -or!(# to /(a9( th( !ou&tr".

A"ub as Ch%(- Mart%a/ La A#'%&%strator b(!a'( th( so/( !(&tr( o- o(r %& th( !ou&tr".

Th( !h%(-s o- th( ar'(# -or!(s %th Pr(s%#(&t Is$aar M%ra a-t(r th( )*5? Mart%a/ La. M%ra as sor('o9(# b" A"ub =ha& 4r%ght6 a s(&t %&to (3%/(.

A"ub ast(# &o t%'( %& (3h%b%t%&g h%s #%sgust at hat ha# tra&s%r(# %& th( !ou&t"1s o/%t%!s a-t(r :%&&ah1s

#(ath a got #o& to !o'/(t(/" s!ra%&g hat(9(r that ha# ('(rg(# as Pa$%sta&% &at%o&hoo# %& th(

r(!(#%&g #(!a#( a too$ %t uo& h%'s(/- to o&!( a -or a// g%9( a #(-%&%t%9( sha( to Pa$%sta&% &at%o&a/%s'.

Society 1947-1950

A grou o- (o/( ra%s%&g th( Pa$%sta&% -/ag o&( #a" a-t(r Pa$%sta& !a'( %&to b(%&g o& August )+ )*+,.

E%# ra"(rs %& =ara!h% )*+?.

8o" S!outs %& 0:%&&ah Cas1 %& =ara!h% )*+*.

M(& a o'(& /abour(rs or$%&g o& th( !o&stru!t%o& o- a bu%/#%&g %& =ara!h% )*5).

A 8r%t%sh tour%st tr"%&g out tra#%t%o&a/ sho(s at a sho %& Sat 4NWFP6 %& )*52.

Stu#(&ts r(/a3 at a '(#%!a/ !o//(g( %& Lahor( 4)*56.

A (##%&g !(r('o&" %& Lahor( 4)*5+6.

A /o!ust atta!$ %& =ara!h% 4)*56.

Fa'ous Pa$%sta& !r%!$(t(r Faa/ Mah'oo# s%g&%&g autograhs -or -a&s %& Lahor( 4)*5+.

Pa$%sta&% -%/' a!tr(ss(s Sab%ha =ha&a' a G((&at #o%&g a hoto shoot %& )*5+.

Co&tro9(rs%a/ Ur#u short7stor" r%t(r Sa#at Hassa&h Ma&to %& Lahor(.


7/52

Pa$%sta&% sr%&t(r Ab#u/ =ha/%


8/52

A& (ar/" -/((t o- /a&(s o- Pa$%sta& I&t(r&at%o&a/ A%r/%&(s 4PIA6 /%&(# u at th( =ara!h% A%rort.

A art%!%a&t -%/'s a -(st%9a/ %& =ara!h% 4)*5?6.

The great debateA"ub =ha& as a ra!t%!%&g Mus/%' but a/'ost (&t%r(/" s(!u/ar %& h%s o/%t%!a/ a so!%a/ out/oo$. H( !/a%'(#

that h( a&t(# to 0/%b(rat( th( s%r%t o- r(/%g%o& -ro' su(rst%t%o& a 'o9( -orar# u(r th( -or!(s o- 'o#(r&

s!%(&!(s a $&o/(#g(.1

U(rsta%&g that a &at%o&7stat( r(


9/52

)*5?.

I&!(&s(# b" h%s o/%!%(s a th( -a!t that h( as g(tt%&g 'ost o- th(s( s(!t%o&(# b" th( ACII th( r(/%g%ous

art%(s -%&a//" 'o9(# %& to #%r(!t/" !ha//(&g( h%'.

Po/%t%!a/ art%(s ha# b((& ba&&(# b" A"ub but h( /%-t(# th( ba& %& )*2. Th( art%(s o& th( /(-t su!h as th(

Nat%o&a/ Aa'% Part" 4NAP6 oos(# h%' -or h%s o9(rt !a%ta/%st 'a&o(u9r(s h%s r(g%'(1s 'or(7tha&7!/os(r(/at%o&sh% %th th( U&%t(# Stat(s a h%s %&s%st(&!( o& r(-us%&g to (&t(rta%& th( #('as o- th( S%h%

8a/o!h 8(&ga/% a Pus$tu& &at%o&a/%sts -or #(!(&tra/%sat%o& #('o!ra!" a ro9%&!%a/ auto&o'".

Th( r(/%g%ous art%(s (s(!%a//" th( :a'at7%7Is/a'% 4:I6 /arg(/" -o!us(# th(%r oos%t%o& o& A"ub1s

0'o#(r&%sat%o&1 o/%!%(s.

A"ub o--(r%&g a toast to Pa$7Io&(s%a -r%(sh% %th -a'ous Io&(s%a& /(a#(r Su$ar&o.

Rath(r u&!a&&%/" b" att('t%&g to 'ou/# a &at%o&a/ %#(o/og" A"ub ga9( :I th( %#(a to ta$( th( !o&!(t a

tur& %t o& %ts h(a#.

Th( t(r' Pa$%sta& I#(o/og" as &oh(r( %& th( -ou(rs1 s((!h(s #ur%&g th( !r(at%o& o- Pa$%sta& %& )*+,.A &or as th( Ur#u (3r(ss%o&Nazriya-e-Pakistan4Pa$%sta& I#(o/og"6.

Wh(& A"ub1s )*2 Co&st%tut%o& h%gh/%ght(# h%s r(g%'(1s u(rsta%&g o- Pa$%sta&% &at%o&hoo# to '(a& b(%&g

a Mus/%'7'aor%t" stat( h(r( a 'o#(r& a r(-or'%st s%r%t o- Is/a' ou/# gu%#( th( !ou&tr"1s o/%t%!s a

so!%(t" th( :I oos(# %t.

It as at th%s o%&t that th( t(r'Nazriah-e-Pakistan('(rg(#. It %s /arg(/" b(/%(9(# that %t as -%rst us(# b" th(

:I that sugg(st(# that th( Pa$%sta& I#(o/og" shou/# b( s


10/52

M S"(#

Th( PPP sa %ts(/- b(%&g u//(# %&to th( #(bat( h(& a-t(r %t&(ss%&g th( as!((&!" o- /(-t%st art%(s %&

Pa$%sta& %& th( /at( )*@s th( :I #(!/ar(# that so!%a/%s' as a& a&t%7Is/a' %#(o/og" a$%& to ath(%s'.

Pro'%&(&t %&t(//(!tua/s %& th( PPP a thos( s"'ath(t%! to %ts !aus( s(!%a//" Ha&%- Ra'a" Sa-#ar M%r a

o(t Fa% Ah'(# Fa% r(ta/%at(# 4though ro7PPP 'aga%&(s6 b" -%rst ('has%s%&g th( :I1s r(7)*+, a&t%7:%&&ah rh(tor%! a th(& sugg(st%&g that Pa$%sta&% &at%o&hoo# a !u/tur( (r( 'u/t%7(th&%! a 'u/t%!u/tura/

a b(st s(r9(# b" #('o!ra!" a so!%a/%s'.

Th( :I1s -ou(r a Is/a'%! s!ho/ar Abu/ A/a Mau#u#% sa th( /(-t%st a /%b(ra/ Pa$%sta&% o/%t%!a/

orga&%sat%o&s a !u/tura/ out-%ts as Troa& Hors(s through h%!h th(" ha# %&-%/trat(# th( Pa$%sta&% so!%(t"

go9(r&'(&t a o/%t" to (ro#( Pa$%sta&1s 0Is/a'%! !hara!t(r.1

Abu/ A/a Mau#u#%

I&t(r(st%&g/" as th( 'o9('(&t b" /(-t%st o/%t%!a/ art%(s tra#( u&%o&s a stu#(&t grous aga%&st th( A"ub

r(g%'( ga%&(# 'o'(&tu' %& th( /at( )*@s A"ub1s I&-or'at%o& M%&%str" ha# a/r(a#" b(gu& to '( -(&!(s

%th th( :I.

8" th( t%'( A"ub r(s%g&(# %& )** a ha(# o9(r o(r to (&(ra/ ah"a =ha& th( :I r(bou(# to

b(!o'( a& a//" o- th( r(g%'(.

A ro78hutto /(-t%st stu#(&t ra//" %& =ara!h% %& )*?. Su!h ra//%(s #('a(# th( oust(r o- th( 0ro7US

A"ub r(g%'(1 a th( %'os%t%o& o- So!%a/%s'.

(&(ra/ a"a1s I&-or'at%o& M%&%str" tr%(# to us( th( :I to b/u&t th( /(-t%sts1 u&r(!(#(&t(# ush aga%&st th(

'%/%tar" r(g%'(.

As A"ub1s %#(a o- Pa$%sta&% &at%o&hoo# #%/(# th( :I 'a#( %ts !o&!(t o-Nazriah-e-Pakistano&( o- th(

'a%& /a&$s o- %ts (/(!t%o& 'a&%-(sto -or th( )*,@ (&(ra/ E/(!t%o& 4th( -%rst %& Pa$%sta& bas(# o& a#u/t-ra&!h%s(6.

Dur%&g th( )*,@ (/(!t%o& !a'a%g& th( :I a(a/(# to th( 9ot(rs to #(-(at th( /(-t a (th&%!7&at%o&a/%st art%(s

b(!aus( th(" (r( a thr(at to th( %#(o/og" o- Pa$%sta&.

8ut %& th( (/(!t%o& th( :I a 'ost oth(r !o&s(r9at%9( art%(s (r( rout(# b" th( PPP a NAP 4%& W(st

Pa$%sta&6 a b" th( 8(&ga/% &at%o&a/%st art" th( Aa'% L(agu( 4%& East Pa$%sta&6.

(t aga%& th( ro(!t o- 'ou/#%&g a& %#(o/og" o- Pa$%sta& a!!(tab/( to a// Pa$%sta&%s ha# h%t a #(a#7(.

Ho(9(r a-t(r th( )*,@ (/(!t%o& %t s(('(# that th( %#(a o- Pa$%sta&% &at%o&hoo# b(%&g a#9o!at(# b" /(-t

art%(s as to r(9a%/.

It 'a" as (// ha9( ha# Pa$%sta& &ot go&( to ar %th I%a %& )*,) a th(& /os( %ts East(r& W%&g.

Sh%($h Mu((bur Rh('a&1s Aa'% L(agu( ha# o& th( h%gh(st &u'b(r o- s(ats %& th( )*,@ (/(!t%o& 4a/b(%t a//

%& East Pa$%sta&6.

8(&ga/% &at%o&a/%st /(a#(r Sh%($h Mu((b a#r(ss%&g a& (/(!t%o& ra//" %& Dha$a 4)*,@6.


11/52

I& th(or" h%s art" shou/# ha9( b((& %&9%t(# b" ah"a to -or' Pa$%sta&1s -%rst ou/ar/" (/(!t(# go9(r&'(&t.

8ut th( '%/%tar" r(g%'( a 8hutto1s PPP o%&t(# at Mu((b1s 0a&t%7Pa$%sta& rh(tor%!1 a sugg(st(# that h(

ou/# us( th( Par/%a'(&t to s(arat( East Pa$%sta& -ro' th( r(st o- th( !ou&tr" o& th( bas%s o- 8(&ga/%

&at%o&a/%s'.

A #(/a" %& th( ha%&g o9(r o- o(r to Aa'% L(agu( sa th( (rut%o& o- a -u//7s!a/( !%9%/ ar %& East

Pa$%sta&.

Thousas o- 8(&ga/%s /ost th(%r /%9(s %& th( !o&-/%!t as th( ah"a r(g%'( ('/o"(# bruta/ ta!t%!s to st(' th(

8(&ga/%s1 'ar!h toar#s %(((&!(.

A!ts o- bruta/%t" (r( a/so !o''%tt(# b" th( '%/%ta&t %&gs o- th( 8(&ga/% &at%o&a/%sts as (// as aga%&st

'%/%tar" (rso&&(/ &o&78(&ga/% r(s%#(&ts o- East Pa$%sta& a thos( 8(&ga/%s ho (r( a!!us(# o-

!o//aborat%&g %th th( Pa$%sta& Ar'".

Thousas o- 8(&ga/%s !ross(# o9(r %&to I%a& 8(&ga/ as r(-ug((s. Though I%a as b" &o ba!$%&g th(

'%/%ta&t 8(&ga/% &at%o&a/%sts %t as %& D(!('b(r )*,) that %t -u//" (&t(r(# th( batt/(-%(/#.

East Pa$%sta& b(!a'( th( %(((&t r(ub/%! o- 8a&g/a#(sh. I& /at( D(!('b(r )*,) a grou o- '%/%tar"

o--%!(rs -or!(# ah"a =ha& to r(s%g& a ha o9(r o(r to G A. 8hutto.

Society 1960-70

A 0s!oot(r7r%!$sha1 r%#%&g a!ross a roa# %& =ara!h% %& )*@.

Pa$%sta& ho!$(" t(a' %s gr((t(# o& th( ru&a" o- th( =ara!h% A%rort a-t(r %&&%&g th( )*@ O/"'%!

Ho!$(" t%t/( %& Ro'(.


12/52

E%# ra"(rs at Lahor(1s 8a#shah% Mos


13/52

Tour%sts su&bath( at a =ara!h% b(a!h %& )*2.

Th( %&s%#( o- Lahor(1s -a'ous 0Pa$ T(a Hous(1 4)*6. Dur%&g th( )*5@s a )*@s th%s !a-J asr(gu/ar/" -r(


14/52

Ma#a' Noor :(ha& r(!or#%&g h(r -a'ous &at%o&a/ so&g 0A" Wata& =a" Sha((/a" :a&aou&1 at EMI7

Pa$%sta&1s stu#%os %& =ara!h% #ur%&g th( )*5 Pa$7I%a ar.

Ch%/#r(& at a -%sh%&g 9%//ag( &(ar th( Ha$s1 8a" 8(a!h %& =ara!h% 4)*6.


15/52

S!(&(s -ro' th( -a'ous Ur#u -%/' Ar'a& 4)*6.

=ara!h%1s bus" -%&a&!%a/ #%str%!t %& )*,.

Pa$%sta&1s &((st !%t" Is/a'aba# u(r !o&stru!t%o& %& )*. It as 'a#( th( !ou&tr"1s !a%ta/ %& )*,

To g%r/s %& a 9%//ag( %& Pu&ab 4)*,6.

A& art%!/( %& th( Nat%o&a/ (ograh%! 'aga%&( about a tra#%t%o&a/ Pa$%sta&% (##%&g 4)*?6.

A !ou!tor o- a bus that ra& -ro' P(shaar to =abu/ 4a ba!$6 a%ts -or ass(&g(rs %& P(shaar

4)*,6.


16/52

Tour%sts a /o!a/s (&o" #%&&(r a #r%&$s at =ara!h%1s 8(a!h Lu3ur" Hot(/ #ur%&g th( )** N(s (a

(9(.


17/52

Fa'ous Pa$%sta& TK a!tor Sha$((/ at a =ara!h% r(staura&t %& )*,@.

An uneasy consensus8hutto1s art" th( PPP that ha# s(t th( )*,@ (/(!t%o& %& -or'(r W(st Pa$%sta&1s to /arg(st ro9%&!(s

Pu&ab a S%h o& a so!%a/%st 'a&%-(sto a -or'(# th( go9(r&'(&t at th( !(&tr( a %& th( '(&t%o&(#

ro9%&!(s.

A&oth(r /(-t7%&g art" th( Nat%o&a/ Aa'% Part" 4NAP6 that ha# o& a &u'b(r o- s(ats %& th( -or'(r NWFP

a 8a/o!h%sta& as ab/( to -or' !oa/%t%o& go9(r&'(&ts %& th(s( ro9%&!(s.

Th( -%rst has( o- th( 8hutto r(g%'( 4)*,27,+6 as #o'%&at(# b" th( ra#%!a/ /(-t7%&g o- th( PPP. Ho(9(r

s%&!( Pa$%sta& -ou %ts(/- r((/%&g -ro' a& (3(&s%9( ar a #('ora/%s(# ar'" a -(ars that I%a 'a" go o&

to -a& s(arat%st 'o9('(&ts %& th( NWFP a 8a/o!h%sta& h%s go9(r&'(&t sa&!t%o&(# a ro(!t to 'ou/# a&

%#(o/og%!a/ &arrat%9( that ou/# h(/ th( stat( r(#((' th( -/ou(r%&g b(/%(- %& a u&%t(# Pa$%sta&.


18/52

8hutto s(a$%&g at a ra//" %& =ara!h%1s N%shtar Par$.

It %s b(/%(9(# that th( &arrat%9( as -%rst a -or('ost #(9%s(# to u/%-t th( 'ora/( o- th( ar'". 8ut b" /at( )*,2

%t b(ga& to 'a$( %ts a" %&to s!hoo/ t(3t boo$s as (//.

I& a &utsh(// th( &arrat%9( (&t so'(th%&g /%$( th%s; W(st Pa$%sta& as a/a"s th( r(a/ Pa$%sta& b(!aus( %t1s a!oh(s%9( a s(a'/(ss r(g%o& that ru&s -ro' &orth to south a/o&g th( '%ght" Ius R%9(r. Th%s r(g%o&1s

ou/at%o& ha# r(#o'%&at(/" b((& Mus/%' 4(9(r s%&!( th( )2th C(&tur"6 a though %t 'a" ha9( a &u'b(r o-

(th&%!%t%(s %ts ou/at%o& has /arg(/" r('a%&(# a/oo- -ro' th( ha(&%&gs %& I%a1s a&!%(&t s(at o- o(r %&

D(/h% a ha# s%'%/ar 9%(s o& Is/a'.

Th%s !o&9(&%(&t/" '(a&t that th( 8(&ga/%7'aor%t" East Pa$%sta& that /a" thousas o- '%/(s aa" -ro' W(st

Pa$%sta& as a& u&&atura/ art o- hat ha# a(ar(# o& th( 'a as Pa$%sta& %& )*+,.

I& )*,2 th( stu#" o- Pa$%sta& Stu#%(s a sub(!t that (3!/us%9(/" #(a/t %th th( h%stor" a !u/tur( o- th(

!ou&tr" as %&tro#u!(# a th(& 'a#( !o'u/sor" -or s!hoo/ a !o//(g( stu#(&ts.

8ut %& th( (ar/" )*,@s %t as st%// 9(r" 'u!h a or$7%&7rogr(ss.

I& )*, th( PPP go9(r&'(&t orga&%s(# a /arg( !o&-(r(&!( %& h%!h so'( o- th( !ou&tr"1s /(a#%&g %&t(//(!tua/s

h%stor%a&s a s!ho/ars (r( %&9%t(#. Th(" (r( r(


19/52

8hutto s(a$%&g to a gu(st at a stat( #%&&(r a-t(r th( Nat%o&a/ Ass('b/" ass(# th( )*, Co&st%tut%o&.

Th( :I a oth(r r(/%g%ous art%(s ha# (3/a%&(# th( br(a$u o- Pa$%sta& %& )*,) as a !o&s(


20/52

Sau#% 'o&ar!h =%&g Fa%sa/ %th GA 8hutto at th( Lahor( A%rort 4)*,+6.

8hutto aart -ro' tr"%&g to a(as( th( r(/%g%o&%st /obb" b" r(%&tro#u!%&g !(rta%& !/aus(s %& th( )*,

Co&st%tut%o& a th(& g%9%&g r(9%s%o&%st &arrat%9(s a ru& a!ross Pa$%sta& Stu#%(s boo$s th(& 'o9(# %& to

a(as( h%s &(7-ou Sau#% -r%(s a #o&ors.

S%&!( b" &o th( Pa$%sta& I#(o/og" ha# b(gu& to /a!( Pa$%sta&1s h%stor%!a/ roots %& /as -ro' h(r( Arabhors('(& ha# %&9a#(# I%a %& th( ?th C(&tur" %t as #(!%#(# that th( Arab%! /a&guag( too shou/# b( a#ot(#

a taught %& s!hoo/s.

8hutto -(/t s(!ur( %& th( b(/%(- that h( as su!!(ss-u//" $((%&g h%s /(-t a /%b(ra/ !o&st%tu(&!%(s sat%s-%(#

a/o&g %th th( !o&s(r9at%9( r(/%g%ous s(!t%o&s o- th( so!%(t" a a/so Pa$%sta&1s &( Arab #o&ors.

So %t 'ust ha9( !o'( as a ru#( sho!$ to h%' h(& %& D(!('b(r )*, a &%&(7art" a//%a&!( o- r(/%g%ous a

oth(r a&t%78hutto art%(s u&%t(# u(r th( u'br(//a o- th( Pa$%sta& Nat%o&a/ A//%a&!( 4PNA6.

Th( a//%a&!( g(ar(# u to -a!( 8hutto1s PPP %& th( )*,, (/(!t%o&. A %t as o&/" h(& th( PNA us(# th(

or#s 0Nizam-e-Mustafa1 4Th( Proh(t1s S"st('6 as %ts 'a%& s/oga& that %t b(!a'( aar(&t that th( 8hutto

r(g%'(1s (3(r%'(&ts %& th( st%// (/us%9( t(rr%tor" o- th( Pa$%sta& I#(o/og" ha# a!tua//" ((# u ro9%#%&g h%soo&(&ts th( sa!( a %#(a to us( r(/%g%o& as a& (--(!t%9( (/(!tora/ too/.

A&oth(r -a!tor that 8hutto '%ght ha9( u(r'%&(# as that Sau#% Arab%a as &ot o&/" !u/t%9at%&g r(/at%o&s

%th th( 8hutto r(g%'( %t as a/so o& 9(r" goo# t(r's %th r(/%g%ous art%(s su!h as th( :I.

Th( PPP (&t o& th( #(-(&s%9( b(!aus( a!!or#%&g to 8hutto1s a&a/"s%s %t as th( Is/a'%! r(9%9a/ -a!tor that

&o &((#(# to b( -ought -or a grabb(#.

Th( or# Is/a' out&u'b(r(# th( or# so!%a/%s' %& th( art"1s &( 'a&%-(sto a -or th( -%rst t%'( r(/%g%o&

b(!a'( th( -o!a/ o%&t o- #(bat( a #%s!uss%o& #ur%&g a& (/(!t%o& %& Pa$%sta&.

Co9(r o- a Mar!h )*,, Ur#u 'aga%&( %th %!tur(s o- PNA /(a#(rs a ra//".

Th( PPP trou&!(# th( PNA %& th( Nat%o&a/ Ass('b/" (/(!t%o&. Th( PNA !r%(# -ou/ a a!!us(# th( 8hutto

r(g%'( o- r%gg%&g th( o//s. Th( truth as that th( r(g%'( ha# r%gg(# o&/" a ha-u/ o- s(ats 4%& th( Pu&ab6

a ou/# ha9( o& th( (/(!t%o& a&"a".

8ut 8hutto a&t(# to !ha&g( th( !ou&tr"1s ar/%a'(&tar" s"st(' %&to a Pr(s%#(&t%a/ o&( a -or that h( #(s%r(#

a b%g 'aor%t" %& th( Nat%o&a/ Ass('b/".

Th( PNA r(-us(# to !o&t(st th( Pro9%&!%a/ Ass('b/" (/(!t%o&s a %&st(a# b(ga& a rot(st 'o9('(&t that soo&

tur&(# 9%o/(&t.

PNA suort(rs 7 'ost/" 'a#( u o- urba& '%##/(7!/ass "outh a suort(# b" th( %ustr%a/%st a tra#(r

!/ass(s that (r( gr(at/" stu&g b" th( 8hutto r(g%'(1s a"ar# so!%a/%st 'a&o(u9r(s 7 our(# out o&to th(

str((ts.

Surr%s(# b" th( t(&a!%t" o- th( rot(st(rs 8hutto b(ga& ('(rg(&!" ta/$s %th th( PNA /(a#(rsh%.

Th( %ro&%! as(!t o- th( 'o9('(&t as that h(& th( PNA a th( rot(st(rs b(ga& to us( r(/%g%ous s"'bo/%s'

a s/oga&s th(s( (r( !u//(# -ro' hat th( 8hutto r(g%'( ha# %u!t(# %&to s!hoo/ t(3t boo$s.


21/52

A PNA rot(st ra//" %& Raa/%% b(%&g /(# b" '('b(rs o- th( stu#(&t7%&g o- th( :a'at7(7Is/a'%

4)*,,6.

8ut s%&!( both th( PNA a th( PPP (r( go%&g o& a o& about Is/a' %thout (9(r both(r%&g to (3/a%&

(3a!t/" ho th(" (r( /a&&%&g to tur& a r(/%g%o& bas(# o& 'ora/ a so!%a/ !o#(s %&to a -u&!t%o&%&g o/%t%!a/

a (!o&o'%! s"st(' th%s ("(ash as a##r(ss(# b" a&oth(r ("(ash.

I& Ar%/ )*,, th( 8hutto r(g%'( '(t %th th( 'a%& r(/%g%ous /(a#(rs o- th( PNA b(/o&g%&g to th( :I :a'%at

U/('a Is/a' 4:UI6 a :a'%at U/('a Pa$%sta& 4:UP6 a agr((# to 'a$( Fr%#a" th( (($/" ho/%#a" %&st(a# o-

Sua" 4as as th( !as( %& Sau#% Arab%a6. H( a/so agr((# to ba& th( !o&su't%o& a sa/( o- a/!oho/%!

b(9(rag(s 4to Mus/%'s6 a !/os( #o& a// &%ght!/ubs a bars.

8ut th%s #%# &ot sa9( h%' -ro' r(!(%9%&g a&oth(r sho!$. I& :u/" )*,, h%s o& (&(ra/ to/(# h%s r(g%'( %& a

r(a!t%o&ar" '%/%tar" !ou a ro't/" arr(st(# h%'.

(&(ra/ G%au/ Ha< as ha%!$(# b" 8hutto %& s%t( o- ha9%&g a h%stor" o- b(%&g h%gh/" !o&s(r9at%9(. 8hutto

as assur(# b" th( outgo%&g Ar'" Ch%(- (&(ra/ T%$$a =ha& that G%a as !o'/(t(/" ao/%t%!a/ a

subs(r9%(&t.

Wh(& h( %'os(# th( !ou&tr"1s th%r# Mart%a/ La G%a too$ th( PNA1sNizam-e-Mustafarh(tor%! a tur&(# %t

%&to a #ra!o&%a& a th(& a /(g%s/at%9( %#(o/og%!a/ ro(!t g%9%&g th( ho/( !o&!(t o- th( Pa$%sta& I#(o/og"

%ts star$(st r(/%g%ous as(!t thus -ar.

G%a a&&ou&!%&g th( %'/os%o& o- Mart%a/ La 4:u/" )*,,6.


22/52

8hutto as ha&g(# %& Ar%/ )*,* through a sha' tr%a/ o/%t%!a/ art%(s (r( ba&&(# a (rhas -or th( -%rst

t%'( th( Pa$%sta& I#(o/og" as !o&so/%#at(# %&to b(!o'%&g o--%!%a/ stat( o/%!".

Society 1971-77

Pa$%sta&% 'o#(/ a a!tr(ss Ra$shaa =hata$ o& th( s(t o- th( )*,) Ur#u -%/'

0O(rat%o& =ara!h%.1

Pa$%sta& /a"%&g aga%&st (r'a&" %& th( ho!$(" -%&a/s o- th( )*,2 Mu&%!h O/"'%!s.

Pa$%sta&% a%&t(r a s!u/tor Sa#(


23/52

Stu#(&ts ta$( a s'o$( br(a$ at th( !a&t((& o- th( Pu&ab U&%9(rs%t" %& Lahor( 4)*,6.

=arat( stu#(&ts %& =ara!h% 4)*,6. Pou/ar%t" o- :u#o a =arat( ros( %th th( ou/ar%t" o- 8ru!( L((

-%/'s.

Th( 0ru$sat%1 !(r('o&" at a (##%&g %& =ara!h% %& )*,.

H%%( tour%sts '%&g/( %th th( /o!a/s at a& (at(r" %& G%arat 8a/o!h%sta& 4)*,+6.

A "ou&g bo" -%//s th( ta&$ o- h%s #a#1s 'otorb%$( as a g%r/ a/$s toar#s h(r s!hoo/ %& Lahor( 4)*,+6.

Post(r o- a& Ira&%a& o grou that tour(# Pa$%sta& %& )*,+.

Stu#(&ts /(ar&%&g E&g/%sh at a 'o#(r& /a&guag( %&st%tut( %& =ara!h% %& )*,+.

A Pa$%sta&% :a a !/ub ba shoot%&g a s!(&( -or th( )*,+ Ur#u -%/' 0Dha'a$a.1 Th( -%/' as s!r%t

b" -a'ous Ur#u s" &o9(/%st Ib&7(7Sa-%.

=ara!h%1s /arg(st or$%&g7!/ass ar(a L"ar% %& )*,5.


24/52

Stu#(&ts outs%#( th( Arts Lobb" o- th( =ara!h% U&%9(rs%t" %& )*,+.

A s!r((& shot o- PTK1s /%9( t(/(!ast o- th( Pa$%sta&7I%a Ho!$(" Wor/# Cu -%&a/ %& )*,5.


25/52

E%# ra"(rs %& Lahor( 4)*,+6.

Pa$%sta& !r%!$(t !ata%& Mushta< Moha''a# a -ast bo/(r I'ra& =ha& !(/(brat( Pa$%sta&1s -%rst T('at!h 9%!tor" o& Austra/%a& so%/ 4)*,6.


26/52

S(!tators at!h%&g a Pa$%sta&7E&g/a T(st 'at!h at Lahor(1s a##a-% Sta#%u' 4)*,,6.

S(!%a/ 08/u( P/a&(s1 %&tro#u!(# b" PIA %& )*,, -or %ts -/%ghts to Euro(. Th(" (r( #%s!o&t%&u(# %& th()*?@s.

A& o/# o'a& r(!%t%&g th( ho/" boo$ %& Lahor( )*,,.

A (r'a& tour%st outs%#( a 0/(ga/1 hash%sh stor( %& th( North Wa%r%sta& ar(a o- Pa$%sta& 4)*,6.

S(!%a/ !o%&s that (r( '%&t(# %& )*, to 'ar$ th( )@@th b%rth a&&%9(rsar" o- th( -ou(r o- th( &at%o&Moha''a# A/% :%&&ah.

Po s%&g(r A/a'g%r %th -a'ous !o'(#%a& Mo%& A$htar %& =ara!h% 4)*,,6.

The grand concoctionTh( %&%t%a/ 'o#(/ -or G%a1s so7!a//(# 0Is/a'%sat%o&1 ro(!t as bas(# o& Mau/a&a Mau#u#%1s th(or%(s o& th(

sub(!t.

G%a b(ga& a ro(!t to (&-or!(Nizam-e-Mustafa 'ar$%&g a 'aor sh%-t -ro' Pa$%sta&s r(#o'%&a&t/" A&g/o7

Sa3o& /as.


27/52

R(/%g%o& as th( (r-(!t $% o- (3!us( -or a #%!tator to -/(3 h%s 'us!/(s at th( t%'( (s(!%a//" %& a !ou&tr"

h(r( th( '%##/(7!/ass(s a ustarts ho ha# tra9(//(# to o%/7r%!h Arab !ou&tr%(s ha# !o&-us(# th( o(r o-

th( P(tro7Do//ar %th th( o(r o- th( stras o- th( -a%th that th(" !a'( %&to !o&ta!t %th th(r(.

Mau#u#%1s !o&!(t o- th( Pa$%sta& I#(o/og" that ha# b((& batt(r(# b" th( 9ot(rs %& )*,@ a th(& 'utat(# %&to

'(a&%&g so'(th%&g !/os(r to 8hutto1s (


28/52

As a -%rst st( G%a ba&&(# th( '(&t%o& 4%& th( '(#%a a s!hoo/ t(3t boo$s6 o- :%&&ah1s -a'ous s((!h that h(

'a#( to th( Co&st%tu(&t Ass('b/" o& August )) )*+,.

G%a1s %&-or'at%o& '%&%str" s(&t #a"s o& ( stu#"%&g :%&&ah1s s((!h(s a sa"%&gs to #%g out a&"th%&g that

!ou/# b( us(# to (ors( G%a1s 9(rs%o& o- Pa$%sta&1s ('(rg(&!(.

Th(" !a'( u %th &oth%&g u&t%/ o&( -%&( #a" G%a 4%& )*?6 (&thus%ast%!a//" a&&ou&!(# th( #%s!o9(r" o-

:%&&ah1s (rso&a/ #%ar".

Wh%/( ta/$%&g to h%s '%&%st(rs G%a !/a%'(# that %& th( &(/" #%s!o9(r(# 0(rso&a/ #%ar" o- th( -ou(r1 :%&&ah

ha# so$(& about ha9%&g a 0o(r-u/ H(a# o- Stat( 4r(a#; #%!tator61 a 0th( #a&g(rs o- ar/%a'(&tar"

#('o!ra!".1 H( !o&9(&%(&t/" !o&!/u#(# that :%&&ah1s 9%(s (r( 09(r" !/os( to ha9%&g a& 0Is/a'%! s"st(' o-

go9(r&'(&t1.

Th( r%ght7%&g s(!t%o& o- th( Ur#u r(ss a stat(7o&(# TK a ra#%o ga9( /a9%sh !o9(rag( to th( (9(&t (9(&

ub/%sh%&g a ag( -ro' th( suos(# #%ar".

8ut a/as th( (uhor%a arou th( -ar!( as short7/%9(#. To o- :%&&ah1s !/os( asso!%at(s a #%r(!t

art%!%a&ts o- th( Pa$%sta& Mo9('(&t Mu'ta Dau/ta&a a = H. =hursh%# rubb%sh(# G%a1s !/a%'s b"

sa"%&g th(r( &(9(r as su!h a #%ar".

A-t(r th%s a grou o- s(&%or %&t(//(!tua/s -ro' th( ua%#7(7Aa' A!a#('" a/so #(&%(# that su!h a #%ar" (9(r

(3%st(# %& th( A!a#('"1s ar!h%9(s.

A& a&t%7G%a ro!(ss%o& b(%&g /(# b" a 57"(ar7o/# $%# %& )*?5. Th( $%# Fara Wah/ah as a!tua//" arr(s

b" th( !os a h(/# b(h% bars -or hours


29/52

Po/%!( atta!$ a& a&t%7G%a ra//" h(/# b" a ra#%!a/ o'(&1s orga&%sat%o& %& Lahor( 4)*?+6.

What1s (9(& !ur%ous %s th( -a!t that o&!( h%s !/a%'s (r( trash(# &ot o&/" #%# G%a &(9(r '(&t%o& a&"th%&g

about th( suos(# #%ar" (9(r aga%& a &u'b(r o- Ur#u &(sa(rs that ha# s/ash(# th( #ra'at%! #%s!o9(r"

(&t !o'/(t(/"


30/52

A suort(r 'our&s at G%a1s -u&(ra/ %& )*??. G%a #%(# %& a !o&tro9(rs%a/ /a&( !rash %& August )*??.

Society 1978-88


31/52

O&( o- th( -%rst a9(s o- A-gha& r(-ug((s arr%9%&g %& Pa$%sta& a-t(r So9%(t -or!(s o!!u%(# A-gha&%sta&

)*,*.

I%a& ghaa/ s%&g(r :ag%t S%&gh (r-or'%&g at Lahor(1s Sha/%'ar ar#(& %& )*,*.


32/52

ou&g !h%/#r(& b(at th( h(at b" ta$%&g a #% %& th( bog" ash%&g ar(a o- P(shaar Ra%/a" Stat%o& %&

)*?@.


33/52

Pa$%sta&% !r%!$(t(rs at a art" %& )*,* 4Fro' L(-t6; Sa#%< Moha''a# Ab#u/ a#%r Mu#assar Naar a&

I'ra& =ha&. Was%' Raa %s sta%&g b(h% a#%r.

A s!(&( -ro' su(r h%t Pu&ab% -%/' Mau/a :at 4)*,*6. Th( -%/' h(ra/# %& th( r%s( o- Pu&ab% -%/'s a t

!o//as( o- Ur#u !%&('a.

A bus" str((t %& 8ahaa/ur )*?@.

Th( LP !o9(r o- Na%a a Goh(b Hassa&1s -%rst a/bu' 0D%s!o D(a&(1 4)*?@6.

Futur( US Pr(s%#(&t 8ara$ Oba'a at a Pa$%sta&% -r%(s hous( #ur%&g h%s 9%s%t to

Pa$%sta& %& )*?). Oba'a as a !o//(g( stu#(&t at th( t%'(.


34/52

A )*?@ 'o#(/ o- th( KCR. Th%s 'a!h%&( b(!a'( %''(&s(/" ou/ar a!ross Pa$%sta& %& th( )*?@s.


35/52

Pa$%sta& ho!$(" s


36/52

A bus" sho%&g str((t %& =ara!h% )*?5.

A!tors Rahat =a'% a Mar%&a =ha& %& th( ou/ar PTK s(r%a/ Ta&ha%"aa& 4)*?56.

Pa$%sta&% !r%!$(t(r Mohs%& =ha& %th 8o//"oo# a!tr(ss R((&a Ro" %& )*?.

=ara!h%1s Sahrah7(7Fa%sa/ %& )*?.

A h(ro%& a##%!t %& =ara!h% )*?5. H(ro%& sa/( a a##%!t%o& shot u

#ra'at%!a//" %& Pa$%sta& a!ross th( )*?@s. 8" th( '%#7)*?@s Pa$%sta& ha# th(s(!o h%gh(st &u'b(r o- h(ro%& a##%!ts.

0u(st1 A-gha& %&surg(&ts ho/# a r(ss !o&-(r(&!( %& P(shaar %& )*?5.

Hosts o- PTK1s 'aratho& tra&s'%ss%o& #ur%&g th( )*?? g(&(ra/ (/(!t%o&.

The idea that ate itselfDur%&g h%s ))7"(ar ru/( G%a -urth(r(# th( ro(!t o- th( Pa$%sta& I#(o/og" a tur&(# %t %&to a #og'a that

(3/a%&(# Pa$%sta& as a u&%


37/52

What 'a#( %t a #og'a 4that as aggr(ss%9(/" ro/%-(rat(# through s!hoo/ t(3tboo$s a roagaa6 as that

%t r(-us(# to r(!og&%s( th( 'u/t%7(th&%! a 'u/t%7s(!tar%a& 'a$(7u o- th( !ou&tr" a %&st(a# o--(r(# a

rath(r !o&9o/ut(# r%g%# a art%-%!%a/ u(rsta%&g o- th( -a%th.

Th%s ((# u ro'ot%&g %&(/ast%! a (&t%r(/" '"o%! stras o- th( -a%th ush%&g th(' -ro' th( -r%&g(s o-

so!%(t" %&to th( 'a%&str(a' a %& th( ro!(ss r(tar#%&g th( &atura/ (9o/ut%o& o- Pa$%sta&1s 'u/t%!u/tura/ (thos

a o/%t".

It a/so ((# u o--(%&g 9ar%ous Mus/%' s(!ts a sub7s(!ts !r(at%&g s(r%ous s(!tar%a& t(&s%o&s. It a/so

a/%(&at(# th( 0'%&or%t%(s1.

8ut G%a1s 'a&o(u9r(s %& th%s !o&t(3t (r( a !u/'%&at%o& o- hat b(ga& as a& a'b%t%ous ro(!t %& th( )*5@s.

Th( ro(!t r(a!h(# %ts /%'%ts #ur%&g th( G%a r(g%'(.

Th( sha( that %t -%&a//" too$ as so %&-/(3%b/( that %t !ou/# &ot a#at to th( ra%# o/%t%!a/ !ha&g(s that

-o//o(# a-t(r th( ( o- th( Co/# War 4%& )*?*6 a #ur%&g th( ('(rg(&!( o- th( s(9(r( -or's o- r(/%g%ous

(3tr('%s' a t(rror%s' that (&gu/-(# th( !ou&tr" a-t(r *)).

It !a& thus b( sugg(st(# that th( ro(!t %s &o -a!%&g a s(r%ous !r%s(s. It !a&&ot b( str(t!h(# a&" -urth(r. It at(

%ts(/- a-t(r #(9our%&g (9(r"th%&g that !ou/# ha9( ha/t(# th( o/%t%!a/ a so!%a/ r(tar#at%o& that %t tr%gg(r(# o9(r

th( #(!a#(s.

That1s h" to#a" Pa$%sta&1s ru/%&g a '%/%tar" (stab/%sh'(&ts a %&t(//%g(&ts%a ar( &o tr"%&g to r(/a!( %t

%th a th%&$%&g that ou/# #%r(!t/" !ha//(&g( th( #o!tr%&a/ r%g%#%t" a th( o/%t%!a/ a !u/tura/ %so/at%o& th(

so7!a//(# %#(o/og" ((# u ro'ot%&g a (&!ourag%&g.

Pa$%sta&1s (3%st(&t%a/%st status %s %& #%r( &((# o- a -r(sh &( &arrat%9( a &arrat%9( that shou/# ha9( b(gu&

h(r( :%&&ah1s -%rst s((!h to th( Co&st%tu(&t Ass('b/" ha# /(-t o--.

Society !olitics 1989-"015


38/52

Thr(( t%'(s bo3%&g h(a9" (%ght !ha'%o& Moha''a# A/% 9%s%ts a !o//(g( %& Lahor( #ur%&g h%s )*??

tr% to Pa$%sta&.


39/52

Suort(rs o- th( PPP !(/(brat( th( art"1s 9%!tor" %& th( )*?? (/(!t%o& %& =ara!h%1s L"ar% ar(a. A ost(r

th( th(& PPP !ha%r(rso& 8(&a%r 8hutto !a& a/so b( s((&. Sh( b(!a'( th( -%rst (9(r o'a& Pr%'(

M%&%st(r %& th( Mus/%' or/#.

A bu%/#%&g %& =ara!h% #ra(# %& a 'ass%9( MM -/ag #ur%&g th( )*?? (/(!t%o&s. Th( art" s(t th( o

%& th( !%t".

Co9(r o- th( -%rst a/bu' b" Pa$%sta&% o ba K%ta/ S%g&s 4r(/(as(# %& )*?*6. Th( su!!(ss o- th( a/bu'$%!$7start(# a 9%bra&t o s!(&( %& th( !ou&tr" that /ast(# (// %&to th( )**@s.

Wor/# No; ) a 2 :aha&g%r =ha& 4r%ght6 a :a&sh(r =ha& 4/(-t6 batt/( %t out %& th( -%&a/ o- a&%&t(r&at%o&a/ s


40/52

Pa$%sta& %&s th( )**2 Cr%!$(t Wor/# Cu.

Fa'ous TK a!tr(ss At%


41/52

So/#%(rs !/%'b th( gat(s o- th( PTK h(a#


42/52

A Pa$%sta&% s&o /(oar# as g%-t(# to N( or$1s 8ro&3 Goo %& 2@@.

Rubb/( o- a a& aart'(&t b/o!$ that !o//as(# %& Is/a'aba# #ur%&g th( #(9astat%o& 2@@5 (arth


43/52

Is/a'aba#1s Marr%ot Hot(/ go(s u %& -/a'(s a-t(r %t as atta!$(# b" su%!%#( bo'b(rs b(/o&g%&g to

(3tr('%st out-%ts 42@@?6.

Wo'(& '('b(rs o- Is/a'aba#1s !o&tro9(rs%a/ La/ Mas%# 42@@,6.

Po/%!( guar# a o//%&g stat%o& %& Lahor( #ur%&g th( 2@@? (/(!t%o&s.


44/52

Pa$%sta& %& th( 2@@* Cr%!$(t T2@ Wor/# Cu.


45/52

So/#%(rs 'o9( toar#s th( sot %& Lahor( h(r( (3tr('%sts atta!$(# th( 9%s%t%&g Sr% La&$a& !r%!$(t t(a'

%& 2@@*.

outh !(/(brat( Pa$%sta&1s I(((&!( Da" %& Lahor( 42@@*6.


46/52

A '('b(r o- th( Pa$%sta& o'(&1s !r%!$(t t(a' a#s u %& Lahor( 42@)@6.

To $%#s $%ss a %g(o& %& a or$%&g !/ass ar(a o- Lahor( 42@))6.


47/52

a&gst(rs %& =ara!h%1s o9(rt"7str%!$(& L"ar% ar(a 42@)26.

A roa# %& Raa/%% /%&(# u %th ost(rs #ur%&g th( 2@) (/(!t%o&. Th( (/(!t%o&s (r( s(t b" NaaShar%-1s PML7N.


48/52

A !ar bo'b go(s o-- %& =ara!h% ust b(-or( th( 2@) (/(!t%o&. E3tr('%st out-%ts r(gu/ar/" atta!$(#

'('b(rs o- MM PPP a ANP #ur%&g th( (/(!t%o& !a'a%g&.

Wr(!$ag( /(-t b(h% b" a& (3tr('%st atta!$ o& a s!hoo/ %& P(shaar 42@)+6. Do(&s o- stu#(&ts /ost th(

/%9(s.


49/52

A ra//" aga%&st (3tr('%sts %& 2@)+.

A& a&t%7(3tr('%s' ra//" %& Is/a'aba# 42@)+6.


50/52

Pa$%sta& '%/%tar" b(g%& !/(ar%&g a s(!ur%&g ar(as %&-(st(# b" (3tr('%st grous a-t(r th( go9(r&'(&t a&

th( ar/%a'(&t ga9( a go7ah(a# to th( ar'(# -or!(s to b(g%& o&( o- th( /arg(st a&t%7t(rror%s' o(rat%o&s

th( !ou&tr" 42@)56.

Pa$%sta& '%/%tar" !h%(- (&(ra/ Rah((/ Shar%- ho %s th( 'a%& ar!h%t(!t o- th( '%/%tar"1s %#(sr(a#

o(rat%o& aga%&st t(rror%s' '((ts so'( stu#(&ts o- th( s!hoo/ that as (ar/%(r atta!$(# b" '%/%ta&ts.

#eferences

A-&a& =ha& The Threat of Pakistans Revisionist Text4Th( uar#%a& )? Ma" 2@@*6.

St(h(& A/t(rAmritsar to Lahore a !ourney across the India-Pakistan "order4P(&& S"/9a&%a Pr(ss 2@@2 6

.22

Ma&((sha T%$arAcross the #a$ah48%b/%oh%/( South As%a 2@@+6 .2)@

N((/a' Hussa%& Sa'%"a Mu'ta Sa'%&a Choo&araPolitics of Lan$ua$e4S%'orgh Pub/%!at%o& 2@@56

.)2 T Rah'a& %overnment Policies & The Politics of Teachin$ 'rdu in Pakistan4A&&ua/ Ur#u Stu#%(s 2@@26.

A'" 8%$ Ma" Tsu% :a'(s W. To//(-so& La&guag(Policy( )ulture and Identity in Asian )ontexts4Rout/(#g(

2@@,6 .2++ 2+5.

Tho'as Ob(r/%(sPali A %rammar of the Lan$ua$e of theTherav*da Ti+it,aka4Wa/t(r #( ru"t(r 2@@)6.

A"(sha :a/a/ elf and soverei$nty Individual & )ommunity in outh Asia Islam ince ./014Rout/(#g(

2@@26 .),+),5),

Ma&as Chatt(r% 8. M. :a%& )onflict & Peace in Asia 4E'(ra/# rou Pub/%sh%&g 2@@?6 .25)

Ir-a& Ah'a# The Transformation of 2amat-e-Islami4Pr%&!(to& U&%9(rs%t" Pr(ss 2@@*6 .


51/52

Abu/ A/a Mau#u#u The Islamic La3 & )onstitution4Is/a'%! 8oo$s )*?6.

S(/%g S. Harr%so& Pau/ H. =r(%sb(rg D(&&%s =u3India & Pakistan The 4irst 4ifty 5ears4Ca'br%#g(

U&%9(rs%t" Pr(ss )***6 .+,

S 8harga9aPakistan in )rises4K%$as Pub/%!at%o&s )*,)6 .,5

:oh& L. Esos%toIslam & Politics4S"ra!us( U&%9(rs%t" Pr(ss )**? 6 .)2@7)2)

Husa%& Ha01s A Ne3 %lo"al 9istory 4rom )ivil Ri$hts to :conomic Ine7uality4Pr%&!(to&

U&%9(rs%t" Pr(ss 2@))6 .2, Rub%&a Sa%go/Radicalisation of tate & ociety in Pakistan4H(%&r%!h 8o// St%-tu&g6 .)@ Wa/%#

Phar(s The #ar of Ideas4Ma!'%//a& 2@@,6.

Ka/% R(a NasrIslamic Leviathan4O3-or# U&%9(rs%t" Pr(ss 2@@)6 .?@

Mubash%r Hassa& The Mira! of Po3er An In7uiry into the 6hutto 5ears - .>0.-004O3-or# U&%9(rs%t" Pr(ss

2@@@6 .2**7@@

=ha/(# Ah'(#Pakistan 6ehind The Ideolo$ical Mask4Ka&guar# 2@@)6.

The Political :conomy of Pakistan .>?0-/@4Ta"/or Fra&!(s )*??6 .)?@

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