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Past and Future Emergencies in the State of Pakistan
Manan AhmedJan 17, 2008
military powermilitary power
feudal structuresfeudal structurescivil bureaucracycivil bureaucracy
A Very Brief Long History of Pakistan
Pakistan on the Globe.
A Very Brief Long History of Pakistan
British Colonial Rule in South Asia 1757-1947
A Very Brief Long History of Pakistan
After WWII, Britain withdrew from South Asia, creating the nation-states of India and Pakistan in
1947Pakistan comprised of East and West Pakistan.
Over 400,000 people were killed during migration riots.
A Very Brief Long History of Pakistan
Seldom has a new state been created under such contradictory pressures or with such a load of full-
grown problems. Control of the government is vested in a few top officials, supported by a
powerful bureaucracy, but Britain has a say in matters of defense, finance, and foreign policy. Already the government is shot through with
corruption and nepotism. Social life is dominated by Mohammedan concepts, including the
subjection of women. The structure of the state, however, has not yet had time to harden, and
internal strains may reshape it in another image. - The Nation, 1947
A Very Brief Long History of Pakistan
East Pakistan seceded to become Bangladesh in 1971.
A Very Brief Long History of Pakistan
The 60 years of post-colonial period in Pakistan has been evenly divided between military dictatorships and military-backed civilian
governments.
Ayub Khan (1958-Ayub Khan (1958-1969)1969) Yahya Khan (1969-1971)Yahya Khan (1969-1971) Zia ul Haq (1977-1988)Zia ul Haq (1977-1988) Pervez Musharraf (1999 Pervez Musharraf (1999
- )- )
Liaqat Ali Khan (1947-1951)Liaqat Ali Khan (1947-1951) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1973-Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1973-1977)1977)
Benazir Bhutto (1988-1990) Benazir Bhutto (1988-1990) & (1993-1996)& (1993-1996)
Nawaz Sharif (1990-1993) & Nawaz Sharif (1990-1993) & (1997-1999)(1997-1999)
Iskander Mirza (1956-1958)Iskander Mirza (1956-1958)
United States & Pakistan:Friends in Need
US - PakistanA growing number of top American planners came to believe that the
participation of Pakistani troops in an area defense plan could help resolve the West’s strategic dilemma in the
Middle East. Acting on that assumption, early in 1954 the administration of Dwight D.
Eisenhower agreed to provide Pakistan with military assistance in return for Pakistan’s promise to partake in a
regional defense pact that was to be centered on the northern tier states of
Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Pakistan.
- Robert J. McMahon, 1988
US - Pakistan
In 1979, U.S.S.R invaded Afghanistan. In 1983, United States began a covert, and then overt, supply of weapons, training and money to the
Afghan resistance “Mujahideen”. General Zia ul Haq (r. 1977-1988) was put in
charge of the fight against Communism.
US - Pakistan
In October 2001, United States responded to the September 11, 2001 attacks by launching a
military campaign against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan.
General Pervez Musharraf (r. 1999 - ) was put in charge of the fight against Terrorism.
US-Pakistan
Nuclear Proliferation. Extremism. Two paradigms that dominate US policy towards
Pakistan.
A Very Brief Long History of Pakistan
Our fear is an Islamic Nuclear Bomb used against United States.
Three Emergencies
Emergency:1951
The Assassination of Liaqat Ali Khan
- First Prime Minister - Member of All India Muslim League - a largely feudal organization - Assassinated by gunman in Rawalpindi, 1951. - Judicial, Constitutional, and Political crisis - First Martial Law
Emergency:1979
The Hanging of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto - First elected Prime Minister - feudal background - Founder of Pakistan People’s Party - a populist organization - Built Pakistan along patrimonial lines - Overthrown by General Zia ul Haq - Judicial, Constitutional, and Political crisis - Third Martial Law
Emergency: 2007
The Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
- First elected woman Prime Minister in a Muslim state - Corruption charges - Political deals with Islamist parties - Brokered return from exile
Praetorianism remains a prominent features of Pakistani politics, both in the narrower sense of
military political involvement and rule, but also more broadly as the direct engagement of social forces and
groups in uninstitutionalized political action: once having seized power for avowedly limited purposes,
the generals have not been able to disentangle themselves and return the reins of government to
civilians. - William Richter, 1978
The Musharraf Effect:
Dismantling of Civil BureaucracyRe-trenchment of Landed Elite
Development of Military into the largest bureaucracy and land holding entity in the
country
The Musharraf Effect:SubNationalist or Islamist Movements
why should we support democracy
in Pakistan?
On November 3rd, 2007 General Pervez Musharraf suspended the
Constitution, imprisoned the Supreme Court, banned the media, and declared Pakistan to be
in a State of EmergencyAcross the country, Lawyers and Students took to streets - fighting for restoration of civil and
human rights.
http://www.chapatimystery.com/archives/homistan/readings_on_pakistan.html
download Reading Packet:http://manan.uchicago.edu/dl/PakistanReadings.zip
Further Readings on Pakistan
