Pages 511-516

URINE for a great time today!!!

Elimination of waste products which include: Nitrogenous wastes Toxins Drugs

Regulation of homeostatic factors such as: Water, acid/base, electrolyte balance BP RBC mfr Vitamin D activation

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Kidneys (contain the nephron) Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hepatic veins (cut)

Inferior vena cava

Adrenal gland

Aorta

Iliac crest

Rectum (cut)

Uterus (partof femalereproductivesystem)

(a)

Renal arteryRenal hilumRenal vein

Kidney

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Urethra

Location and structure against the dorsal body wall at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebrae right kidney is slightly lower than the left

It is crowded by the liver renal hilum

medial indentation where structures enter or exit the kidney (ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves)

An adrenal gland sits atop each kidney

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12th rib

(b)

Protective tissue structures: (from deep to superficial) Enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue

capsule Lies directly on the kidney Protects from infection

Perirenal fat capsule surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows

Renal fascia is the outermost capsule anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surroundings

Pararenal fat capsule surrounds renal fascia

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Three kidney regions1. Renal cortex—outer region2. Renal medulla—deeper region

Renal (medullary) pyramids—triangular regions of tissue Renal columns—extensions of cortex-like material

separate the pyramids

3. Renal pelvis—medial region; flat, funnel-shaped tube Calyces—extensions of the renal pelvis

enclose the renal pyramids collect urine and send it to the renal pelvis>ureter>urinary bladder

Nephrons comprise the bulk of cortex and medulla

and are made of specialized endothelial and/or epithelial tissues

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal column

Renal cortex

Major calyx

(a)

Minor calyx

Renalpyramid

Longitudinal section of the right kidney

Renal column

Renal cortex

(b)

Minor calyx

Fibrous capsule

Renalpyramid

Cortical radiate vein

Cortical radiate artery

Arcuate vein

Arcuate artery

Interlobar vein

Interlobar artery

Segmental arteries

Renal vein

Renal artery

Renal pelvis

Major calyxUreter

One-quarter of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute

The abdominal aorta supplies the renal artery Renal artery

provides each kidney with arterial blood supply Renal artery divides into smaller vessels

Renal vein Smaller vessels get bigger to supply renal vein Renal vein returns blood to the inferior vena cava

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal column

Renal cortex

(b)

Minor calyx

Fibrous capsule

Renalpyramid

Cortical radiate vein

Cortical radiate artery

Arcuate vein

Arcuate artery

Interlobar vein

Interlobar artery

Segmental arteries

Renal vein

Renal artery

Renal pelvis

Major calyxUreter

Responsible for forming urine

Two main structures of a nephron:1. Renal corpuscle – includes:

1. glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, podocytes

2. Renal tubule – includes:1. proximal convoluted tubule2. Loop of Henle3. distal convoluted tubule

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Renal cortex

Ureter

Renal medulla

Cortical nephron Fibrous capsule

Juxtamedullarynephron

Collectingduct

Proximalconvoluted tubule

Glomerulus

Distalconvoluted tubule

Nephron loop

(a)

2 locations for nephrons: Cortical nephrons

Located entirely in the cortex Include most nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons Found at the boundary of the cortex and

medulla Nephron loop dips deep into the medulla

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Renal cortex

Ureter

Renal medulla

Cortical nephron Fibrous capsule

Juxtamedullarynephron

Collectingduct

Proximalconvoluted tubule

Glomerulus

Distalconvoluted tubule

Nephron loop

(a)

Each nephron has two capillary beds:1. Glomerulus

1. fed and drained by the afferent/efferent arterioles

2. High pressure - for filtration

2. Peritubular capillaries1. Drains the glomerulus2. Low pressure and porous - for absorption

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

PCTGlomerularcapsular space

Glomerular capillarycovered by podocytes

Efferent arteriole

Afferentarteriole

(c)

Filtration slits

Podocytecell body

Footprocesses

(d)

Peritubularcapillaries

Glomerularcapillaries

Glomerular(Bowman’s)capsule

Efferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

Cells of thejuxtaglomerularapparatusCortical radiatearteryArcuate artery

Cortical radiatevein

Arcuatevein

Distalconvolutedtubule(DCT)

Proximal convolutedtubule (PCT)

(b)

Collecting duct

Nephron loop