P a g e | 1 HOMEWORK 1 Part 1 due: Lecture 1 (wk1), Part 2 due: Lecture 2 (wk1) Contents When printing, make sure that you specify the page range that you want to print out! Learning objectives ............................................................................................................... pg 1 Introduction to the Human Body (Ch 1.)............................................................................. pg 2-12

Summary & Required terms: Introduction to the human body (Ch 1.).............. pg 13-14

Introduction to Chemistry (Ch 2.)........................................................................................ pg 15-17 Learning objectives for Lecture 1: A) Introduction to the human body (Chapter 1.) Define the following branches of biological sciences: Anatomy, Physiology, Patophysiology Describe the standard anatomical position Understand and correctly apply directional terms to describe the location and position of teh various parts of the human body Understand and describe the planes that can be used to divide the human body to sections. Describe and identify the levels of organization in order of complexity and size. Identify and name the major regions of the human body Describe the main body cavities Describe the contents and compartments of the ventral body cavity. B) Introduction to chemistry (Chapter 2.) Define and identify examples of matter, elements, atoms, molecules, compounds Define and identify examples of physical and chemical processes Write down the chemical reaction of the oxidation of glucose Describe the function of enzymes Know the chemical formulas for the most common inorganic elements and molecules in the human body Describe the main forms of energy that are necessary to the functions of the human body Identify sources of energy Describe the function of ATP Define Mixtures, Solutions, Suspensions, Colloidal suspensions Identify the solvent and the solutes in a solution Describe and define clinically important precipitation reactions

P a g e | 2 HOMEWORK 1, Part 1: Due: Lecture 1 (wk1) Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body STUDY BLOCK 1. Read: Chapter 1: Pgs 1-5

Anatomy and Physiology Levels of organization Major organ systems

Study the “Medical terminology and disorders” table on pgs 11-12! Use it to help solve the questions! Anatomy is a branch of biological sciences that studies ________________________________________________________ What does the term “Anatomy” mean? Ana- :_____________________ _-tomy:_____________________________________ Physiology is a branch of biological sciences that studies _______________________________________________________ Using your own terms describe what happens when the thermostat is set to 70 degrees to maintain the room temperature: Pathophysiology is a branch of biological sciences that studies _______________________________________________________ Use the example about the thermostat to explain what the difference between physiology and pathophysiology is! Match the following examples to the proper categories (Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology) EXAMPLE: Physiology- How does the heart pump blood

-­‐ What are bones in the arm called -­‐ What happens when the heart fails to pump the

necessary amount of blood to the body -­‐ Where do you find the heart -­‐ How do muscles move the limbs

-­‐ Why cannot a patient move his legs after an accident -­‐ Where are the lungs -­‐ How many legs do healthy humans have -­‐ What part of the body makes you feel happy if you

meet somebody you love?

Explain what homeostasis is:__________________________________________________________________________ Negative feedback regulation of homeostasis: The body uses a number of physiological processes to keep the various parameters of the body in the range that is optimal for the functioning of the body (normal value or physiological range): For example, the “healthy range” of blood sugar concentration is between 70-130 mg/dl. If the blood sugar concentration increases, the body will use mechanisms that act to decrease blood sugar concentration. Because the regulation acts to reverse the change, these regulatory mechanism are called “Negative” feedback. Match the following conditions when the body is in homeostasis or not in homeostasis! List of conditions:

-­‐ Body temperature is 37oC (Normal 37oC) -­‐ Body temperature is 39oC -­‐ Blood pressure is 185/110 Hgmm (average normal 120/70 Hgmm) -­‐ Patient can stand balanced with closed eyes -­‐ Blood sugar before meal 261 mg/dl (normal 70-130 mg/dl) -­‐ Blood sugar before meal 95 mg/dl - Plasma sodium level is 141 mEq/L (normal:135-145 mEq/L) - Plasma sodium level is 156 mEq/L

A, When the body is in homeostasis: -­‐ (example) Plasma sodium level is 141 mEq/L (normal:135-145 mEq/L) -­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________ -­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________

-­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________ -­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________

P a g e | 3 B, When the body is not in homeostasis:

-­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________ -­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________ -­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________ -­‐ ________________________________________________________________________________________

Levels of organization: Fill in the blanks in order from small to large structures! Write an example under each level of organization! ______________________> MOLECULES >_______________________________>__________________________________> ……………………………>………………… >………………bone cells………………>…………skeletal muscle tisssue…………> ORGANS >_______________________________________________ > ORGANISM ............................................>...............................................................................................>.............................................................. List three organs that are parts of the circulatory system: -____________________________________________________________ -____________________________________________________________ -___________________________________________________________ STUDY BLOCK 2. Read: Chapter 1: Pgs 6-7 ANATOMICAL TERMS > Anatomical position > Relative positions: directional terms > Planes Study Fig: 1-4, 1-5 Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body! Position of the body:__________________________ and __________________________________________ Direction of the palms:______________________________________________________________________ Look up on the internet! What is this position of the palm called? Supine or prone? Direction of the face:_______________________________________________________________________ The 3 + 1 major directions: Fill in the blanks with the opposites and synonyms (when applicable) of the main directions!

1- Anterior (____________________) <> _________________________(Dorsal) 2- Superior <>_________________________ (Caudal; cauda = tail)

3- Lateral <>__________________________

__________________________<> Distal Superior / Epi- / Hyper- <> Inferior / Sub- / hypo- Epi- / Hyper- /Super- /Supra- often used to describe above, higher, more, superficial Sub- / Hypo- / Infra- often used to describe below, less, under, deeper

P a g e | 4 Fill in the blanks with the term that describes the relative position of the body parts! The arm is _________________________________ to the breast. The abdomen is ____________________________ to the chest. The head is _____________________________ to the neck. The ankle is distal to the _______________________________. The belly button (umbilicus) is ___________________________ to the spine. Other directional concepts (4): Fill in the blanks with the opposites and synonyms (when applicable) of the main directions! 1, Deep (Profound, Internal) <>(External, on the surface, closer to the surface) 2, __________________________________ _<> peripheral 3, Unilateral <> _______________________________ >The heart is a unilateral organ while the ______________________________are ____________________________) 4, Contralateral <> Ipsilateral >The right foot is contralateral to the left foot. Answer the following questions! How would you describe the position of your fingers as compared to your forearm?__________________________________ How would you describe the position of your fingers as compared to the other fingers on your hand? -pinky to ring: __________________________________________ -ring to middle: medial -middle to thumb: _______________________________________ Directional terms are relative! They are used for comparing the relative position of two structures. It is meaningless to say: The eye is lateral.

Instead we can compare it to the nose for example: The eye is lateral to the nose. However if we compare the eye to the ear, we can say: The eye is medial to the ear. If more precise description is required about the relative position of structure we can use a combination of the planes and any directions as well as comparing to easily detectable landmarks. For example: How to precisely describe the location of the apical pulse (the point where the apex=peak of the heart beats against the chest. Apical pulse is best assessed in the 5th left intercostal space, (1/2”) 1.25 cm lateral to the mid-clavicular line. In most people it can be found on the left, but in some cases on the right. Therefore the apical pulse is unilateral, as opposed to the radial pulse, which is bilateral. Definition of the intercostal spaces: place between (under) ribs. The 5th intercostal space is inferior to the 5th rib. It also means it is superior to the 6th rib. Midclavicular line: is where the sagittal plane that runs through the middle of the clavicle (collarbone) is. Which statement is correct?

Heart is medial or Heart is medial to the lung Hand is superior or Hand is superior to the foot, but inferior to the ________________________________

Forearm is distal or Forearm is distal to the arm, but proximal to the _______________________________ Muscles are deep or Muscles are deep to the skin, but superficial to _________________________________

P a g e | 5 Vastus medialis : The muscle on the thigh that is medial to the three other muscles of the quadriceps femoris (rectus, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius): Comparison of the position implied to other muscles in the group.

Planes (3+1) 1, A sagittal plane divides the body into ___________________ and ____________________ portions.

> The midsagittal (or median) plane divides the body into equal or unequal ? __________ and _________ portions.

2, A frontal plane divides the body into ___________________ and ____________________ portions.

>The frontal plane is also called _____________________________________ plane.

3, A transverse plane divides the body into ___________________ and ____________________ portions.

>The transverse plane is also called _____________________________________ plane.

+1, oblique. An oblique plane running through the shoulder and flank and divides the body into

a right superior and a left inferior part is illustrated on which figure? ____________

Think and answer the following question! In the human body how many possible frontal planes are there? (How many frontal sections can be made through the body?) Notes:

A B C

P a g e | 6 STUDY BLOCK 3. Read: Pgs 8-9 >Regional terms Study: fig. 1-6 Use the terms listed below to identify the main regions on the human body

List of terms: abdominal buccal brachial caudal cervical

cervical USED TWICE deltoid gluteal inguinal lumbar

occipital oral orbital pectoral (not in the book) pubic

scapular sternal

Anterior view Posterior view

P a g e | 7 Not in the book!

Subclavian region (below the clavicle)

Cranial region (superior part of the head, which contains the brain)

Facial region (inferior part of the head)

Clavicle (collar bone)

Jugular notch

Supraclavicular region (above the clavicle)

Cephalic region (head)

P a g e | 8 Use the terms below to identify the main regions on the upper and lower limbs! (Write the Latin name only)

Upper limb or superior extremity brachial (arm) antebrachial (forearm) manual (hand): palmar and dorsal

(palm and back of the hand)

Lower limb or inferior extremity femoral (thigh) crural (leg) pedal (foot): plantar (sole) and dorsal

Use the terms below to label the diagram:

P a g e | 9

abdominal antecubital axillary axillary calcaneal (heel) carpal (wrist)

coxal (hip) crural (leg) cubital (olecranal = elbow) deltoid digital

femoral gluteal patellar pelvic popliteal sacral

sural (calf) tarsal (ankle) thoracic (chest)

STUDY BLOCK 4.

P a g e | 10 Read: pgs: 9-11. Cavities of the body Study: fig. 1-7, 1-8. Use the terms on the next page to identify the cavities of the body!

List of terms: Abdominal cavity Abdomino-pelvic cavity Cranial cavity Diaphragm DORSAL BODY CAVITY Pelvic cavity Spinal cavity (=vertebral canal) Thoracic cavity VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

P a g e | 11 Label the Pleural cavities and the Mediastinum as the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity!

Study figure 1-8 in the book and answer the following questions! Use the list of terms to fill in the blanks! Each term may be used more than once! The left and right upper quadrants (LUQ and RUQ) are separated by a __________________________________ plane. The right lower quadrant (RLQ) is ___________________________________to the right upper quadrant (RUQ). The right hypochondriac region is _________________________________to the epigastric region. The umbilical region is ________________________________to the hypogastric region. A ________________________________plane separates the right lumbar region from the Umbilical region. The left iliac region is ________________________________________to the hypogastric region. List of terms:median/midsagittal sagittal frontal

horizontal superior inferior

lateral medial ventral

dorsal proximal distal

Circle the correct term! The pleural cavity is lateral / medial AND Superior / Inferior to the epigastric region. The mediastinum is proximal / distal / superior / inferior to the epigastric region. STUDY BLOCK 5.

P a g e | 12 Review 1,

Chapter 1.

Review your Knowledge:: End of chapter review, pgs. 12-14 Matching: Directions of the body 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ Multiple choice

1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____

P a g e | 13 Summary & Required terms: Chapter 1: Introduction to the human body Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body! -The body is facing the observer. (mirror=right side of the body is on the left of the observer) Upright (erect), face forward, upper limbs (“arms”) extended & at the sides, Palms facing forward (supine), feet pointing forward. Short: facing observer, upright, palm supine -Supine: facing up (laying on back) or palm facing anterior -Prone: facing down (laying on belly) or palm facing posterior 1. Directional terms: relative, pairs of opposites. The three + one major directions: 1-Anterior (Ventral) <> Posterior (Dorsal) 2-Superior<>Inferior (Epi/Hyper<>Sub/hypo) 3-Lateral<>Medial (reference is the midline of the body) -Proximal<>Distal (mostly used on limbs (extremities=appendicular body parts): along a path. Origin point must be specified: For limbs the origin is the shoulder and hip) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other directional concepts: -Deep (Profound,Internal)<>Superficial (External) -Central<>Peripheral -Unilateral<>Bilateral (The heart is a unilateral organ while the arms are bilateral) -Contralateral<>Ipsilateral (The right foot is contralateral to the left foot. The right foot and right hand are ipsilateral) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Anatomical planes and sections of reference (The three directions of space): --Sagittal: left & right. -- midsagittal or median (NOT medial!): Special sagittal plane, divides body into equal left and right parts. --frontal (coronal): anterior(ventral) & posterior (dorsal) --horizontal(transverse): superior &inferior +oblique (not defined. must be described using specific anatomical reference points and the three major directions) --oblique 3. Body cavities: 3.A Dorsal body cavity: Cranial cavity and Vertebral canal (Spinal cavity). Membranes: meninges (see later in the nervous system) Contains Brain and Spinal cord. 3. B Ventral body cavity: Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities. Contain viscera. (lungs, heart, stomach, guts, liver, bladder etc.) Diaphragm divides[/break[fracture] into two[di]) the ventral cavity into thoracic (enclosed by ribcage) and abdominopelvic cavities Mediastinum: The middle part of the thoracic cavity in between the lungs. Contains heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, major blood vessels (aorta, Inferior Vena Cava, Superior Vena Cava, pulmonary arteries, and veins) Body Regions

P a g e | 14 Head and Neck

-­‐ Cephalic (head) o Cranial (contains brain) o Facial (face)

§ Orbital (eye) § Oral (mouth) § Buccal (cheek)

-­‐ Cervical (neck) Trunk Dorsal regions

o Occipital (back of head) o Scapular o Lumbar o Sacral o Caudal o Perineal o Gluteal (buttock) o Coxal (hip)

Anterior and lateral -­‐ Chest –Thoracic

o Deltoid o Pectoral o Sternal o SUPRASTERNAL NOTCH or JUGULAR NOTCH o SUBCLAVIAN/SUBCLAVICULAR o SUPRACLAVICULAR o Axillary

-­‐ Abdominopelvic o Pelvic o Inguinal o Pubic o Genital o Abdominal

§ Quadrants:RUQ,LUQ,RLQ,LLQ § 9 regions:

• Superior row: Right. hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left. hypochondriac • Middle row: R. lumbar, Umbilical (gastric), L. lumbar • Inferior row: R. iliac, hypogastric, L. iliac

Extremities Superior extremity (Upper limb)

-­‐ Brachial (arm) -­‐ Antecubital (front) –Olecranal (back) -­‐ Antebrachial (forearm) -­‐ Carpal (wrist) -­‐ Manual (hand)

o Palmar (palm) o Dorsal o Digital (fingers)

Inferior extremity (Lower limb) -­‐ Femoral (thigh) -­‐ Patellar (knee, front) –Popliteal (knee, back) -­‐ Crural (leg) – Sural (leg, calf) -­‐ Tarsal (ankle) -­‐ Pedal (foot)

o Calcaneal (heel) o Plantar (sole) o Dorsal o Digital (fingers)

P a g e | 15 HOMEWORK 1, Part 2: Due: Lecture 2(wk1) Introduction to chemistry (Chapter 2.)

STUDY BLOCK 1. Read: Chapter 2, pgs. 15-17 MATTER, ELEMENTS and ATOMS

-Matter -Elements

-Atoms >Atomic structure >Other Characteristics of atoms Define matter: Define elements: List 3 examples of matter: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

List 3 examples of elements: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

What is the difference between chemical and physical processes? List at least two physical processes: 1: __________________________________________________ 2: __________________________________________________ List at least two chemical processes: 1: _____________________________________________________ 2: ______________________________________________________ Define atom: List the location and properties of the 3 subatomic particles: 1, __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2, _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3, _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What makes two elements different? STUDY BLOCK 2.

                                                                                                                             16.  Read: Chapter 2, pgs. 18-19: CHEMICAL BONDS - Ionic bonds - Covalent bonds + Read: pg. 21: MOLECULES and COMPOUNDS - Molecules - Compounds: >Water, >Oxygen >Carbon dioxide

CHEMICAL REACTIONS List the 2 most important differences between covalent and ionic bond with respect to

1, what happens to the electrons of the atoms in the bond, and 2, how do these molecules behave when dissolved in water?

COVALENT IONIC ________________________________________<< electrons >> _________________________________________________ ____________________________________<< when dissolved in water >>_________________________________________ What is a molecule? Examples:

What is a compound? Examples:

Write down the chemical reaction of oxidation of glucose using the chemical formulas for glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water: Where does the oxygen come from in the above reaction? What happens with the carbon dioxide generated in the above reaction? What are the chemical substances called that speed up chemical reactions? What are proteins called if their function is to speed up chemical reactions? Notes:

                                                                                                                             17.  STUDY BLOCK 3. Read: Chapter 2, pgs. 24-27 ENERGY - Forms of Energy - Conversion of Energy -Energy Transfer: The Role of ATP MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS and PRECIPITATES

What is the definition of Energy? Why do we feel hot during exercise?

What is the molecule that transfers the energy from food to the various chemical processes in the body?

What are the main forms of energy that our body uses to maintain the life processes? 1, 2, 3, 4, What are the two types of mixtures? 1, 2, If a sugar cube is dissolved in a glass of water, then What is the solution?_______________________________________ What is the solvent? ______________________________________ What is the solute? _______________________________________ What is the difference between regular suspensions and colloidal suspensions? What is a precipitate? List three clinically important precipitates and label the one that can lead to serious complication in a patient as result of misconduct! 1, 2, 3, What do you think the nurse has to do to prevent this complication from happening? Review your Knowledge: pg 28. Matching: Atoms and elements 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____