Sustainability

Ensures producers get

paid a fair price for goods

in disadvantaged areas.

Forest Stewardship Council

ensure wood has come

from a sustainable forest.

Green Dot Symbol shows

a fee has been paid to

recover packaging.

Amount of carbon

emitted during a

product’s life time.

Product Miles:

Miles a product travels in its life

time (Source > Factory > Outlet)

Reduce materials used

Reuse standard parts

Recycle at end of life

Renewable Materials:

Infinite source grown from plants

or animals, e.g wood, leather.

Non-Renewable Materials:

Finite source from oil, ores and

minerals, e.g metals, plastic.

Production Methods

Batch Production is when a series of identical products

are made together in specific quantities. Once one is

made, another series is made. e.g Bread

Mass Production is when a product goes through stages

of a production line, where each stage is responsible for

a certain part - it is usually cheap. e.g Cars

One-Off Production is when only one product is made

at a particular time. Production takes a long time and

the product will be expensive. e.g Sculpture

Continuous Production is when a product is continually

produced over a period of days, weeks etc. The product

is quite cheap and produced 24/7. e.g Soft Drinks

Packaging SymbolsKeep

Contents Dry

Reasons for Packaging

Protection - Prevent damage and tampering

Informing - Information for buyers/user and picture of product

Containing - Keep pieces together

Transportation - Can be easily stored and packed in bulk for transport

Preservation - Prevent product form deteriorating e.g food

Display - Advertise the product so it is easy to find on the shelf

Fragile, handle

with care

Place this

way up

5 a Day

Logo

Estimated

Sign

Name of Product

(not misleading)

All Ingredients

Nutritional

Information

Weight

Price

Storage Conditions

Best Before

Date

Cooking

Instructions

Barcode

Description

2D & 3D Designs Batch Production Tools

Jig is used to make sure parts are made the same,

without the need for marking out. Can be used to

help the positioning of holes when drilling.

Oblique shows the

front face with lines

extending back at 45°

to show 3D effect.

Isometric shows all

sides, but not as true

shape with 90° corners.

Horizontal lines drawn

at 30° to base.

One Point Perspective

shows objects receding

as they get further away

- 1 vanishing point.

Two Point Perspective uses 2

vanishing points, connected

by a horizontal line.

Orthographic

have a front, side

and plan view.

Former is used to make sure parts are shaped

to exactly the same shape each time.

Template allows you to

draw around and mark a

shape onto materials so it

can be cut out.

Mould is a hollow shape used when

casting plastic resin or metal.

Consumer Issues & Safety

Meets European

safety standards

Kitemark - British

Standards Institute

Which - Consumer

Advice Service

Design Movements & Retro Design

De Stijl was formed in the 1920s in the Netherlands by a

group of architects and artists, led by Theo van

Doesburg. It has a distinctive look consisting of

geometric shapes and only primary colours with black

and white. No curves are allowed. Designs were based

on functionalism with no decoration.

Retro Design are products based on nostalgic views

on the past; they have a traditional design with the

latest technology. There is still a place in the market

where people want to buy it.VW BeetleLion Mark -

Safe quality toy Not suitable for children aged

0 - 3 years e.g choking hazard.

Legislation: Consumer Safety Act

and Consumer Protection Act

Hazard: A potentially dangerous activity.

Risk: How likely it is for an employee

to be harmed by the hazard.

Risk Assessment:

Identifies hazards and

how the risk can be

minimised.

Designing New Products Continuous Improvement

Process which ensures manufacturers guarantee that their products are

the best they can possibly make them at the required price.

Technology Push is when scientific research and development has led to

creation of new products.

Example: Toyota Aygo - High customer

demand for smaller, greener cars. Using

existing technology to provide small

cars with better fuel economy and less

environmental impact.

Market Pull is when consumer market creates a demand for new products.

Example: iPhone - Existing products have

developed into Personal Digital Assistants,

using new technology to make it more

than just a simple communication device.

Financial

Savings

Styling

Updates

Environmental Impacts Consumer Feedback

Legislation and

Regulations

Maintenance Issues New Technology

Manufacturing

Improvements

Quality Systems

Quality Assurance checks systems that make the products,

ensuring consistency and required standards are met.

Staff are trained to monitor the equipment and materials

at different stages during the manufacturing process.

Quality Control is a series of checks carried out on a

product as it is made; this guarantees accuracy and

makes sure each product meets a standard.

Checks may include dimensional accuracy (with a

tolerance), material quality, taste, flammability tests.

Branding & Advertising

Methods of Advertising:

� TV / Radio

� Internet Ads

� Newspapers

� Magazines

� Telephone Marketing

� Flyers through post

� Bill boards

Draws the attention of potential customers

and persuades them to buy the product, by

informing them of features and functions.

This may create a consumer demand.

Companies have a brand status when they

have built up logos, symbols, colours, values,

catch phrases and feelings with a successful

product. This may create a brand identity that

the public trust - effective form of marketing.

Human Factors Using ICT to Design and Manufacture

CAD is Computer Aided Design e.g

2D Design, Solid Works software

Anthropometrics are measurements

of the human body.

Ergonomic Products are easy

and comfortable to use.

Inclusive Design is suitable for as many

people as possible - it is designed

between the 5th and 95th percentiles.

Exclusive Design is for a specific type

of user group e.g Braille phones,

wheelchairs, baby car seats.

CAM is Computer Aided Manufacture

e.g Laser Cutter, 3D Printer, Computer

Numerical Controlled (CNC) Lathe

Advantages of using CAM:

+ More accurate

+ Reduce labour costs

+ Less human error

+ Easily repeatable for

identical components

+ Store data easy (no paper)

+ Faster production

Disadvantages of using CAM:

- Expensive

- Staff training required

- Too much reliance on

technology - can fail

Exclusive User Groups:

Biomimicry

Where nature inspires a designer, by looking at the way it solves a

problem through evolution, and applying this to a design problem.

Velcro was invented, by looking at

natural burrs on dog’s fur and

plants in a field. They had natural

hooks that attach to each other,

and any other type of textile.

Japanese Bullet Train was

designed in style of the nose of a

Kingfisher, because it has an

efficient shape, which reduces

drag, so it travels at high speeds.

Product Evolution

Factors causing products to evolve over time:

� New Technology available e.g micro-technology

� Social Changes e.g women going to work

� Changing Fashions e.g seasonal colours in textiles

� New Materials Develop e.g smart materials

� Change in Manufacturing e.g automation

Mobile Phone has become

smaller and more advanced due

to improvements in nano-

technology and inventions such

as the internet, which have been

incorporated into the product.

Design Movements Standard Components

Arts and Crafts Movement took a traditional approach, using

craftsmen to make organic decorations e.g William Morris

Art Nouveau took inspiration from nature and believed in

quality goods but accepted mass production e.g Louis C Tiffany

Art Deco takes motifs from natures but uses bolder colours

and materials, often geometric shapes e.g Clarice Cliff

Bauhaus uses simple, minimal and practical designs to

explore new ideas e.g Walter Gropius (German School)

Memphis use bright colours and geometric shapes to

make eccentric and futuristic designs e.g Ettore Sottsass

Pre-manufactured pieces, mass produced by specialist manufacturers,

that are widely accepted and used by industries in commercial products.

Advantages:

+ Cheap to buy in

+ Assemble/make products

quicker and easier

+ Maintains consistency and

quality of products

Disadvantages:

- Shortage of specialised

components e.g computer chips

- Producers become dependent

on suppliers and have to check

quality of components

Zips Hinges Buttons Nuts and BoltsLEDs Food Colour

PlasticsMetals

Ferrous Metals contain iron (Fe)

• Stainless Steel - resistant to water and corrosion e.g cutlery

• Mild Steel - ductile, malleable, rusts easily e.g gates, railings

Non-Ferrous Metals don’t contain iron

• Aluminium - low density, cheap, shiny e.g car bodies

• Copper - ductile, resistant to water, conductor e.g pipes, wires

• Silver/Gold - resists corrosion, conductor e.g jewellery, circuits

Alloys mixture of metals

• Brass - (Zn and Cu) shiny, hard e.g door handles

Finishes:

• Anodising - gives aluminium durable finish

• Plating - use electrolysis gives shiny chromium surface

• Galvanising - dip metal into bath of molten zinc

Corrosion

Resistant

Thermosetting Plastics can’t be reshaped when heated

• Expoxy Resin - cast made of resin and hardener e.g PCBs

• Urea Formaldehyde - colourless e.g electrical switches, fittings

• Phenol Formaldehyde - hard, brittle, heat resistant e.g pan handles

Thermoplastics can be reshaped when heated (recyclable)

• Low Density Polyethene - flexible, tough e.g plastic bags, bottles

• Polypropene - strong, flexible, robust e.g chairs, buckets

• PVC - durable, tough, water resistant e.g raincoat, water pipes

Finishes:

• Polishing - buffing machine removes scratches

• Powder Coating - spray onto products in oven, which

provides durable, paint-like finish in many colours

Woods

Softwoods from coniferous trees, grow fast all year, cheap

• Pine - strong, easy to work with e.g DIY work

Hardwoods from deciduous trees, lose leaves, grow slow, expensive

• Beech - light in colour, hard, can be steam bent e.g toys

• Oak - strong, easy to work with e.g quality furniture

• Ash - easy to work with, can be laminated e.g tool handles

Man-Made Boards veneers or wood fibres glued together

• Plywood - strong, durable, water and boil proof e.g boat work

• Chipboard - chips glued, cover with laminate e.g shelves

• MDF - smooth even surface, easily machined e.g furniture

Finishes:

• Oils - improves appearance, protects for outdoor use

• Varnishes and Lacquers - seals surface of timber

• Stains - enhance colour and show up grain patterns