1
This project was funded by NIH grant U19MH081835 and R01NS04237. We thank Synergenics, LLC for providing the PA300 and Wedgewood Pharmacy for compounding PA300 into syrup and for placebo. SIVAssociated Pathogenesis Modula6on with Macrophage Targeted MGBG Background 1 Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA; 2 Pathologica LLC, Burlingame, CA, USA; 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, SecCon of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA; 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medicine and Pathology, AIDS & Cancer Resource Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA. Tricia H. Burdo 1 , Joshua Walker 1 , Hua Xu 2 , Andrew D. Miller 3 , Michael S. McGrath 4 , and Kenneth C. Williams 1 Figure 1 Figure 2 Methods The role of macrophages HIV infecRon and AIDS pathogenesis is controversial. Despite this, macrophages are consistently idenRfied as key cells in HIVassociated comorbidiRes including cardiovascular disease and HIVassociated neurocogniRve disorders (HAND). This study used a novel oral form of a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor MGBG (PA300), that exclusively targets acRvated and infected macrophages, in an SIV infecRon associated pathogenesis study. PA300 is selecRvely concentrated in myeloid cells through mechanisms consistent with acRve transport by the polyamine transporter. In vitro studies show it decreases HIV expression in monocytes and macrophages in a dose dependent manner and viral life cycle mapping show that MGBG inhibits DNA integraRon into the cellular DNA in these cells (Jin, McGrath, Xu, 2015, J Virology, 89:22, 1117611189). In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate the selecRve nature of PA300 targeRng myeloid cells, blocking the development of AIDS, SIV encephaliRs, and diminishing the effects of AIDS on cardiovascular disease. Histopathological and CBC data demonstrate PA300 treatment has no Rssue toxicology. PA300 treatment resulted in the majority of animals not developing AIDS, decreased inflammaRon in the CNS, cardiac Rssues and aorta. There was a decreased number of inflammatory macrophages in the CNS, and decreased cardiac fibrosis, caroRd artery inRmamedia thickness and cardiomyocyte damage. These data point to the potenRal use of PA300 as an adjuncRve therapy with cART for acute and chronic HIV infecRon Two studies were performed using SIVmac251infected CD8depleted rhesus macaques. The first was a 30 day pK study (0, 3, 10 and 30mg/kg/day PA300 n=2/group)(PA300 provided by Pathologica, LLC; formulated by Wedgewood Pharmacy, Swedesboro, NJ) and the second was a blinded longitudinal study with daily dosing of 30mg/kg for 9 weeks (untreated, n=6 and PA300 n=9). Both studies began PA300 at 21 days postinfecRon (dpi). Control and treated animals were grouped and sacrificed with AIDS or by 84 dpi. Blood studies were performed longitudinally. Clinical blood chemistries and full SIV necropsies were performed. IHC analysis including quanRtaRve analysis of CNS and cardiac Rssues, enumeraRon of macrophage infiltraRon, analysis of cardiac fibrosis, aorRc inRma media thickness, and cardiomyocyte damage. PA300 down regulates CD16+ monocytes in a dose dependent manner. PA300 down regulates CD16 on CD14+ monocytes ager 3 days of treatment. Live/dead staining demonstrated cell toxicity. PA300 treatment (daily dose of 30mg/kg star6ng at dpi 21) stops the development of SIVE and lowers the incidence of AIDS in SIV infected rhesus macaques. 4 of 8 (50%) placebo treated SIVinfected animals developed SIVE and 7 out of 8 (87.5%) developed AIDS defining lesions. In the PA300 treatment group, 0 out of 11 (0%) animals developed SIVE and only 4 of 11 (36%) animals had AIDS defining lesions. Animals in groups 13 were sacrificed in pairs with 1 placebo and 2 PA300 treated animals upon the development of disease of the placebo animal. Animals in groups 4, 5 and BQ were Rmed sacrificed. BQ= Bioqual first pk study, SIVE= SIV encephaliRs, No AIDS= no AIDS defining lesions, AIDS= acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Table 1 Acknowledgments Conclusions A biologically effecRve dose of PA300 (0.7uM) was achieved in animals that received 30mg/ kg)(oral route, daily dose) where drug levels greater than 0.7uM found in plasma, brain, liver and kidney. Preclinical outcome data and histopathologic analysis demonstrated no drugrelated toxiciRes with any drug dose. PA300 Rx resulted in: Decreased CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in the brain, and SIVE lesions Decreased caroRd artery inRmamedia thickness and inflammaRon. Decreased inflammaRon in leg ventricle Rssue. Decreased levels of leg ventricle fibrosis (as measured by collagen). Decreased numbers of CD68+, CD163+, MAC387+ and CD206+ macrophages in leg ventricle. PA300 reaches an effec6ve level in plasma, brain, liver, spleen, kidney and lymph nodes. An effecRve dose of PA300 (0.7uM) was achieved in animals that received 30mg/kg daily by an oral route. Drug levels greater than 0.7uM found in plasma (leg), brain, liver and kidney (right). PA300 was found in brain but not in the CSF at any dose. 273 PA300 treatment decreased the numbers of CD163+ and CD68+ inflammatory macrophages in the brain. Brain secRons from Placebo or PA300 treated animals were stained anRbodies against either (A C) CD163 or (DF) CD68. Eight secRons of each frontal cortex (A, D), parietal cortex (B, E) and occipital cortex (C, F) were assessed for the number of macrophages per mm 2 of Rssue. Data are presented as the mean and standard error of the mean. In each cortex of the brain examined, PA300 treatment decreased the amount of both CD68 and CD163 macrophages. The number of MAC387+ cells was not significantly changed, but was elevated in animals with SIVE. *= P<0.05. Figure 5 SIV+ Placebo Treated SIV+ PA300 Treated inRma inRma media media Internal elasRc lamina Internal elasRc lamina Caro6d artery in6ma media thickness (cIMT) is decreased with PA300 treatment. The inRma media thickness was measured in Placebo and PA300 treated SIV infected rhesus macaques. The mean caroRd artery inRma media thickness was significantly decreased with PA300 treatment. cIMT is used as a diagnosRc measurement for subclinical atheroscelorsis. *= P <0.05 PA300 significantly decreases the number of CD68+, CD163+, MAC387+ and CD206+ macrophages in the le_ ventricles. Eight secRons from all animals were quanRtated for the number of CD68+ (A), CD163+ (B), MAC387+ (C) and CD206+ (D) macrophages per mm 2 of leg ventricle Rssue. The mean and standard error of the mean are shown. PA300 treatment decreased the amount macrophages present. *= P<0.05, **= P<0.01. There were no staRsRcally significant differences in number of macrophages in the caroRd arteries. Figure 7 SIV+ Placebo Treated SIV+ PA300 Treated PA300 decreases the percentage of collagen (fibrosis) in the le_ ventricle. Ventricle secRons were stained with Mason’s trichrome and collagen (blue) was quanRtated as a measure of cardiac fibrosis. PA300 treatment significantly decrease the percent of collagen in the ventricle compared to placebo SIVinfected macaques. **= P <0.01. Figure 6 Table 2 Cardiac pathology was decreased with PA300 treatment. Both caroRd artery and leg ventricle pathology was decreased with PA300 treatment. NA= not available. CaroRd arteries were not available for assessment in the Bioqual (BQ) pk study. Figure 3 PA300 treatment blocks development of SIVE. 4 of 8 SIVinfected placebo controls developed SIVE as shown (leg). The insert shows an SIVE lesion with a mulRnucleated giant cell (MNGC) (arrow). None of the PA300 Rx (0/11) developed SIVE (right). Figure 4 Placebo: 4/8 SIVE 7/8 AIDS 1/8 no AIDS PA300: 0/11 SIVE 4/11 AIDS 7/11 no AIDS PA300 treatment blocks the development of AIDS (36%) and SIVE (0%)! AIDS defining lesions

PA300 CROI 2016 FINAL · 2020. 4. 19. · This%projectwas%funded%by%NIHgrantU19MH081835%and%R01NS04237.%We%thank%Synergenics,%LLC%for%providing%the%PA300%and%Wedgewood%% Pharmacy%for%compounding%PA300%into

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Page 1: PA300 CROI 2016 FINAL · 2020. 4. 19. · This%projectwas%funded%by%NIHgrantU19MH081835%and%R01NS04237.%We%thank%Synergenics,%LLC%for%providing%the%PA300%and%Wedgewood%% Pharmacy%for%compounding%PA300%into

This  project  was  funded  by  NIH  grant  U19MH081835  and  R01NS04237.  We  thank  Synergenics,  LLC  for  providing  the  PA300  and  Wedgewood    Pharmacy  for  compounding  PA300  into  syrup  and  for  placebo.    

SIV-­‐Associated  Pathogenesis  Modula6on  with  Macrophage  Targeted  MGBG    

Background  

1  Department  of  Biology,  Boston  College,  Chestnut  Hill,  MA,  USA;  2  Pathologica  LLC,  Burlingame,  CA,  USA;  3  Department  of  Biomedical  Sciences,  SecCon  of  Anatomic  Pathology,  Cornell  University  College  of  Veterinary  Medicine,  Ithaca,  NY,  USA;  4  Department  of  Laboratory  Medicine,  Medicine  

and  Pathology,  AIDS  &  Cancer  Resource  Center,  San  Francisco  General  Hospital,  San  Francisco,  CA,  USA.    

Tricia  H.  Burdo1,  Joshua  Walker1,  Hua  Xu2,  Andrew  D.  Miller3,  Michael  S.  McGrath4,  and  Kenneth  C.  Williams1    

Figure  1  

Figure  2  

Methods  The  role  of  macrophages  HIV  infecRon  and  AIDS  pathogenesis  is  controversial.  Despite  this,  macrophages  are  consistently  idenRfied  as  key  cells  in  HIV-­‐associated  comorbidiRes  including  cardiovascular  disease  and  HIV-­‐associated  neurocogniRve  disorders  (HAND).    This  study  used  a  novel  oral  form  of  a  polyamine  biosynthesis  inhibitor  MGBG  (PA300),  that  exclusively  targets  acRvated  and  infected  macrophages,  in  an  SIV  infecRon  associated  pathogenesis  study.  PA300  is  selecRvely  concentrated  in  myeloid  cells  through  mechanisms  consistent  with  acRve  transport  by  the  polyamine  transporter.  In  vitro  studies  show  it  decreases  HIV  expression  in  monocytes  and  macrophages  in  a  dose  dependent  manner  and  viral  life  cycle  mapping  show  that  MGBG  inhibits  DNA  integraRon  into  the  cellular  DNA  in  these  cells  (Jin,  McGrath,  Xu,  2015,  J  Virology,  89:22,  11176-­‐11189).  In  vitro  and  in  vivo  data  demonstrate  the  selecRve  nature  of  PA300  targeRng  myeloid  cells,  blocking  the  development  of  AIDS,  SIV  encephaliRs,  and  diminishing  the  effects  of  AIDS  on  cardiovascular  disease.  Histopathological  and  CBC  data  demonstrate  PA300  treatment  has  no  Rssue  toxicology.    PA300  treatment  resulted  in  the  majority  of  animals  not  developing  AIDS,  decreased  inflammaRon  in  the  CNS,  cardiac  Rssues  and  aorta.  There  was  a  decreased  number  of  inflammatory  macrophages  in  the  CNS,  and  decreased    cardiac  fibrosis,  caroRd  artery  inRma-­‐media  thickness  and  cardiomyocyte  damage.  These  data  point  to  the  potenRal  use  of  PA300  as  an  adjuncRve  therapy  with  cART  for  acute  and  chronic  HIV  infecRon      

Two  studies  were  performed  using  SIVmac251-­‐infected  CD8-­‐depleted  rhesus  macaques.  The  first  was  a  30  day  pK  study  (0,  3,  10  and  30mg/kg/day  PA300  n=2/group)(PA300  provided  by  Pathologica,  LLC;  formulated  by  Wedgewood  Pharmacy,  Swedesboro,  NJ)  and  the  second  was  a  blinded  longitudinal  study  with  daily  dosing  of  30mg/kg  for  9  weeks  (untreated,  n=6  and  PA300  n=9).    Both  studies  began  PA300  at  21  days  post-­‐infecRon  (dpi).  Control  and  treated  animals  were  grouped  and  sacrificed  with  AIDS  or  by  84  dpi.  Blood  studies  were  performed  longitudinally.  Clinical  blood  chemistries  and  full  SIV  necropsies  were  performed.    IHC  analysis  including  quanRtaRve  analysis  of  CNS  and  cardiac  Rssues,  enumeraRon  of  macrophage  infiltraRon,  analysis  of  cardiac  fibrosis,  aorRc  inRma  media  thickness,  and  cardiomyocyte  damage.  

PA300  down  regulates  CD16+  monocytes  in  a  dose  dependent  manner.    PA300  down  regulates  CD16  on  CD14+  monocytes  ager  3  days  of  treatment.  Live/dead  staining  demonstrated  cell  toxicity.  

PA300  treatment  (daily  dose  of  30mg/kg  star6ng  at  dpi  21)  stops  the  development  of  SIVE  and  lowers  the  incidence  of  AIDS  in  SIV-­‐infected  rhesus  macaques.  4  of  8  (50%)  placebo  treated  SIV-­‐infected  animals  developed  SIVE  and  7  out  of  8  (87.5%)  developed  AIDS  defining  lesions.  In  the  PA300  treatment  group,  0  out  of  11  (0%)  animals  developed  SIVE  and  only  4  of  11  (36%)  animals  had  AIDS  defining  lesions.  Animals  in  groups  1-­‐3  were  sacrificed  in  pairs  with  1  placebo  and  2  PA300  treated  animals  upon  the  development  of  disease  of  the  placebo  animal.  Animals  in  groups  4,  5  and  BQ  were  Rmed  sacrificed.  BQ=  Bioqual  first  pk  study,  SIVE=  SIV  encephaliRs,  No  AIDS=  no  AIDS  defining  lesions,  AIDS=  acquired  immunodeficiency  syndrome.  

Table  1  

Acknowledgments  

Conclusions  •  A  biologically  effecRve  dose  of  PA300  (0.7uM)  was  achieved  in  animals  that  received  30mg/

kg)(oral  route,  daily  dose)  where  drug  levels  greater  than  0.7uM  found  in  plasma,  brain,  liver  and  kidney.    

•  Pre-­‐clinical  outcome  data  and  histopathologic  analysis  demonstrated  no  drug-­‐related  toxiciRes  with  any  drug  dose.  

•  PA300  Rx  resulted  in:    •  Decreased  CD68+  and  CD163+  macrophages  in  the  brain,  and  SIVE  lesions  •  Decreased  caroRd  artery  inRma-­‐media  thickness  and  inflammaRon.  •  Decreased  inflammaRon  in  leg  ventricle  Rssue.  •  Decreased  levels  of  leg  ventricle  fibrosis  (as  measured  by  collagen).  •  Decreased  numbers  of  CD68+,  CD163+,  MAC387+  and  CD206+  macrophages  

in  leg  ventricle.  

PA300  reaches  an  effec6ve  level  in  plasma,  brain,  liver,  spleen,  kidney  and  lymph  nodes.  An  effecRve  dose  of  PA300  (0.7uM)  was  achieved  in  animals  that  received  30mg/kg  daily  by  an  oral  route.    Drug  levels  greater  than  0.7uM  found  in  plasma  (leg),  brain,  liver  and  kidney  (right).  PA300  was  found  in  brain  but  not  in  the  CSF  at  any  dose.        

273  

PA300  treatment  decreased  the  numbers  of  CD163+  and  CD68+  inflammatory  macrophages  in  the  brain.  Brain  secRons  from  Placebo  or  PA300  treated  animals  were  stained  anRbodies  against  either  (A-­‐C)  CD163  or  (D-­‐F)  CD68.  Eight  secRons  of  each  frontal  cortex  (A,  D),  parietal  cortex  (B,  E)  and  occipital  cortex  (C,  F)  were  assessed  for  the  number  of  macrophages  per  mm2  of  Rssue.  Data  are  presented  as  the  mean  and  standard  error  of  the  mean.  In  each  cortex  of  the  brain  examined,  PA300  treatment  decreased  the  amount  of  both  CD68  and  CD163  macrophages.  The  number  of  MAC387+  cells  was  not  significantly  changed,  but  was  elevated  in  animals  with  SIVE.  *=  P<0.05.  

Figure  5  SIV+  Placebo  Treated   SIV+  PA300  Treated  

inRma  

inRma  

media  

media  

Internal  elasRc    lamina  

Internal  elasRc    lamina  

Caro6d  artery  in6ma  media  thickness  (cIMT)  is  decreased  with  PA300  treatment.  The  inRma  media  thickness  was  measured  in  Placebo  and  PA300  treated  SIV  infected  rhesus  macaques.  The  mean  caroRd  artery  inRma  media  thickness  was  significantly  decreased  with  PA300  treatment.  cIMT  is  used  as  a  diagnosRc  measurement  for  subclinical  atheroscelorsis.  *=  P  <0.05    

PA300  significantly  decreases  the  number  of  CD68+,  CD163+,  MAC387+  and  CD206+  macrophages  in  the  le_  ventricles.  Eight  secRons  from  all  animals  were  quanRtated  for  the  number  of  CD68+  (A),  CD163+  (B),  MAC387+  (C)  and  CD206+  (D)  macrophages  per  mm2  of  leg  ventricle  Rssue.  The  mean  and  standard  error  of  the  mean  are  shown.  PA300  treatment  decreased  the  amount  macrophages  present.  *=  P<0.05,  **=  P<0.01.    There  were  no  staRsRcally  significant  differences  in  number  of  macrophages  in  the  caroRd  arteries.  

Figure  7  

SIV+  Placebo  Treated   SIV+  PA300  Treated   PA300  decreases  the  percentage  of  collagen  (fibrosis)  in  the  le_  ventricle.  Ventricle  secRons  were  stained  with  Mason’s  trichrome  and  collagen  (blue)  was  quanRtated  as  a  measure  of  cardiac  fibrosis.  PA300  treatment  significantly  decrease  the  percent  of  collagen  in  the  ventricle  compared  to  placebo  SIV-­‐infected  macaques.  **=  P  <0.01.  

Figure  6  

Table  2  

Cardiac  pathology  was  decreased  with  PA300  treatment.  Both  caroRd  artery  and  leg  ventricle  pathology  was  decreased  with  PA300  treatment.  NA=  not  available.  CaroRd  arteries  were  not  available  for  assessment  in  the  Bioqual  (BQ)  pk  study.        

Figure  3  

PA300  treatment  blocks  development  of    SIVE.  4  of  8  SIV-­‐infected  placebo  controls  developed  SIVE  as  shown  (leg).  The  insert  shows  an  SIVE  lesion  with  a  mulRnucleated  giant  cell  (MNGC)  (arrow).  None  of  the  PA300  Rx  (0/11)  developed  SIVE  (right).      

Figure  4  

Placebo:  4/8  SIVE  7/8  AIDS  1/8  no  AIDS  

PA300:  0/11  SIVE  4/11  AIDS  7/11  no  AIDS  

PA300  treatment  blocks  the  development  of  AIDS  (36%)  and    SIVE  (0%)!  

AIDS  defining  lesions