OXFORD DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT

REPORT 2010–11

ContentsFrom the Director 1

Teaching 2

Research 7

Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity 9

International Growth Centre 11

International Migration Institute 13

Oxford Poverty and HumanDevelopment Initiative 15

Refugee Studies Centre 17

Young Lives 20

International Gender Studies 22

Programme for Management andTechnology for Development 23

Other Research 25

Policy Impact 32

Buildings 36

People 38

Publications 41

ODID Advisory Council 45

The challengeTwo-thirds of humankind live in developing countries,where most of the world’s worst deprivation is located.Understanding these societies is of central importance toany enquiry into the human condition.International action to reduce poverty, inequality andvulnerability of people and nations must be based oncritical yet rigorous knowledge. Universities have a specialduty to create and share this.The six postgraduate programmes, six specialisedresearch centres and two research programmes of theOxford Department of International Development give usunequalled depth of scholarship in key themes of thisenquiry.

What we can contributeOur interdisciplinary approach has strong roots in Oxfordfaculties (economics, politics, international relations,anthropology, sociology, history, law, management andarea studies) and multidisciplinary graduate colleges.Oxford’s engagement with international development isbased on our scholarship and teaching, which in turninfluences both the global epistemic community andcontested policy agendas.We specialise in academic research and research training,drawing on a worldwide network of partners. We are notconstrained by aid agency agendas, and thus can explorenew and old problems from a critical standpoint.

Our objectivesInfluencing the theory, analysis and practice ofdevelopment worldwide to the benefit ofdisadvantaged people and countries; supportinginternational networks and local institutions involved.Worldwide attraction of the best postgraduate students;recruitment of outstanding scholars to faculty; adding toour network of leading development researchinstitutions; bringing key visitors to Oxford.Endowment of posts in emerging fields and support forlong-term research programmes in poverty, migration,conflict, trade and investment, global governance, well-being, childhood and the environment.

The breadth and depth of Oxford work on – andfor – developing countries

is large and growing: stretching far beyond socialscience to encompass medicine, science and the humanities. ODID cannot pretend, therefore, to coordinate or represent this vast enterprise, but rather to act as a point of reference, with a particular focus on the issues of poverty andvulnerability.

As an institution, the department – or ‘QEH’ as it is familiarly known after its original foundation and present building – has enjoyed considerableprosperity in recent years. Prosperity not only infinancial terms (although income has doubledand reserves are more than sufficient to weatherlikely storms) but also in the strong internationaldemand for our courses and the vibrant researchactivity we generate. We moved to new premisesin 2005 and completed a new research wing in2009; and were ranked top in our field in the 2008Research Assessment Exercise, with two thirds ofour research assessed as world-leading orinternationally excellent in terms of its originality,significance and rigour.

Equally significant, although tinged with somesadness, was the retirement of Frances Stewart inSeptember 2009 after forty years of service.Frances more than any other had beenresponsible for constructing the department weknow today and for building development studies

as an academic field in the UK.The coming few years are unlikely to be as

sunny, despite our best efforts. The loomingreductions in government support for highereducation, the university’s pressing need tosupport underfunded activities in the humanitiesand natural sciences, and the shifting ofdevelopment assistance itself towards diplomaticand security priorities, all mean fewer resourcesavailable for the work we do well. Nonetheless, we have growing student applications, our majorresearch programmes have long-term funding, we have completed our building programme, and we are making a series of imaginative new appointments as a generation of olderdevelopment scholars retire. In sum, thedepartment is well prepared to weather the storm.

Finally, on a more personal note: I have nowbeen Head of Department for three years andhave been persuaded to serve for two more. Theusual burdens of administration are lightened byour excellent support staff, the enthusiasm of ourresearchers is a constant stimulus, the demands of students a reminder of lost youth, and thelabyrinth of the university an education in itself –but above all a collegial community committed toscholarship is a rare jewel in an uncertain world.

Valpy FitzGeraldHead of Department October 2010

From theDirectorThe Department of InternationalDevelopment (ODID) is the focal point of research and teaching at Oxford about the developing world.

Vice Chancellor AndrewHamilton,

Mrs Strilli Oppenheimer,Mr Nicholas Oppenheimer

and Professor ValpyFitzGerald (l to r)

at the unveiling of a plaque in honour of QEH benefactor

Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, June 2010.

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The 2010–11 academicyear sees a majorchange: a new MSccourse in MigrationStudies jointly taught

with the School of Anthropology, and led by our International Migration Institute in closecollaboration with the MSc in Refugee and ForcedMigration Studies led by the Refugee Studies Centre.

Our postgraduate programmes are necessarilyconstrained in size by the need to provide smallclasses and individual supervision. All teaching isresearch-based, drawing always on the specialistfields of staff, and in many cases upon the results ofongoing research – and all students are required toundertake original research projects and researchmethods training. Those on the DPhil and MPhilreceive fieldwork training as well.

At the start of the 2010–11 academic year, we have207 students, compared to only 50 in 1999–2000.These include 60 DPhil candidates, most of whomenter the programme from our MPhil or MSc courses,which provide an excellent foundation for researchwork – although we also welcome candidates withequivalent training for direct entry. We feel that thisis the maximum number of students consistent withpostgraduate training of this quality, and thus planto hold to this number in the medium term at least.

Competition for the available places each year isintense, as the table below shows. This is despite thefact that our entry standards are among the highestat Oxford, with most successful entrants having theequivalent of a first-class degree at a UK researchuniversity or a 3.8 CGPA at a good US college.Demand for our courses is rising over time,reflecting not only the high quality of teaching butalso the unique Oxford approach to developmentstudies – research-driven with strong disciplinary

foundations – and the excellent international careeropportunities open to alumni.

However, the department is concerned thatmany outstanding students cannot afford the feesand living costs at Oxford, even though these arenot high by international standards for this level ofeducation. In consequence, both the departmentand the university have made great efforts toincrease the availability of scholarships. At presentsome one third of our entrants have full or partialscholarships, but this is clearly insufficient. As adepartment, we are investing nearly £300,000 a year in student support from our own funds.

DPhil in Development StudiesSince 1998, the department has admitted researchstudents undertaking doctoral research inDevelopment Studies, of whom many transfer fromthe MPhil in Development Studies, a few come from the other Oxford degrees and the rest fromprogrammes in other universities. We now have a thriving group of around 60 research studentsworking on a wide range of interdisciplinary themes.

TeachingPostgraduate teaching is a core functionof the department and accounts forroughly one third of its activity. We offersix postgraduate courses: a three/four-year DPhil, a two-year MPhil, and fourone-year MSc programmes – two ofthese being taught jointly with otherOxford departments.

Course PlacesApplic-ations

Matric-ulations

Applicants per place

DPhil Development Studies 15 148 14 10

MPhil Development Studies 30 286 30 9

MSc Economics for Development 30 322 26 11

MSc Global Governance & Diplomacy 25 253 31 10

MSc Migration Studies 26 50 11 2

MSc Refugee & Forced Migration Studies 25 104 24 4

TOTALS 151 1163 136 8

Scholarship Places

Chevening (FCO) 1

Rhodes 8

QEH 6

Economics Dept 2

All Souls Fellowship 1

Marshall 1

ESRC 4

Clarendon 3

Rotary 1

Commonwealth 1

Weidenfeld 1

Other 17

2010 student country of origin

UK 29

Other Europe 51

US/Canada 59

Rest of world 68

Applicants per place 2010

Scholarships held by 2010 entrants

Many of our doctoral students have considerablework experience in the field of internationaldevelopment. We welcome applicants who havecompleted a Master’s in development (or equivalentdegrees) who are seeking an interdisciplinaryintellectual environment within which to pursuetheir studies of development issues.

MPhil in Development StudiesThe aim of this two-year course is to provide arigorous and critical introduction to developmentas a process of managed and unmanaged changein societies on the periphery of the globaleconomy. The course introduces students todevelopment studies as an interdisciplinary andmultidisciplinary subject. Attention is paid to theintellectual history of development, the paradigmshifts and internal conflicts within the discipline,and the contemporary relevance of research todevelopment policy and practice. The course isnot designed for training in direct developmentmanagement, though the critical enquiryemphasised in the course is crucial for such work.Above all, the course encourages innovative andoriginal work. About 30 students are admittedeach year, from up to 20 countries. These areextremely high-calibre students, including manyRhodes, Marshall, Fulbright, Clarendon, Cheveningand ESRC scholars. On completion, some havecontinued with doctoral research in Oxford orelsewhere, while others pursue careers in theUnited Nations, government, NGOs, human rights,the media, the armed forces, education, business,finance and development consultancies.

In the first year, students receive a theoreticaland applied grounding in two out of threefoundation subject areas: economics, history andpolitics, and social anthropology. Students do notnormally take foundation courses in disciplines in which they have a previous qualification. This means that in their first year they must be prepared to undertake intensive study indisciplines with which they may not be familiar.Students with no previous training in economicsare required to take economics as one of theirfoundation disciplines. In addition, all studentsare required to take a course in research methodsfor the social sciences, which provides qualitativeand quantitative training appropriate for doctoralresearch and for professional practice. The core

course is interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary. Ithas three components: theories of development,major themes in development and internationaldimensions of development.

Students take two specialist options in theirsecond year, and are required to submit a thesisof up to 30,000 words, on a topic chosen inconsultation with their supervisor. Most studentsundertake fieldwork for their theses in thesummer between their first and second years. Therange of options in 2010–11 included: EconomicDevelopment: Theories, Evidence and Policies;The History and Politics of West Africa; TheHistory and Politics of South Asia; Migration andDevelopment; Poverty and Human Development;Rural Societies and Politics; State, Governanceand Natural Resources in Latin America;Transition Economies of the Former SovietUnion, Eastern Europe and China; The IndianState: From Developmentalism to Liberalisation;Economic Theory (advanced); DevelopmentEconomics (advanced); Quantitative Methods;Health and Development; Introduction to LatinAmerican Economies; The Politics of Democracyin Latin America; International Relations in theDeveloping World; Forced Migration (InternationalLegal and Normative Framework, and Causesand Consequences); South Africa: Apartheid,African Politics and the Transition since 1948; ThePolitics of a Modern State: The People’s Republicof China; The Sociology of China; The Economicsand Politics of International Labour Migration;Gender and Development; Development and the Environment; Children, Youth andDevelopment; Environment and the Empire in the 20th Century; The Political Economy of the Middle East and North Africa; Post-ConflictState Building; Power and Punishment: CreatingSocial Order in Africa; Technology andIndustrialisation in Developing Countries.

The MPhil is recognised by the ESRC as aResearch Training Degree. The core QEH-basedteaching staff are: Dr Xiaolan Fu (Course Director),Professor Jocelyn Alexander, Dr Sabina Alkire, Dr Proochista Ariana, Dr Masooda Bano, Dr JoBoyden, Dr Matthew J. Gibney, Dr JamieGoodwin-White, Dr Nandini Gooptu, Dr AdeelMalik, Dr Abdul Raufu Mustapha, Dr Laura Rival, Dr Diego Sánchez-Ancochea, Dr Nikita Sud, Dr Zaki Wahhaj, Professor Adrian Wood.

3Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

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MSc in Economics forDevelopmentThis is a one-year graduate-level taught degreein development economics, with a strongemphasis on applied quantitative economics. Itaims to prepare students for further academicresearch and for work as professional economistson development issues in international agencies,governments or the private sector. It seeks todevelop analytical and critical skills relevant foreconomic development (in particular forassessing alternative approaches to policy), andto provide the rigorous quantitative training thatdevelopment work now requires. It aims toprovide the research tools and approachesneeded for those who wish to proceed to ahigher research degree.

The MSc is registered with the ESRC as aResearch Training Degree. A first-classundergraduate degree in economics, withaptitude for theory and quantitative methods, isa requirement for admission to the course. Thecourse normally admits 25–30 students.

The MSc is taught through a combination oflectures, classes and essay writing withindividual supervisors. The tutorial system isused to build critical and analytical skills. Thereare weekly classes and lectures in economictheory (split between macro- andmicroeconomics) and quantitative methods,and a sequence of eight development modulestaught by lectures, classes and studentpresentations. The quantitative methods courseincludes hands-on training in computer usewith statistical packages. Specific issues indevelopment economics cover such topics aspoverty and risk, health and humandevelopment, international capital flows,institutions and development, ruraldevelopment, education and human capital,macroeconomic management and opennessand trade policy. Students receive furtherteaching from individual supervision.

An important part of the course is the writingof an extended essay of up to 10,000 words on asubject chosen by the student in consultationwith the supervisor, and agreed with the CourseDirector. The MSc examination at the end of thesummer term has three written papers on

Theory, Quantitative Methods, andDevelopment Economics.

The core teaching staff include: ProfessorAdrian Wood (Course Director), Dr ChristopherAdam, Professor Stefan Dercon, Professor Marcel Fafchamps (Department of Economics),Professor Valpy FitzGerald, Dr Francis Teal(Department of Economics).

MSc in Global Governance andDiplomacyThe MSc in Global Governance and Diplomacy is a nine-month course designed to provide high-quality graduate training in debates about theinstitutions and processes of global governance,multilateralism, regional integration anddiplomacy. The degree aims to prepare studentsfor careers in the regional and transnationalinstitutions of international governance such asinternational organisations and non-governmental organisations, and private sectorfirms interacting with these institutions or ingovernment and foreign ministries. For thoseseeking future academic careers the degree alsoconstitutes excellent preparation for the DPhil in a number of social science disciplines.

The course consists of five elements. Studentstake (1) a choice of two foundation courses(Global Governance or International Diplomacy),(2) a mandatory course in Research Methods inthe Social Sciences, and (3) and (4) two optionalpapers, one of which must be chosen from a listof ‘core options’ with a global governance focus,in addition to (5) researching and writing a 12,000word maximum dissertation under supervision.

The core options for 2010–11 included ClimateChange Diplomacy; Diplomacy and InternationalLaw; The Politics of NGOs; MultilateralGovernance and Regional Integration; GlobalGovernance of Innovation, InternationalEconomic Integration; The Political Economy of Intellectual Property; Global FinancialGovernance; International Relations of theDeveloping World; The Political Economy ofInstitutions and Development.

The core teaching staff include: Dr JörgFriedrichs (Course Director), Dr Corneliu Bjola, Dr Xiaolan Fu, Dr Roya Ghafele, Dr Rodney BruceHall, Dr Adeel Malik.

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MSc in Refugee and ForcedMigration StudiesThe MSc in Refugee and Forced MigrationStudies offers an intellectually rigorous path tothe examination of forced migration resultingfrom conflict, repressive regimes, environmentalchange and development policies. It aims to helpstudents to understand the complex and variednature of forced migration and its centrality to globalprocesses of social, economic and political change, aswell as the needs and aspirations of forced migrantsthemselves. It places forced migration in a historical,global and human context, encouraging informedreflection on international and national responsesto both internal and international displacement.

The MSc in Refugee and Forced MigrationStudies is an interdisciplinary degree taught byleading experts in the field of forced migrationfrom international law, politics and internationalrelations, anthropology, and other disciplines. The course enables participants to explore forcedmigration through a thesis, a group researchessay, and a range of required courses includingIntroduction to Forced Migration, InternationalRefugee and Human Rights Law, Asylum and theModern State, and Research Methods.

Students also choose two optional coursesfrom a list of offerings that in 2010–11 includedMovement and Morality; Theory and Practice of Humanitarianism; UNHCR and World Politics;Gender, Generation and Forced Migration;Dispossession and Forced Migration in theMiddle East; The Politics of Durable Solutions:Return, Repatriation and Refugees’ Rights.

The degree exposes students to cutting-edgescholarship while allowing them to tailor theirstudies to suit their own particular interests.

The core teaching staff include: Dr Matthew J.Gibney (Course Director), Professor Roger Zetter,Dr Dawn Chatty, Dr Alice Edwards, Dr ElenaFiddian-Qasmiyeh.

MSc in Migration Studies The new interdisciplinary MSc in Migration Studiesis jointly offered by the Oxford Department ofInternational Development and the School ofAnthropology. The course draws on the intellectualresources of its two parent departments and thethree world-leading migration research centres at

Oxford, the Centre on Migration Policy and Society(COMPAS), the International Migration Institute(IMI) and the Refugee Studies Centre (RSC). Theprogramme allows students to explore humanmobility in a historical and global perspective,and to address the complex relations betweenglobal political economy, migratory experiences,and government and social responses.

The degree consists of four components and adissertation: international migration in the socialsciences; key themes in international migration,including development and globalisation;thematic and regional options; and quantitativeand qualitative research methods.

Teaching on the degree combines lectures,small tutorial groups, and discussion seminars.Students have individual dissertationsupervision. Teaching is problem-focused andaims to give students critical analytical skills.

The course introduces students to keyconcepts, research and analysis in the economics,politics, sociology and anthropology of migration.It enables students to understand the nature ofboth internal and international migration and itsrole in global social and economic change.

The MSc in Migration Studies preparesstudents to work in an expanding area ofinternational and policy concern. It will alsoprepare students in an area of social sciencetraining that will facilitate progression to doctoralstudies in the University of Oxford and elsewhere.

Core teaching staff include: Dr Xiang Biao, ISCA(course director); Dr Oliver Bakewell, ODID; Dr Mette Berg, ISCA; Dr Jamie Goodwin-White,ODID; Dr Martin Ruhs, COMPAS.

How to apply to study with usFor further details on how to apply for any of the courses above, please visit our website,www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/courses/application. Pleasenote that applications for October entry open inNovember of the previous year.

Scholarships offered through ODIDODID ScholarshipsODID offers six scholarships: for the MPhil inDevelopment Studies, the MScs in Economics forDevelopment, Migration Studies (in conjunctionwith ISCA), Refugee and Forced Migration Studies,and Global Governance and Diplomacy, and for the

5Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

DPhil in Development Studies. The criteria forselection are outstanding academic ability andcitizenship of (and normal residence in) adeveloping country as defined by the UnitedNations, with a preference for candidates fromsub-Saharan Africa. One of the above scholarshipsoffered to an MSc student is part funded by agenerous donation offered to the department bythe JCR, MCR, SCR and officers of Corpus ChristiCollege. The recipient of this joint scholarship,the Corpus Christi Graduate Studentship inDevelopment, will be a member of CorpusChristi College. Green Templeton College alsogenerously provides one of the students whohas been awarded a QEH scholarship with acollege place and accommodation.

ESRC studentshipsODID is allocated quota studentships by theESRC and for the past three years the departmenthas been allocated two quota awards. Thestudentships are awarded to incoming studentseither to do their Masters followed by doctoralresearch (2+2 or 1+3), or to go straight to doctoralresearch (+3). In addition in 2010–11, two studentsstarting the MSc in Economics for Developmentwere allocated ESRC quota studentships throughthe Department of Economics. The departmentalso puts forward one candidate for the ESRCcompetition awards each year.

Michael Wills Scholarship The Dulverton Trust has generously funded twoscholarships which will be available to thoseapplying to ODID for the MPhil in DevelopmentStudies, the MSc in Refugee and ForcedMigration Studies, the MSc in Global Governanceand Diplomacy or the MSc in Migration Studiesfor 2011 entry.

The scholarships are named for CaptainMichael Wills MC, a former student at MagdalenCollege who was killed in action in Tunisia in1943. They will be co-funded by ODID and willcover all tuition and college fees plus a grant forliving expenses (amount to be confirmed).

Candidates will be selected according toacademic merit, citizenship (or long-termresidence) in a country that has experiencedconflict, and financial need. Further details canbe found on the funding page of our website(www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/courses/funding).

MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration StudiesBursaryThe Refugee Studies Centre awards two full or part bursaries to outstanding students whowould be unable to accept a place on the MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies withoutfinancial help.

Department of Economics ScholarshipThis £20,000 scholarship is open to any candidatefor the MSc in Economics for Development,irrespective of nationality or background. Allapplications will be considered on merit only. Inthe event of multiple strong candidates applying,some with partial funding from other sources,the department would be willing to share theaward between two candidates, to the value of£10,000 each.

ODS Student BursaryThe Editorial Board of Oxford DevelopmentStudies offers research bursaries to doctoralstudents at ODID who have successfullyconfirmed DPhil status. The nature of thesebursaries may change from year to year; they areadvertised annually.

George Peters Travel ScholarshipThis travel award of up to £500 is for researchstudents at ODID who are undertaking fieldworkfor their DPhil degree.

Gurdev Kaur Bhagrath Memorial Research FundA total sum of £500 is awarded for the purposesof high-quality MPhil thesis field research to oneor more students.

Riad El-Ghonemy Fieldwork AwardThis is awarded to support fieldwork by doctoralstudents, with a priority for those working onrural poverty and land tenure issues.

OPHI Fieldwork AwardOPHI offers a number of awards each year tosupport fieldwork.

Other scholarships available include:Clarendon scholarships (for overseas studentsstarting a new course); and Rhodes scholarships(for students from a group of (mostlyCommonwealth) countries). Further details onthese funds can be found on our website(www.qeh.ox.ac.uk) and from the university’sStudent Funding and International Office.

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Thirty-five per cent of thedepartment’s researchactivity was classified as 4* (world-leading in terms of originality,significance and rigour)

by the Higher Education Funding Council, with afurther 60 per cent either 3* or 2* (internationallyexcellent or internationally recognised). Theassessment encompassed research facilities andculture and international reputation as well aspublications. The RAE noted that ‘excellence was spread across the department but wasparticularly evident in ‘international economicsand global governance’ and ‘poverty and humandevelopment’‘.

The range and depth of research at thedepartment reflects the ‘intellectual curiosity’ of its members rather than a single agenda set by the university or external funders. While notclaiming to be comprehensive, our researchdoes reflect what the study of internationaldevelopment means in the 21st century in terms

of both disciplinary range and globalproblematics. What makes this research effortunique – certainly in the UK and possibly in theworld – is that it addresses the international aswell as the national dimensions of developmenton the one hand, and the structural (economic,political, social, conceptual) roots of poverty andpower on the other. This is not, therefore, anagenda led by donor agencies.

Nonetheless, our research does engageexplicitly with real world policy issues – albeitcritically and with a long-term perspective – and strives to contribute to better design andimplementation based on empirical evidencerather than geopolitical whims, and on theinterests of the poor and disadvantaged ratherthan those of rich countries and wealthy people.This impact (or ‘knowledge exchange’ as it is nowknown) is summarised on pages 32 to 35.

Our research income has more than doubledin recent years, reaching what appears to be asustainable plateau of some £4 million a year.When HEFCE funding arising from the RAE and

ResearchThe Oxford Department ofInternational Development is widelyrecognised as a leading universitydevelopment research centre in the UKand Europe, and is probably among thetop five development research centres inthe world. The department was judgedto have the largest submission of world-leading research in its field by the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise published in 2009.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11 7

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doctoral supervision is added to this externalresearch income, then the total research fundinggenerated by ODID is in excess of £5 million a year – larger than any other social sciencedepartment at Oxford and similar to a smallnatural science department.

The sources of our external research incomeare reasonably diverse in view of the fundingopportunities available to the sector. All thefunding has been obtained through competitivebidding rounds, and significantly is mainly of alonger-term nature – allowing advanced analyticalwork based on original empirical material.

The larger part of our research is carried out by our six research centres and two researchprogrammes, which also conduct the training of young scholars and our engagement withresearch partners overseas. Their work isexplained in pages 9 to 24 below.

Not all the academics at the department workwithin one of our own centres and programmes,because their chosen topics fall outside the fociof the latter. Nonetheless, most of them formpart of collaborative research teams locatedelsewhere in Oxford and therefore contribute toa significant weaving of development studiesthroughout the university. Their researchinterests are listed on pages 25 to 30 below.

The warp to their woof is located in otherdepartments (particularly Area Studies,Economics, Politics and International Relations,and Anthropology) and leading research centres,such as the Centre for the Study of AfricanEconomies (CSAE), the Institute of Social andCultural Anthropology (ISCA), and the OxfordResearch Network on Government in Africa(OReNGA). Our academics also play key roles in numerous international networks of researchcollaborators stretching from China, India andPakistan; through Algeria, Morocco and Iraq; toNigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe; andbeyond to Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico.

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Sources of research income 2009–10 (%)

EU 7.8

RC 1.5

HMG 71.2

overseas 10.4

other 9.0

External research income 2002–11 (£ millions)

2002–3 2003–4 2004–5 2005–6 2006–7 2007–8

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4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

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The Centre for Researchon Inequality, HumanSecurity and Ethnicity(CRISE) was set up with a £2.5 million grant fromthe Department ofInternationalDevelopment in 2003. Its aim was to investigatethe relationships

between ethnicity, inequality and conflictthrough comparative country studies inpartnership with scholars in Southeast Asia, LatinAmerica and West Africa.

CRISE sought to understand why somemultiethnic countries are peaceful while othersexperience violent conflict by comparingexperiences in sets of countries that hadfollowed these different trajectories. The researchthus compared Bolivia with Peru and Guatemala;Ghana with Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria; andMalaysia with Indonesia. In particular, CRISE lookedat how inequalities between culturally definedgroups, or ‘horizontal inequalities’ (HIs), wererelated to conflict. The key finding of the projectwas that conflict is more likely where HIs are high.(See pages 32 to 33 for more information.)

Early work included a series of ‘perceptions’surveys to clarify how people in the case studycountries approached questions of ethnicity,religion, discrimination and inequality.Subsequent work included an increasing focus on processes of mobilisation, as well asconsideration of potential policy responses

to HIs, including:• how affirmative action might combat group

inequality;• using legal policies as a response to

discrimination;• how trade policies might act as a source of

group inequality; • whether policies in post-conflict settings

incorporated considerations of inclusiveness; • the management of natural resources to avoid

or reduce their conflict potential;• the implications of federalism and

decentralisation for power-sharing and forlimiting the impact of HIs in the political sphere;

• how aid might be used to reduce groupinequalities; and

• reasons for the long-term persistence of HIs. The work of CRISE, originally envisaged to last

five years, was twice extended by DFID, but thecentre finally closed at the end of June 2010.However, CRISE aims to continue research in thebroad field of inequality and security thorough anetwork of scholars, drawing on the relationshipsforged during seven years of work in this area.

Dissemination Activity in 2009–10The final year of CRISE work has focused primarilyon the dissemination of the core messagesdistilled from its research. In particular, the centrehas focused on conveying its findings beyondthe case study countries to see how experiencesmight inform policy making elsewhere withinthe three regions: • In April 2010, CRISE held workshops for policy

makers and academics in Kampala, Uganda,and in Nairobi, Kenya, as well as a meeting inthe Kenyan Prime Minister’s office attended byrepresentatives from ministries, developmentpartners and the central bank.

• In June 2010 CRISE held a series ofdissemination activities in Brazil and Mexico.In Brasilia, these included a workshop co-organised by the United Nations EconomicCommission for Latin America and theCaribbean (ECLAC) attended by ministers, UNrepresentatives and academics, and individualmeetings with officials from the secretariat ofRacial Equality; the Ministry for Women; andthe team managing the country’s Bolsa Familia

Centre forResearch onInequality,HumanSecurity andEthnicity www.crise.ox.ac.uk

RESEARCH CENTRES

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programme in the Ministry of SocialDevelopment. In Mexico City these included a seminar at the Facultad Latinoamericana deCiencias Sociales.

• In July 2010 a workshop co-sponsored by theIndonesian government and the UNDP tookplace in Jakarta, bringing together around 70regional policy makers and academics toexamine CRISE findings and considercomparative experiences from across Asia.CRISE has also continued its dissemination

activity at the global level and within developedcountries through:• Presentations at the the UN’s Bureau of Crisis

Prevention and Recovery, USAID and theUnited States Institute of Peace in January andFebruary 2010;

• Seminars at the Nordic Africa Institute, UppsalaUniversity, and the Swedish Ministry of ForeignAffairs in March 2010;

• A workshop co-sponsored by the AgenceFrançaise de Developpement in Paris in May2010.

Recent PublicationsCRISE has completed work on nine policybriefings and five longer overview papersoutlining its key findings on the policyapproaches listed above. All the briefing papers are available on the CRISE website,www.crise.ox.ac.uk. In addition, CRISE is finalisingfive new books to form part of a new Conflict,Inequality and Ethnicity Series published by

Palgrave Macmillan. The first book in the series,Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: UnderstandingGroup Violence in Multiethnic Societies (edited byFrances Stewart) was published in 2008 andappeared in paperback in January 2010.Persistent Inequality, Political Violence and the Roleof Ethnicity in Peru: The Colony to the Year 2000 byRosemary Thorp and Maritza Paredes waspublished in October 2010. Other titles due toappear in 2011 include:• Post-conflict Reconstruction and Horizontal

Inequalities, edited by Arnim Langer, FrancesStewart and Rajesh Venugopal

• Debating Affirmative Action: International andInterdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by ArnimLanger and Graham K. Brown

• Mobilization for Political Violence: What do weKnow? edited by Yvan Guichaoua.

Other ProjectsCRISE is also completing work on projectssupported by other funders, in particular anAusAID-funded project on Aid and DevelopmentEffectiveness in ‘Post’ Conflict Environments andtwo projects funded by the Ford Foundationlooking more closely at natural resources andtrade policies and their links to HIs.

Staff as of June 30, 2010Professor Frances Stewart, DirectorMrs Rosemary Thorp, Senior Research Officer,Latin AmericaDr Raufu Mustafa, Senior Research Officer, WestAfricaDr Arnim Langer, Research Officer in Politics andEconomicsDr Corinne Caumartin, Research Officer, LatinAmericaMs Jo Boyce, Information OfficerMs Rachael Diprose, Doctoral StudentMr Adam Higazi, Doctoral StudentMs Maritza Paredes, Doctoral StudentMs Marianna Volpi, Doctoral Student

Two of the students on CRISE scholarshipshave completed their doctorates; two submittedin October; and three are still in process (onewho suffered interruptions because of ill-healthand two who received partial financial supportand also started later).

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It was launched inDecember 2008 with £37million in funding fromUKaid at the Departmentfor InternationalDevelopment. The IGC

is directed and organised from hubs at the LSEand Oxford and comprises country offices acrossthe developing world.

At ODID, researchers are involved in leadingpositions in the IGC. Professor Stefan Dercon is a member of the Steering Group and is the lead academic for the research in Ethiopia. DrChristopher Adam is the lead academic for theresearch in Tanzania. The Ethiopia and Tanzaniaprogrammes are widely recognised to be amongthe best established programmes of the IGC,resulting in strong contributions to domestic andinternational policy debates on macroeconomicand monetary issues in Tanzania, to debates ongovernment developmental strategy towardsagriculture, and to the evidence base that hasmade recent progress possible.

IGC has active country programmes inBangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India (Bihar), Pakistan,Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Mozambique and Rwandaand supports over 70 individual research projects.

There are 10 research programmes, organisedby policy area, with participation from academicsin world-class institutions, a network of policystakeholders in the developing world and a rangeof public, civil society and private sector partners:• Agriculture • Climate change, environment and natural

resources • Finance • Firm capabilities • Governance, accountability and political

economy • Human capital • Infrastructure and urbanisation • Macroeconomics • State capabilities • Trade

ODID IGC ProjectsTwo IGC projects are currently based at OxfordDepartment of International Development ledby Professor Stefan Dercon:

The economic impact of urban propertyrights in Tanzania: the role of infrastructure The formalisation of property rights is onemarket-based tool to alleviate poverty,encouraging investment in the land and, bytransforming land into collateral, enabling accessto credit. Yet few studies have examined theimpact of policies geared towards strengtheningproperty rights in urban areas, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This project, a randomisedcontrolled trial, investigates the economic andwelfare implications of offering property rights to urban dwellers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Whilst the government of Tanzania provides a legal framework for urban households withouta formal title to their land, the majority of thepopulation of Dar es Salaam lives in unplannedsettlements. The government has developed a strategy for implementing new land laws butprogress is slow. To date the government hasissued Residential Licenses – only a two-year andnon-transferable property right – to an estimated60,000 of a total 400,000 properties in unplannedsettlements. Full titles, known as Certificates ofRight of Occupancy (CROs), are substantiallymore costly to provide, given requirements ofplanning and survey standards.

This project investigates the consequences ofexpanding CROs in collaboration with the Dar esSalaam Municipality and a local NGO (WAT). Twostudy areas are identified, one in which a majorinfrastructure upgrading project is taking place.With the NGO, CROs will be offered against cost,initially ‘randomly’ but with a clear commitmentto offer them to the entire community soonafterwards.

There are four research objectives. • To measure the medium-term impact of land

titling on investment by households and smallenterprises, and to find out how these returnsare affected by the infrastructure expansion.

• To estimate demand elasticities. Land titlingprojects are quite expensive due to the cost of cadastral surveys to properly demarcate allparcels in an unplanned settlement. We aim touse experimental price variation from our RCTdesign to compute the optimal price for landtitles in other areas, striking the right balancebetween easy access to title and some degreeof cost recovery.

11Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

InternationalGrowthCentrewww.theigc.org

The IGC aims to provide practical help to promote growth in developingcountries through demand-led policyadvice based on frontier research.

RESEARCH CENTRES

• To investigate whether slum clearance willlead to gentrification.

• To unbundle property rights. Such rights havemany facets, and the costs and risks associatedwith issuing land titles may vary with theprecise nature of the rights conferred.

Drought and informal insurance groups: arandomised intervention of index-basedrainfall insurance in rural EthiopiaThe Ethiopian economy is still predominantlydependent on rain-fed agriculture. Drought is a common occurrence, and financial markets,especially those offering insurance, areunderdeveloped. The costs of such uninsuredrisk are high, from immediate welfare losses forfarmers to the discouragement of innovationand investment in modern technologies.

Crop insurance is one interventional tool, but standard schemes tend to be costly andinefficient and prone to problems of moralhazard and adverse selection. In recent years,alternatives have been developed in the form of innovative index-based weather insuranceproducts. Rather than requiring any lossassessment, these schemes offer farmers aproduct that, against the payment of a premium,offers a payout if rain at a local rainfall station fallsbelow a particular level.

Such methods offer rural households anaffordable formal insurance against uninsuredcovariate shocks, in turn boosting agriculturalproductivity and rural growth. Yet early fieldexperiments have found that demand for suchformal micro-insurance contracts in rural settingsis very low.

This study aims to introduce an index-baseddrought insurance product in 15 areas in ruralEthiopia via their informal insurance groups, the local funeral societies. In Ethiopia, thesegroups are widespread, highly inclusive and wellstructured. They charge premiums against risksand increasingly offer other products beyond

funeral insurance. The weather index product,calibrated for local circumstances, is sold via aprivate insurance company, Nyala Insurance. Weare looking for ways to improve product uptake,and at the same time ensure basis risk – thedifference between risk insured and the actualrisk experienced – is reduced and informalinsurance mechanisms are not undermined but used to increase coverage.

Our project uses a randomised controlled trialwhere we study the uptake among groups andfarmers, and the way it affects their functioningand the behavioural impact on agriculturaltechnology choices and productivity. We alsoassess how the introduction of these productswill affect existing informal insurancearrangements.

PublicationsDr Christopher Adam is lead author of an IGCWorking Paper published in March 2010: TheDemand for Money in Tanzania.

Staff as of October 1, 2010Professor Stefan Dercon has three key IGC roles: Member of the Steering Committee,Lead Academic for Ethiopia IGC research(focusing on agricultural strategies and the roleof industrial policy in its development strategy),International Consultant.Dr Christopher Adam is: Research Programme Co-Director,(Macroeconomics) (March/April 2009 – March2010)Lead Academic for Tanzania IGC researchInternational Consultant for the TanzaniaprogrammeMs Wendy Wilkin was ODID Project Coordinator for IGC research up until March 2010 when KatePrudden took over this part-time role. Wendy hasbeen promoted to IGC Centre Manager, nowbased at Economics.

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Migration has alwaysplayed a central role in global processes ofsocial, economic andpolitical change. But asinternational migrationbecomes more complex,it raises new intellectual

and practical challenges. All countries are nowexperiencing simultaneous immigration andemigration. Improvements in transport andcommunications further encourage migrants tolead transnational lives. This challenges existingmodels of identity and the nation state.

The International Migration Institute workswith researchers, practitioners and policy makersworldwide to:• pioneer new theoretical and methodological

approaches to research;• strengthen global capacity for research.IMI is interested in the following questions:• What stimulates people’s migration?• How do they undertake their journeys?• How does migration affect societies of origin

and destination?• Can we anticipate future patterns of

migration?Our aim is to advance understanding of the

multi-level forces driving current and futuremigration processes. This can provide the basisfor policies designed to realise the potentialbenefits of migration.

New projects in 2010–11IMI has received a series of grants for a number of new projects starting in 2010:• DEMIG (The Determinants of International

Migration) is a five-year project (2010–14)core-funded by the European ResearchCouncil (ERC) through a Starting Grantawarded to Hein de Haas, Senior ResearchOfficer at IMI. The project looks at how themigration policies of receiving and sendingstates affect the size, direction and nature ofinternational migration.

• EUMAGINE (Imagining Europe from theOutside) is a collaborative European researchproject in which IMI is a partner. The aim is toinvestigate the impact of perceptions of

human rights and democracy on migrationaspirations and decisions.

• THEMIS (Theorizing the Evolution of EuropeanMigration Systems) is a four-year projectfunded by NORFACE and led by IMI. Ourresearch partners are the Erasmus University of Rotterdam, the Institute of Geography andSpatial Planning at the University of Lisbon,and the International Peace Research Institute(PRIO). The aim is to refine the concept of a migration system by investigating theconditions under which the initial moves bypioneer migrants to Europe result in rapidlyexpanding network migration, and also theconditions under which this does not happen.

• IMI has led a successful university-wide bid to the Leverhulme Trust for research into theimpact of diasporas.

Other developmentsIMI’s research work in Africa is reaching aninteresting stage. The African Perspectives onHuman Mobility project is in its final phase. Thisthree-year programme, funded by the MacArthurFoundation, has been exploring alternativeconceptions of human mobility based onempirical research in Nigeria, Ghana, Moroccoand the Democratic Republic of Congo. In May2010, there was a writing workshop in Ghana tohelp the country research teams write up theirfinal reports, based on their fieldwork. Researchfindings will be disseminated via reports, workingpapers, journal articles, and policy briefs, as wellas participation in international conferences.

The last of three African MigrationsWorkshops took place in Senegal in November2010. ‘The Contribution of African Research toMigration Theory’ was organised in partnershipwith L’Institut fondamental d’Afrique noire,Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal. Thisworkshop aimed to develop theory grounded inAfrican migration experiences and to critiquemigration theory from African perspectives.Presentations challenged current analyticalframeworks while making connections withwider social theory. The event was a uniqueopportunity for participants from Africa andelsewhere to strengthen their scientific networkswithin and outside the continent, across theboundaries of linguistic and scholarly traditions.

13Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

RESEARCH CENTRESInternationalMigrationInstitutewww.imi.ox.ac.uk

The International Migration Institute(IMI) was founded in 2006. It isdeveloping a long-term perspective on international migration as part of global change.

In June 2010there was a very successfulworkshop in the Hague for all stakeholders in ourGlobal Migration Futures project. This project isrun in partnership with the Dutch FoundationThe Hague Process on Refugees and Migration(THP). The workshop adopted scenariomethodologies normally used in business inorder to stimulate creative and unconventionalthinking about the future of world migration. The20 participants included experts from the privatesector, policy makers, academics, and NGO staff from across the world. The next step is todevelop four of the scenarios in order to examinehow future social, economic, cultural andenvironmental changes are likely to affectmigration. The scenarios will be shared with the wider academic and policy community, to encourage thinking ‘outside-the-box’ bychallenging underlying assumptions. (See pages 34 to 35 for more information.)

The project Transatlantic Dialogues onMigration and Development Issues comparesMexico–US and Morocco–EU migration anddevelopment experiences. IMI organised asouth–south study-tour exchange, whereby agroup of both Mexican and Moroccan scholarsvisited Mexico in March 2009, and Morocco inMarch 2010. In both countries, participants fromresearch, policy and civil society sectors toureddevelopment and entrepreneurial projectsinitiated by migrants and their associations. Theproject has sparked debate by confronting the26 migration experts with concrete experiencesin the field in both Mexico and Morocco. IMI and

its partners aim to develop a research projectbased on these study tours that willsystematically compare migration anddevelopment experiences in specific regions.

The Transnational Migrant Organisationsproject, which explores the links betweenmigrant organisations and their countries oforigin, is entering its final phase. Lead researcherThomas Lacroix is publishing a working paper todisseminate the findings.

Staff as of October 1, 2010Professor Robin Cohen, DirectorProfessor Stephen Castles, Associate Director and Senior ResearcherDr Oliver Bakewell, Senior Research Officer and James Martin FellowDr Hein de Haas, Senior Research Officer and James Martin FellowDr Mathias Czaika, Research OfficerMs Evelyn Ersanilli, Research OfficerDr Alan Gamlen, ESRC Postdoctoral FellowMs Gunvor Jónsson, Research AssistantMs Agnieszka Kubal, Research AssistantDr Thomas Lacroix, Research OfficerDr Emanuela Paoletti, Research AssistantMs Kate Prudden, Project CoordinatorMs Jacqueline Smith, Communications andOutreach OfficerMs Briony Truscott, Administrative OfficerMs María Villares Varela, Data Processing AssistantMs Simona Vezzoli, Research Assistant

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Current activitiesOPHI’s work focuses on two themes:

Missing dimensions The current data thatshape poverty analysisin developing countriesand are used to monitor the MillenniumDevelopment Goals arederived from householdsurveys. OPHI noted that these surveys do not collect data on (1) safety from violence; (2) empowerment;

(3) quality of work; (4) the ability to go aboutwithout shame; or (5) psychological well-being.Yet these topics are central to poor people’sexperience of deprivation and poverty. Indialogue with many groups, OPHI has compiledsurvey modules for each of these themes.

OPHI is subjecting the modules to extensivefield tests – qualitative and quantitative,nationally representative or village level census –in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and analysingthe data collected. Drawing on this experience,OPHI is critically refining the briefest, leastexpensive and most accurate modules andconducting outreach with chief statisticians to promote their regular inclusion in nationalhousehold surveys when the final modules are released. OPHI is also conducting research onthe interconnections between the dimensions,their relationship to standard indicators such asincome/consumption and other MDG indicators,and the value-added of these new indicators forpoverty reduction policy. The aim is simple:poverty data should better reflect poor people’sexperiences of poverty.

Multidimensional poverty comparisonsMultidimensional poverty measures that includedirect measures of deprivation – in terms ofschooling, housing and nutrition and otheraspects – provide important information that cancomplement income. OPHI has developed andapplied measures of multidimensional povertyand inequality, chronic poverty, and equality ofopportunity, as well as robustness tests.

OPHI Director Sabina Alkire and OPHI Research

Associate Professor James Foster devised a highlyintuitive and user-friendly yet robust class ofmultidimensional poverty measures that can be used for targeting social protection, formonitoring, and for measuring national poverty.Related measures have been implemented asofficial poverty statistics in Mexico and othercountries are currently contemplating theiradoption. OPHI also employed this methodologyto create a new international measure of povertycovering 104 countries – the MultidimensionalPoverty Index (MPI) – for the United NationsDevelopment Programme’s (UNDP) flagshipHuman Development Report. The new measureand results were launched in July 2010, feature in the 2010 UNDP Human Development Report,and have generated significant interest fromcountries, donors and internationalorganisations. (See page 32 for moreinformation.)

Long-term Research Aims and StrategyOPHI’s overall aim is to build and advance a more systematic methodological and economicframework for reducing multidimensionalpoverty grounded in people’s experiences and values. Amartya Sen’s capability approachunderlies this framework, which incorporatesmultiple dimensions, interconnections andprinciples simultaneously to inform policymaking and foster debate. OPHI holds regularacademic research workshops, academic

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

RESEARCH CENTRESOxfordPoverty andHumanDevelopmentInitiativeophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk

The Oxford Poverty and HumanDevelopment Initiative (OPHI) aims to advance the human developmentapproach to poverty reduction through fundamental, sustained andmultidisciplinary research and effectivedissemination of that research.

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presentations, seminars, special public eventsand summer schools to disseminate its researchand nurture a new generation of scholars. Inaddition to OPHI’s academic publications, thecentre publishes a working paper series, researchbriefs and a regular e-newsletter.

Staff as of October 1, 2010Dr Sabina Alkire, OPHI DirectorMr Paddy Coulter, OBE, AssociateCommunications DirectorMs Natalie Cresswell, Project AssistantMs Heidi Fletcher, Associate Web ManagerProfessor James Foster, Research Associateat OPHI and Professor of Economics andInternational Affairs at The George WashingtonUniversityProfessor John Hammock, Co-Founder of OPHIand Associate Professor of Public Policy at theFletcher School, Tufts UniversityProfessor Prasanta Pattanaik, Visiting Fellow and Research AssociateDr José Manuel Roche, Research OfficerDr Emma Samman, Research AssociateDr Maria Emma Santos, Research Associate

Dr Suman Seth, Visiting Research Fellow Ms Sarah Valenti, Research Communications OfficerDr Gaston Yalonetzky, Research OfficerMr Diego Zavaleta, Researcher

Networks and partnerships OPHI collaborates closely with other universities,research networks, development agencies,governments and international organisations,and is advised by Professor Sudhir Anand, Sir Tony Atkinson and Professor Amartya Sen.OPHI emerged from and is actively involved in the Human Development and CapabilityAssociation, an association of 700 academics in70 countries. OPHI gratefully acknowledgessupport from the International DevelopmentResearch Centre in Canada, the CanadianInternational Development Agency, AustralianAgency for International Development, the UKDepartment for International Development,Doris Oliver Foundation, Global Giving, KimSamuel-Johnson, United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP) Human DevelopmentReport Office, UNDP Regional Bureau for LatinAmerica and the Caribbean, and anonymousbenefactors.

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17Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

RESEARCH CENTRES

Nearly three decadesafter the establishment of the RSC, the study of forced migration hasbecome a recognisedacademic discipline,embraced by numerouseducational institutionsacross the world. The

need for independent, objective and criticalscholarship on factors determining and resultingfrom the forced displacement of populations hasnever been greater, and the RSC remains in theforefront of shaping the agenda in today’s mostcritical debates.

This prominence is achieved by pursuing threeinterrelated activities: research, teaching anddissemination.

Research The RSC provides multidisciplinary, independentand critical scholarship on factors determiningand resulting from the forced displacement ofpopulations. The centre drives scholarship andsocial scientific debates on forced migrationboth through its own work and by encouragingcollaboration between academics from a widerange of institutions and university departments.

Historically, the RSC focused heavily on thedevelopmental and humanitarian aspects offorced displacement in the global south butmore recently work has also covered northernregimes and perspectives on asylum, and theways in which national agendas can betterrespond to the increasingly complex flows ofmixed migration.

Research is organised around the followingthemes: • Politics and practices of humanitarian

response; • Forced migration, international institutions

and world politics; • State instability, development and forced

migration; • International law, human rights and

displacement; • Lived experience of forced migrants; • Detention, deportation and the control

of migration;

• Belonging, formal status and changes incitizenship;

• Environmental change and mobility.

Teaching The centre’s teaching activities are designed to support and develop the next generation ofscholars and thinkers, as well as to foster a culture of critical reflection within the widerhumanitarian community.

Each year ODID accepts approximately 25students from around the world for the MSc inRefugee and Forced Migration Studies. This nine-month degree course offers a dynamic andintellectually rigorous path to the examination of forced migration resulting from conflict,repressive regimes, environmental change and development policies. Opportunities arealso available for DPhil research supervised by RSC staff.

At the end of each academic year we run anextremely popular policy International SummerSchool. This three-week residential course offersan intensive, interdisciplinary and participativeapproach to the study of forced migrationprimarily for practitioners and policy makers. Thisschool is complemented by a varied programmeof short courses and professional training events.

Dissemination A varied portfolio of publications, informationresources and networking initiatives promotesinfluential engagement with a full range ofacademics, policy makers and practitioners.

The RSC publishes its research widely in booksand journals and through academic papers.It builds networks, run workshops, organisesinternational conferences and delivers policybriefings for a wide spectrum of governmentaland humanitarian stakeholders. Publicationsinclude: the Journal of Refugee Studies, publishedby OUP; the Studies in Forced Migration seriespublished by Berghahn Books; a Working Paperseries and newly developed Policy Briefings series.Forced Migration Review, published by the RSCthree times a year and in four languages, is theworld’s leading forum linking research andpractice on refugee and internal displacementissues. It is distributed free of charge to a globalaudience of around 15,000 individuals and

RefugeeStudiesCentrewww.rsc.ox.ac.uk

The Refugee Studies Centre wasfounded in 1982. Its purpose is to build knowledge and understanding of the causes and effects of forcedmigration in order to help improve the lives of some of the world’s most vulnerable people.

organisations – two thirds of which are in theglobal south – and is also accessible online.

Forced Migration Online – a portal for instant online information on forced migrationworldwide – continues to grow with increasinglymultimedia content. The RSC collections at the Social Science Library form the largestaccumulation of materials worldwide relating toforced displacement. The collections compriseover 39,000 bibliographic records, and are bothan invaluable and unique archive as well as a vitalresource for scholarship and current research forthe study of forced migration.

Significant Projects and Developments2009–10Environmentally displaced people. ProfessorZetter was commissioned by the InternationalOrganisation for Migration to write a chapter for the book Migration, Environment and ClimateChange: Assessing the Evidence. In April 2009 hebriefed the Senior UN Inter-Agency StandingCommittee Principals on strengtheninghumanitarian response to forced displacementand migration resulting from climate change.The Norwegian and Swiss governments andUNHCR are jointly financing a new four-countryresearch project on protecting environmentallydisplaced people: developing the capacity oflegal and normative frameworks. (See page 34for more information.)

Displacement in the Middle East. Dr DawnChatty published Displacement and Dispossessionin the Modern Middle East which traces the historyof those who found themselves cut off from their homelands as a reconstructed Middle East

emerged at the beginning of the 20th century.The book charts how these experiences haveimpacted on society as a whole from the political,social, and environmental perspectives. Dr Chattyalso published the edited volume DeterritorializedYouth: Sahrawi and Afghan Refugees at theMargins of the Middle East. This book comparesand contrasts both the stereotypes and western-based models of humanitarian assistance amongSahrawi youth with the lack of programming and near total self-sufficiency of Afghan refugeeyouth in Iran. Dr Chatty has also been developingthe project ‘Iraq’s refugees: predicaments,perceptions and aspirations’. This project aims to provide independent, in-depth data andanalysis of the overall situation, perspectives andintentions of Iraq’s exiles – over 4 million Iraqidisplaced since 2004.

During 2009–10 the RSC has held a number of high-profile international conferences.

Protecting people in conflict and crisis:responding to the challenges of a changingworld brought together over 180 participants –researchers, humanitarian practitioners andpolicy makers – from more than 50 countries to review the state of policy and practice in thefield of humanitarian protection.

Deportation and the development ofcitizenship encouraged interdisciplinary andcomparative scholarship on deportation, broadlyconceived as the lawful expulsion power ofstates, both as an immigration control and as a social control mechanism.

Romani mobilities in Europe:multidisciplinary perspectives broughttogether scholars and students to discuss themultiple dimensions and impacts of Romanimobilities in Europe.

The protection conference was supported bythe Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and theDeportation and Romani workshops were part ofongoing programmes supported by the JohnFell Fund.

The issue of statelessness is rising steadily on the agenda of the UN, governments and civil society in many parts of the world. Issue 32of Forced Migration Review included 22 articles by academic, international and local actorsdebating the challenges faced by statelesspeople and the search for appropriate responses

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19Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

and solutions. The expanding Policy Briefingsseries included the issue ‘Statelessness,protection and equality’ and Dr Alice Edwards led the new short course ‘Statelessness andInternational Law’ and is expanding related work as part of her project ‘De facto statelessnessand the meaning of ‘effective nationality’’.

Staff as of October 1, 2010Professor Roger Zetter, Director and LeopoldMuller Reader Dr Dawn Chatty, University Reader inAnthropology and Forced Migration and DeputyDirectorMr Erol Canpunar, Outreach Programme Assistant Ms Marion Couldrey, Forced Migration Review,Editor Ms Narola Das, PA to the Director Dr Alice Edwards, Departmental Lecturer inInternational Refugee and Human Rights Law Ms Sharon Ellis, Forced Migration Review Assistant

Ms Heidi El-Megrisi, International SummerSchool and Conferences ManagerDr Matthew J. Gibney, University Reader inPolitics and Forced Migration Mr Richard Haavisto, Pedro Arrupe Tutor Mr Maurice Herson, Forced Migration Review, Editor Dr Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, DepartmentalLecturer in Forced Migration Dr Katy Long, ESRC Postdoctoral Research FellowProfessor Gil Loescher, Visiting Professor Ms Nisrine Mansour, Research Fellow Mr Laurence Medley, Accounts Officer Mr John Pilbeam, Forced Migration Online, WebDevelopment ManagerMs Amelia Richards, Head of Development Ms Heloise Ruaudel, Policy Programme Manager Mr Paul Ryder, Research and Information Manager Dr Nando Sigona, Research Officer Ms Sarah Taylor, Forced Migration Online, WebContent Coordinator

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We are tracking the livesof 12,000 childrengrowing up in fourdeveloping countriesover 15 years. The studycountries – Ethiopia, the

state of Andhra Pradesh in India, Peru andVietnam – were selected to reflect a wide rangeof cultural, political, geographical and socialcontexts. Our research is based on a survey of all12,000 children and their households every threeyears to gather a wide range of informationabout their economic circumstances, health,education, and social relationships. This iscombined with in-depth participatory researchwith a smaller group of the children, to discovermore about their attitudes, hopes, aspirationsand the rich detail of their daily lives.

The three main strands of our work – datacollection, data analysis and research, and researchcommunications and policy engagement – are forthe first time starting to coalesce as new findingsand new ideas emerge. This is perhaps the intrinsicnature of a longitudinal study – that over time thevalue and the potential of the dataset grows, thescope of the analysis possible to undertakebroadens, and the emerging narratives becomemore complex, interesting and significant.Education: we find there are high levels ofoverall enrolment for both older children (aged12–13) and younger children (aged 7–8). Even in Ethiopia, where the school system faces mostchallenges, 94 per cent of children were enrolled,significantly more than in previous years, in partdue to the investment made by government as its commitment to meeting the MillenniumDevelopment Goals. However, we also find thathousehold adversities such as parental death,illness and drought interrupt children’s educationin all countries. And also that quantity may notmean quality: although 94 per cent of the olderchildren were enrolled in school, 39 per centcould not read a basic sentence.

Nevertheless, we find that children and theirparents are overwhelmingly positive abouteducation and have high expectations. Parentssee education as an investment in their children’sfuture and children want to stay on until secondaryschool and even university, although for many,their opportunities are extremely limited.

In addition to the household survey, we havepiloted a survey of the character and quality of schools attended by Young Lives children in Ethiopia, which will be replicated in the otherstudy countries later. This information will beindexed to the information we already holdabout the children, their families, and theireducational outcomes, and will greatly enhancethe potential to answer questions aboutchildren’s experiences of education, the qualityof schools, and their effectiveness in combatinginequality and intervening in theintergenerational transmission of poverty.Children’s work: Understanding the importanceof work in children’s lives is an increasing focus ofthe Round 3 survey. We will look at the children’sattitudes to work and what they reveal about itsimportance for building confidence and a senseof their own place within their family andcommunity. Studies of child learning in formal orinformal settings – in school or at work and in thecommunity – will examine the skills youngpeople need and how they acquire them. Andwe will continue to look at how children balancework (paid or unpaid, in the home or in a familyor local business) with school and their otherresponsibilities, and what this reveals about howdifferent choices affect children’s life chances(particularly boys and girls). Nutrition and health: Research undertaken by Young Lives for the UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report finds strongassociations between poor nutrition in the firstmonths of life (6 to 18 months) and cognitivedevelopment scores at the ages of 4 and 5. These findings provide new evidence for theimportance of early child nutrition not just forchildren’s immediate physical well-being, butalso their long-term potential for intellectualdevelopment. In further rounds of research, we will be able to investigate the relationshipbetween early child nutrition and cognitivedevelopment further and explore how fardelayed cognitive development at the age of 5 translates into reduced school achievement,economic prospects and productivity later in life. We will also be able to explore whether and how the effects of early child malnutrition oncognitive development might be reversible. (See pages 33 to 34 for more information.)

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Young Lives is a long-term internationalresearch project which aims to improveunderstanding of the dynamics, causesand consequences of childhood povertyand provide evidence to support thedevelopment of effective policies andpractice for reducing poverty andbreaking enduring poverty cycles.

21Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

A self-administered questionnaire weintroduced with the older children (aged 15 to 16) as part of the Round 3 survey is a highlypromising source of data, which exploreswhether children and young people haveexperienced physical or emotional violence,sexual harassment or bullying. The confidentialquestionnaire also addresses children’s riskbehaviours, for example: smoking, drinking,drug-use, and sexual relationships. Social protection: We have found a positiveimpact of social protection programmes on childwelfare in Ethiopia (the Productive Safety NetProgramme, PSNP), in India (the National RuralEmployment Guarantee Scheme, Midday MealScheme), and Peru (the conditional cash transferprogramme, Juntos), including on nutrition andhealth, education and cognitive development, as well as the positive impact of the PSNP inprotecting household assets. We have alsodocumented the significance of differentadversities (e.g. death of a parent, climatic shocksand agricultural losses) on child nutrition. Thedeath of a parent represents the most significantrisk to nutrition, though less so for younger thanolder children.

Some evidence has been found for unintendedadverse impacts. For example, the emphasis inJuntos on human capital may be underminingsocial capital in Peru. In Ethiopia, the PSNPincreases time girls spent on studying but alsoincreased the paid work of some children. Young Lives is a collaborative research project,coordinated by a small team at the University of Oxford’sDepartment of International Development, workingwith private and government research institutes in the

study countries, together with the Open University andthe International NGO, Save the Children.

Young Lives is core-funded by UKaid from theDepartment for International Development (DFID) from2001 to 2017, and co-funded by the Netherlands Ministryof Foreign Affairs from 2010 to 2014.

Staff as of October 1, 2010Dr Proochista Ariana, Research Associate (Health)Ms Inka Barnett, Research Officer (Health)Dr Jo Boyden, Young Lives Director/UniversityReader in International DevelopmentMs Neha Batura, Research AssistantMr Graham Bray, Programme ManagerDr Michelle Chew, AdministratorDr Gina Crivello, Research OfficerProfessor Stefan Dercon, Poverty Research DirectorDr Paul Dornan, Senior Policy OfficerDr Andreas Georgiadis, Research OfficerMs Caroline Knowles, Communications ManagerMs Sofya Krutikova, Research OfficerMs Emma Merry, Communications AssistantDr Virginia Morrow, Research Associate (Institute of Education, London)Ms Helen Murray, Policy OfficerMs Kate Orkin, Research Assistant (school survey)Ms Kirrily Pells, Policy OfficerMs Christine Pollard, Part-time Project AccountsOfficer Mr Abhijeet Singh, Quantitative ResearchAssistantMs Anne Solon, Data and Survey ManagerMs Natalia Streuli, Research AssistantProfessor Martin Woodhead, Childhood ResearchDirector (The Open University)

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The International GenderStudies centre (IGS),currently directed by DrMaria Jaschok, undertakescritical scholarly research

on the contribution of and constraints facing womenaround the globe. It consists of a small, highlycommitted community with diverse backgrounds,nationalities and disciplines. Composed mainly ofQEH Research Associates, the Centre members’contribution to the vitality of IGS is indispensable;they contribute to publications; to supervision in support of a highly successful internationalVisiting Research Fellowship Programme; and to the convening of workshops and seminars.

IGS was a key institutional partner in a DFID-funded programme entitled ‘Women in MuslimContexts’ (WEMC) between 2006 and 2010. Maria Jaschok was a member of the ResearchManagement Team of the RPC and also in chargeof the China-based project sites in central andnorthwest Chinese Muslim communities. Theprogramme came to an end in June.

Recent Activities WEMC As part of the WEMC programme, MariaJaschok participated in a research managementcommittee meeting in Hong Kong in January2010 to decide the final outcomes and ensure thesustainability of on-going initiatives. In March andApril 2010 she conducted research and site visitsto Zhengzhou, Lanzhou and Linxia in China andin May 2010 she participated in a MethodologyWorkshop in Chiang Mai. In July, final reports anddeliverables were submitted to DFID and on July6–9 a workshop was held with the China partnersin Beijing. Activities included preparation of five papers for submission as a special issue ofGeografia – Malaysian Journal of Society and Space and also of a funding application for acollaborative project arising from WEMC entitled‘Reflexivity and Women’s Voices – a multi-voicenarration from a post-development perspective’.The Institute for Empowerment of Women, HongKong (IWE), announced in July that the projecthad been adopted as a priority project for whichit would seek to raise funds. The next conference,funded by IWE, will be held in Bangkok. Conferences The IGS co-convened with theBeijing Bei Wai Daxue (Foreign Language

University) and the Berlin Freie Universität aninternational conference entitled ‘ChineseWomen Organizing’ held in Beijing in July 2010.Funding for the conference came from the FordFoundation (Beijing), Berlin FU and the MisereorFoundation, Augsburg. Maria Jaschok gave thekeynote speech entitled ‘Chinese WomenOrganizing – looking back, looking forward’.

The IGS is also hosting an internationalworkshop provisionally entitled ‘Overcoming the perverse incentives of development funding’,planned for February 2011 at ODID. The one-dayinternational workshop is being convened by IGSand the DSA gender policy study group.

Publications by IGS members• Momson, Janet (ed.). 2010. Gender and

Development (2nd ed.) London/New York:Routledge.

• Coles, Anne, and Katie Walsh. 2010. ‘Fromtrucial states to post-colonial city: Britishexpatriate identities in Dubai’. Journal ofMigration and Ethnic Studies 36 (8): 1317–34.

• Coles, Anne. 2009. ‘Domestic water provisionand gender roles in drylands’ in HAGAR Studiesin Culture, Polity and Identities 9 (1).

• Okely, Judith. 2010. ‘Fieldwork as freeassociation and free passage’. In H. Wulff, M.Melhuus, and J. Mitchell (eds) EthnographicPractice in the Present. Oxford: Berghahn Books.

In addition, Maria Jaschok is finalising a co-authoredbook for Routledge (New York) entitled Women,Religion, and Space in China. Other activities On May 19, 2010, Dr SondraHausner gave the IGS’s Barbara E WardCommemorative Lecture entitled Ritual Redemptionin London’s Economy of Love at St Antony’s College.

The IGS continues to run a mailing list and topublish a bi-annual newsletter. IGS memberscontribute lectures on ‘Feminist Theories andMethodology’ to the MSt in Women’s Studies aswell as convening and teaching the GenderOption course for the degree in Archaeology andAnthropology. Maria Jaschok is also preparing, withMasooda Bano, a ‘Gender and Development’ optionfor the MPhil in Development Studies.

A funding application for a major research projecthas been made to the ESRC; other applications are inprocess. A small seed grant (July 2010–January 2011)has made it possible to pursue and develop furtherfundraising opportunities.

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InternationalGenderStudies www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/igs

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RESEARCH PROGRAMMES

The Programme for Management andTechnology for Development, directed by Dr Xiaolan Fu, aims to carry out cutting-edgeresearch to further our understanding of thedevelopment of technology and managementin the developing world. It is a world-wideplatform for interdisciplinary research in this area. Its main research includes the role ofinternational trade and foreign direct investmentin economic growth and development; industrialpolicy and industrialisation; innovation and technological capabilities; managerialcapabilities and corporate development; and technology for development.

This programme was set up in memory of thelate Professor Sanjaya Lall, a global authority indevelopment economics, who died in 2005.

The programme’s current research focuses on:

China and the evolution of globalmanufacturing prices. This ESRC-fundedresearch tests the view that China’s globalexpansion has undermined prices by examiningprice trends of manufactured products importedinto the Triad economies of the US, the EU andJapan, over the period 1988–2006. The prices ofproducts sourced from China are compared withthe same products imported from differentcategories of countries. It also analyses the pricebehaviour of different groups of productsdefined by their technological intensity,addressing the related view that Chinesecompetition is progressing from low-technologyproducts to medium- and hi-technologyproducts. The analysis of global prices isconducted at a high level of detail in order toavoid aggregation effects distorting the analysisof product prices. It builds on an earlier DFID-funded research project focusing on the impactof China on the exports of low-income countriesto the EU.Rural e-services: participatory co-design ofsoftware and business models in India. This EPSRC-funded project works with ruralcooperatives in India to develop new sustainableways to deliver e-services and develop innovation

capacity in the way available information andcommunication technologies are used. Byemploying ‘best practice’ participatory methods,the projects examines how technology designand the design of sustainable business modelscan be combined in order to meet informationand communication technology (ICS) goals fordevelopment. The project involves collaborationbetween UK researchers and local developmentorganisations.The role of management practices in closingthe productivity gap. This EPSRC-fundedproject examines two advanced country cases inthe first instance. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted, involving a mix of case study andsurvey methods. The project aims to identify keyaspects of management activity for productivity,assess the role of management practices in theproductivity gap and generate ideas for goodpractice for productivity improvements to beapplied to developing countries.Renewable energy technology and thepolitical economy of energy. Markets arepolitical phenomena. This project funded by theBritish Academy analyses the comparativepolitics of market structure, collective action,social embeddedness, state participation andstate regulation in the renewable energy sector.Advanced and developing country companycases are developed and compared. Ourresearch in this area focuses on the politics ofenergy markets, renewable energy technologydevelopment in India and village-level studies.Research in this area involves collaborationbetween UK and Indian researchers.

Recent activityThe PMTD held a two-day internationalconference on ‘Global Economic Recovery: TheRole of China and Other Emerging Economies’ inJuly 2010, the largest event held in Europe withinthe field of Chinese economics and businessstudies. About 250 participants attended theconference, including the Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Dr SupachaiPanitchpakdi, who gave a keynote speech on‘Rebalancing Global Growth: the Role of Chinaand Emerging Economies’.

This conference was the 21st Annual

The Programmefor Managementand Technologyfor Development www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd

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conference of the Chinese Economic Association(Europe) co-organised by PTMD, ODID, theOxford University China Centre, the EconomicsDepartment and the Association. Dr Xiaolan Fuwas elected President of the Chinese EconomicAssociation (Europe).

The PTMD project on rural e-services toprovide farmers in rural India with expert adviceon resolving problems with their crops usingmobile camera phones won the Manthan South

Asia Digital Empowerment Award. This project is funded by the EPSRC and carried out byresearchers from the PTMD at ODID and other UK universities and in NGOs in India.

The PTMD was awarded Astor Open Lecturefunding, and co-organised the 2010 Astor OpenLecture with Oxford University’s China Centre.The lecture was delivered by Professor BarryNaughton on ‘The Chinese Counter-Reformation:Rebuilding the State for a New Era’.

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Jocelyn AlexanderJocelyn Alexander’s long-standing research onviolence and memory and on rural politics andland in southern Africa is ongoing. She is at thesame time engaged in a new area of research on the history and politics of law, crime andpunishment. She recently organised aninternational conference on the history andlegacies of punishment in southern Africa, thepapers from which will constitute a special issueof the Journal of Southern African Studies. Herwork currently focuses on political imprisonmentin Zimbabwe, both as a historical practice thatcentrally defined nationalist politics and as acontemporary means of disciplining citizens.

Proochista ArianaProochista Ariana’s research empirically examines the interaction between processes ofdevelopment and health with an appreciationfor the complexity of both. She uses AmartyaSen’s capability approach to understand health,its multidimensional nature, and the factorswhich may affect populations’ capability toachieve health. She has recently completedresearch on the health implications of transitionamong indigenous populations in southernMexico and is currently involved in a projectexamining economic development and health in rural China. She is also in the process ofdeveloping a research programme to generateevidence on precisely how broader socialprotection schemes can address shortcomingsin health in contexts where healthcareinfrastructure and human resources in health are deficient.

Masooda BanoMasooda Bano currently holds an ESRC/AHRCIdeas and Beliefs Fellowship under the GlobalUncertainties programme involving the sevenUK Research Councils. Her primary area ofinterest rests in studying the role of ideas andbeliefs in development processes and theirevolution and change. She is particularlyinterested in understanding the dynamicinterplay between material and psycho-socialincentives and its consequences for individualchoices and collective development outcome.

Most of Dr Bano’s recent studies have focused

on understanding how traditional Musliminstitutions have responded to processes ofsocio-economic and political change. She hasstudied the state-led madrasa reformprogrammes in South Asia, Middle East andnorthern Nigeria leading to important findingsabout the different levels of success of theseprogrammes. During the last year, she has alsofinished her major project countering many ofthe myths about madrasas and jihad in Pakistan.Under her current fellowship, she is studying thefactors leading to the rise of female Islamiceducation movements in Pakistan, northernNigeria and Syria and the competition they poseto western-style feminist groups.

Dr Bano engages in field-based studies oftenin collaboration with different developmentagencies. She uses mixed methods for most ofher studies combining ethnographic, interviewand survey data. Currently, she is collaboratingwith Abigail Barr to test some of the hypothesesemerging from her ethnographic studies aboutcauses of institutional change using field-basedexperiments with female madrasa students inPakistan. Dr Bano also has a long-term researchinterest in studying the impact of aid oncollective action institutions in ruralcommunities in the south.

Abigail BarrAbigail Barr’s research focuses on the role ofinformal institutions – internalised socialpreferences, norms, values, social sanctioningdevices and social networks – in determiningeconomic and social decisions and outcomes. She uses behavioural experiments, surveys, and structured group interview techniques togenerate original data on individual behaviourwithin a diverse range of social contexts.Recently she joined forces with Masooda Bano to embark on a mixed-methods investigationinto the role of Islam as a coping mechanism forwomen in Pakistan. In other ongoing projectsshe is investigating: the social factors thatsupport and undermine formally endorsed localaccountability mechanisms in the educationsectors of Uganda and Albania; risk sharing inZimbabwe and Colombia; individual attitudestowards risk and loss in Ghana; and thedeterminants of individual notions of distributive

Otherresearch

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justice in the UK and the Republic of South Africa.As well as being a researcher at the OxfordDepartment of International Development, she isan associate at the Nuffield Centre for ExperimentalSocial Sciences, the Centre for the Study of AfricanEconomies and the Institute of Fiscal Studies, and amember of the Human Sociality Project.

Corneliu BjolaCorneliu Bjola’s research lies at the nexus ofinternational diplomacy and international ethicsand focuses on questions relating to howdiplomacy handles demands for global stabilityvs. global justice. While both are consideredessential ingredients of global ordering, stabilityis generally favoured for its propensity toimprove international security, while justice isvalued for its constitutive pull on actors’identities, interests, and patterns of interaction.However, little is understood about theconditions under which stability and justicereinforce or undermine each other asmechanisms of global ordering. The researchcontributes to this debate by exploring the roleof diplomacy in shaping actors’ understandingsand action strategies around compatibleconceptions of global stability and justice. Froman empirical perspective, the research examinesthe scope conditions for a diplomatic course that

could bridge the negotiation gap on these twopoints between the north and the south inaddressing the climate change crisis.

Valpy FitzGeraldValpy FitzGerald’s duties as Head of Departmentleave little time (or energy) for original research.However he is working on the reform ofinternational taxation as a means ofunderpinning a sustainable public financemodel for developing countries, and reducingaid dependence. This work is carried out with theUN Department of Economic and Social Affairs,the Institute for Policy Dialog at ColumbiaUniversity and the Tax Justice Network. Thisproject includes both the construction of thenew ‘Plato Index’ for direct tax incidence and thepolitical economy of international taxgovernance. Professor FitzGerald is also leading aproject within the European Security Economics(EUSECON) programme funded under ECFramework 7, on the economic logic of greyassets and black transactions through offshorefinancial centres, which builds on previous workwith Professor Frances Stewart on theinternational economics of conflict indeveloping countries. He also continues work onthe quantitative economic history of LatinAmerica over the longue durée for a long-delayedbook to be published (eventually) by the OxfordUniversity Press.

Jörg FriedrichsJörg Friedrichs is currently working at theintersection of international relations and politicalsociology. In particular, he is studying the nexusbetween energy resources and social change.From its inception, industrial capitalism has beenbased on abundant energy. A global decline inaccess to energy, and particularly a decline in oilproduction (‘peak oil’), would lead to a variety ofreactions in different parts of the world. JörgFriedrichs has shown this in a recent article andvarious online publications. Over the next coupleof years, he is planning to further analyse themultiple ways in which energy resources andsocial change are interconnected. He is alsoplanning to extend his longstanding interest inchanging uses of force, placing particular focuson the devolution of force to communal groups

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OTHER RESEARCH

such as Sharia courts. The diverging coercivepractices of these groups and the socialconsequences will be examined for differentkinds of industrialised and developing countries.

Roya GhafeleIf property rights are the constitutive elementsfor markets to prosper, then how can we bestgrasp the effects of ‘intellectual’ property rightson markets for innovation and creativity? So far,intellectual property has been primarilyunderstood through a legal lens and issuesrelated to access conditions have dominated theliterature. Yet, I believe that the introduction ofproperty rights over expressions of the humanmind is the constitutive element for marketsdriven by ‘intangibles’. If the law is constitutive ofeconomic activity, if we know that the guaranteeover private property is a paramount conditionfor markets to prosper, then I believe we do notunderstand well enough the dynamics, effectsand conditions under which ‘intellectual’property establishes markets for innovative andcreative expression. So far, research has beenable to illustrate that there is a link between a lackof respect for property and poverty indeveloping countries; yet, nothing has been saidon the opportunities and pitfalls associated withthe introduction of property rights overexpressions of the human mind in developingcounty contexts. The privatization of knowledgeis the latest feature of contemporaryglobalization processes. A fist generation ofresearch asked to what extent strong intellectualproperty regimes promote Foreign DirectInvestment. I believe we are beyond thatquestion. If the rules of the game are changing ata so far unseen speed, if the driving parameter isless and less ownership over tangibles, but overintangibles, then we need to investigate whattype of institutional conditions work or don’twork in developing country contexts for theleverage of proprietary innovation.

Nandini GooptuNandini Gooptu’s research examines the social,cultural and political dimensions of India’s neo-liberal transformation and globalisation. Theresearch concentrates on urban areas that are now seen as India’s main drivers of growth. The

focus is on youth and young people, who arehighly valued as the country’s ‘demographicdividend’, and are targeted by the state andcapital alike as ideal citizens, workers andconsumers. The analysis is approached primarilythrough the prism of enterprise culture. Whileentrepreneurship or entrepreneurial mentality isusually associated with the economy andbusiness, this research conceives of enterpriseculture in the broader sense of recastingmindsets and individual subjectivity, with profound social and political implications far beyond the economic sphere. The hallmarks of enterprise culture, affecting all walks of life, arerisk-taking, innovation, creativity, optimism,pragmatism and flexibility. The protagonists ofenterprise culture are taken to be goal-oriented,individualistic, self-directed and responsible fortheir own well-being and self-development. Thecreation of an enterprise culture, withautonomous self-governed subjects, is key to (a)the crafting of suitable workers and economicactors for a more open and competitive marketeconomy; and (b) the moulding of propercitizens of a state that is being re-engineeredprimarily as the enabler of the market and ofbusiness, with a secondary role, shared withprivate entities, in the provision of public goodsand services.

Yvan GuichaouaYvan Guichaoua is continuing his research aspart of MICROCON – a micro-level analysis of violent conflict. MICROCON is a five-yearresearch programme funded by the EuropeanCommission, which takes an innovative micro-level, multidisciplinary approach to the study ofthe conflict cycle. His work at ODID in 2010–11elaborates on previous fieldwork and datacollection carried out in northern Niger. Work sofar has looked at the profiles and motives of theinsurgents who took up arms between 2007 and2009. The interviews recorded contain materialon combatants’ biographies that needs furtherexploration. Extensive work has also been doneto trace the organisational dynamics of thevarious groups of rebels that were involved in theconflict. Going back to the field is impossible forsafety reasons but he will continue to collect datato trace the evolution of the armed groups in

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the Sahel region, which will allow for a deeperunderstanding of insurgencies’ organisationaloutcomes. New papers are envisaged on bothcombatants’ biographies and the organisationaloutcomes of insurgencies.

Rodney Bruce HallRodney Bruce Hall’s research interests include the study of the mechanisms of global financialgovernance in the developing and developedworlds, the construction and evolution of theinternational monetary system and monetaryinstitutions, the social construction of economictheory and systems, the mechanisms of privateand public global governance, and internationalrelations theory.

Dr Hall’s current research is focused on theproblems of global finance, and indications of a crisis in financial economics due to the failure

of its products and central hypothesis regardingthe nature of market rationality to be observablein the global financial crisis. He is engaged inlarge-N interview research in financial centreswith market participants in a project aimed atinductively generating a more socialised accountof market rationality, as well as the social andeconomic mechanisms by which the phases of a financial crisis develop.

Barbara Harriss-WhiteBarbara Harriss-White is director of theContemporary South Asian Studies Programmeat the School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies.She is on sabbatical research leave at ODID.

Barbara Harriss-White’s research focuses on thefollowing four broad themes:

Political economy of markets; institutions andthe dynamics of institutional change; embedded

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economic behaviour; social structures ofaccumulation; capitalist transformation;associated policy processes.

Commodification; value/supply chains;industrial clusters and their politics.

Poverty; deprivation; social discrimination andageing; slums.

Market-driven politics: energy and climatechange; technology and climate change.

Adeel MalikAdeel Malik’s research focuses on exploring thecauses and consequences of economic fluctuationsin developing countries. His empirical researchcombines both aggregate data on developingeconomies and micro-level data on firms. Recentpapers have focused on long-run explanationsfor development, including the comparative roleof geography, trade and institutions. Dr Malik hasa growing interest in the political economy ofnatural resources, with a special reference toresource-rich economies of the Middle East. Herecently finished a paper on oil and developmentin the Islamic Republic of Iran. As a side project,he continues to research the historical origins ofinequality and underdevelopment in Pakistan.

Laura RivalLaura Rival is currently working on a number ofprojects that explore the links between biologicaland cultural diversity in the Amazon basin, andbring together her research on nature, societyand development in Latin America. She hascompleted a project on Ecuador’s proposal tokeep 20 per cent of its oil reserves untouchedunderneath the Yasuní National Park. In 2009–10,she collaborated with a team of climate scientistson a project funded by the Ecosystem Services forPoverty Alleviation consortium, entitled ‘ValuingRainforests as Global Eco-Utilities: A NovelMechanism to Pay Communities for RegionalScale Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services’ providedby the Amazon. She is now researchingecologically-designed food systems, and hopesthat her research findings will feed into currentpolicy debates on food and agriculture. Finally,she is developing the Environmental and SocialPolicy Integration Network (ESPIN) with a groupof social scientists, natural scientists and policymakers working in Latin America.

Diego Sánchez-AncocheaDiego Sánchez-Ancochea’s research concentrateson two different areas related to incomedistribution and socio-economic upgrading insmall countries: social policy and structuraltransformation. He has been working with JulianaMartinez from the University of Costa Rica on aproject that explores the origins and evolution ofthe social state in Costa Rica. This research exploresthe factors behind Costa Rica’s success in creatinguniversal social policies, highlighting the linksbetween political agency and socio-economicstructure. The project received a small grant fromthe British Academy and has already resulted in apaper presented at conferences in Buenos Airesand Toronto.

During 2009–10, Dr Sánchez-Ancochea alsoworked on collaborative research on the middleincome trap in Latin American countries withfunding from the Latin American StudiesAssociation. The project explains why smallcountries like Chile, Costa Rica and the DominicanRepublic are struggling to upgrade their economicstructure and develop new technologicalcapabilities. Members of the team met in MountHolyoke College and Toronto and plan to publishtheir results in a co-edited volume or a specialissue in a major development journal. During thesummer of 2010, Dr Sánchez-Ancochea preparedworking papers for the Latin American TradeNetwork on Costa Rica’s export processing zonesand for the International Labour Organization onthe impact of the global crisis on Latin America.He has also undertaken research on the nature ofthe Association Agreements promoted by theEuropean Union with funding from the LatinAmerican Programme of the British Academy.

Nikita SudNikita Sud’s book Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalismand The State will be published by Oxford UniversityPress, Delhi, in 2011. This work interrogates the shiftin the state in Gujarat, western India, frominterventionist developmentalism andmodernising secularism in the 1950s and ‘60s, toits current embrace of economic liberalisation onthe one hand and an illiberal politics based onethno-religious divisiveness on the other. In 2010,she also organised an international conference onthe multi-dimensional significance of religion in

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Gujarat’s history, economy, politics and sociology.A special issue of the journal South Asia will resultfrom this event in December 2011. It will be co-edited by Dr Sud and Professor Harald Tambs-Lyche from the Université de Picardie Jules Verne.Currently, Dr Sud is developing a proposal tostudy the clash between economic growth,democratic politics and sustainable developmentin India. The contentious theme of landliberalisation will be the focus of the study. It willcover several regions and will produce a criticalperspective of the new and highly complex India.

Zaki WahhajZaki Wahhaj's research focuses on two broadthemes: the microeconomic analysis of decision-making within households, and the role of socialnorms and informal institutions on economicbehaviour. His recent theoretical work includesthe analysis of intra-household bargaining in thepresence of a microfinance programme in apatriarchal setting, and the role of social norms inconstraining household saving and investmentin communities with informal risk-sharingarrangements. He is currently involved in aproject to measure the long-term impact of afemale secondary school stipend programme inBangladesh on outcomes relating to marriage,fertility and female employment, and to identifythe role of gender norms – transmitted fromschool teachers to pupils – in this process. In aseparate project based in Burkina Faso, he isexploring whether a particular institution for theallocation of farmland within households isaffected by demographic changes in householdstructures. He is also involved in two projects onthe role of beliefs in informal institutional

arrangements. The first explores howheterogeneous beliefs about the likelihood ofadverse shocks affect informal risk-sharing; thesecond explores the role of higher-order beliefsin sustaining social sanctions and social taboos.

Adrian WoodAdrian Wood’s research continues to focus mainlyon interactions between the global economy andnational human resources, including the influenceon inequalities in both north and south ofinternational mobility of highly skilled workersand the implications for development of the widevariation among southern countries in both humanand natural resource endowments. In this context, amajor project has been to develop a formalisationof Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory that is moreconsistent with the evidence than the now-standard model, but remains simple enough tobe useful.

Another major project has been to extend hisearlier empirical analysis of the effects of factorendowments on the sectoral structure of outputand exports, using a greatly improved dataset. Arecent application is an assessment of the extentto which China’s opening to trade hasdeindustrialised other developing countries.

His research on the political economy of aidhas concentrated on the possible adverse effectson political accountability and hence ondevelopment of sustained high levels of aid, whichmake it less necessary for governments to tax theircitizens. A solution could be the addition of theprinciple of burden-sharing to the ‘Paris agenda’.

VisitorsThe department welcomes applications fromscholars coming from abroad or elsewhere in the UK who wish to pursue research at Oxford in the area of Development Studies. Visitingscholars work on their own research projects,but attend and participate in the wide variety oflectures and seminars available in the university.

The department is unfortunately unable tooffer any financial support towards the costs ofvisiting fellows or scholars. We encourageapplicants to seek funding from agencies andinstitutions in their own countries, as well asfrom the British Council, the Ford Foundation,DFID and other grant-making bodies.

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Visitors to ODID

2008–09Darshan Vigneswaran, University of Witwatersrand,South AfricaAnita Dixit, Jawaharlal Nehru University, IndiaLynette Parker, University of Western AustraliaLahoucine Amzil, Université Mohammed V, MoroccoDaniela Marconi, Bank of Italy, Rome Sara Pavan, University of Rome, ItalyTina Miller, Oxford Brookes UniversityTin Tin Htun, Temple University, JapanNazish Brohi, Independent Scholar, PakistanArusha Cooray, University of Wollongong, AustraliaMaria Francesca D'Agostino, University of Calabria,ItalyHenar Diez, University of the Basque Country, SpainNiaz Khan, University of Dhaka, BangladeshDeepak Mishra, Jawaharlal Nehru University, IndiaMasood Awan, University of Sargodha, PakistanMichael Hooper, Stanford University, USASundari Sundaram, Mother Teresa Women’sUniversity, IndiaShujin Zhu, Hunan University, China Rotimi Suberu, Bennington College, USANino Abakelia, Ilia Chavchavadze State University,GeorgiaXiaolin Wang, Chinese Academy of Science andTechnology for Development Barbara Rugendyke, University of New England,AustraliaFatemeh Ashrafi, HANI Association of Protection forRefugee Women and Children, IranCasilda Lasso de la Vega, University of the BasqueCountry, SpainKe Man, The Chinese University of Hong KongHuda Al-Khaizaran, Independent Scholar, UKIrial Glynn, European University Institute, FlorenceThais Bessa, UNIFEM, BrazilEdward Benson, UNHCR, AlgeriaPaola Cubas Barragan, Foro Consultivo Científico yTecnológico, MexicoAshok Chakravarti, University of ZimbabweP.B. Anand, University of BradfordFangrui Wang, Zhejiang University, China

2009–10 Helen Johnson, University of Queensland, AustraliaPnina Motzafi-Haller, Ben Gurion University, Israel Mohamed Berriane, Université Mohammed V,MoroccoLidia de Tienda Palop, University of ValenciaJay Marlowe, Flinders University, AustraliaJames Simeon, York University, Toronto

Marianna Leite, Casa de Daura/AGESDH, Rio deJaneiro, BrazilVanessa Holzer, University of Frankfurt, GermanyHongru Xiong, Tsinghua University, ChinaNathalie Koc-Menard, University of Michigan, USASara Sanders, University of California, San Diego, USANayra Garcia Gonzalez, University of Granada, SpainJacqueline Best, University of Ottawa, CanadaRajith Lakshman, University of Colombo, Sri LankaAmita Shastri, San Francisco State University, USADougal Hutchison, National Foundation forEducational Research in England and WalesJulien Brachet, Institute of Research for Development(IRD), FranceMallika Shakya, World Bank, Washington DCOlof Frodin, Lund University, SwedenZainal Yusof, National Economic Advisory Council,MalaysiaBob Baulch, Prosperity Initiative, VietnamMung Lar Lam, Art Institute of California, USADeirdre Raftery, University College Dublin Yan Xu, Minzu University of ChinaGabriele Tomei, University of Pisa, ItalyParomita Chakravarti, Jadavpur University, IndiaRangan Chakravarty, Independent Scholar, IndiaMambwe Kasese-Hara, University of theWitwatersrand, South AfricaJulia Bertino Moriera, University of Campinas, BrazilOihana Aristondo, University of the Basque Country,SpainAmaia de Sarachu Campos, University of the BasqueCountry, SpainLinda Briskman, Curtin University of Technology,AustraliaDidi Xu, University of International Business andEconomics, China

2010–11Sebastian Silva-Leander, United NationsOrganization Mission in DR Congo (MONUC)Martin Lemberg Pedersen, University ofCopenhagen, DenmarkLee Anne de la Hunt, University of Cape Town, SouthAfricaJens Olaf Kleist, Freie Universität Berlin, GermanyAndrea Pacheo Pacifico, York University, TorontoRongwei Ren, Sun Yat-sen University, ChinaYan Zhou, Sun Yat-sen University, ChinaVioleta Moreno Lax, Université catholique deLouvain, Belgium

For further information on visiting ODID,contact the ODID affiliations secretary or referto the relevant centre websites.

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Our teaching trainsgenerations of youngpeople who becomedevelopmentpractitioners, policy

makers and even academics in their turn. Ourresearch aims not so much at resolving problemsof policy implementation as at the analysis ofevidence that can lead to improved policy designby governments and international organisations onthe one hand, and civil society on the other. In anycase, scholarly research necessarily has a long lead-time and thus cannot respond to immediate policyimperatives: there is a sense in which it must bespeculative and critical. Thus the departmentdoes not supply consultancy services or rundevelopment projects, although our members doengage as policy advisors and our research centressupport the institutional development of researchorganisations overseas. In short, we see our researchas setting agendas rather than following them.

Research at the department over the pastdecade has influenced key policy fields rangingfrom human development and childhood poverty,through technology transfer and global finance,to international migration and civil conflict. Ineach case, our research has been initiated by theintellectual curiosity of scholars, supported by awide range of strategic funding sources, and itspolicy impact is a consequence rather than a cause.

Here are five examples (among many) of theimpact of our current work:

A new measure of multidimensionalpovertyResearchers at the Oxford Poverty and HumanDevelopment Initiative have created a newmethodology for measuring poverty that has beenadopted by the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)’s flagship Human DevelopmentReport and national governments.

At the national and international level poverty isusually measured using income alone. Yet manyagree that poverty is multidimensional. Peopleliving in poverty describe their ill-being ascomprising low income and poor-quality work, illhealth and a fear of health problems, having to skipmeals, not being educated, being disempowered,experiencing violence and humiliation, and soon. And contrary to popular opinion, the people

whose lives are battered by the most deprivationsmay not be the poorest in terms of income. Thoseworking to reduce poverty need information on key deprivations that affect people’s lives. Achallenge has been how to construct a povertymeasure that shows which deprivations eachperson or household experiences at the same time.

Recognising this, OPHI Director Dr SabinaAlkire and Professor James Foster, OPHI ResearchAssociate and Professor at George WashingtonUniversity, developed a methodology formeasuring multidimensional poverty that capturesthe overlapping deprivations faced by each personor household. Their methodology creates povertymeasures that incorporate a range of indicators(which can include income) tailored to specificsocieties and situations, to capture the complexityof poverty and better inform policies to reduce it.

In 2010, OPHI used this methodology to createa new international poverty measure – theMultidimensional Poverty Index or MPI – for theUNDP’s 20th Anniversary Human DevelopmentReport. The new MPI directly measures keydeprivations in education, health and livingstandards to build a vivid picture of people livingin poverty across 104 developing countries. Itcan be used as an analytical tool by governmentsand development agencies to identify the mostvulnerable people, show the aspects in which they are deprived, and help reveal theinterconnections among deprivations.

Mexico and Bhutan have also used themethodology to implement their own nationalmeasures of poverty and well-being. Themethodology is popular because it is rigorous,flexible – countries can decide their ownindicators, weights and cutoffs – and can bedecomposed by population sub-group andbroken down by dimension to give a ‘highresolution’ view of poor people’s lives.

Examining the links between inequalityand conflictUnderstanding what causes ethnic and religious conflictis a key international policy concern. Work by the Centrefor Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicityhas shown that group inequalities are a significantfactor.

Religious and ethnic conflict in developingcountries has increased since the end of the Cold

PolicyImpactThe work of ODID – both teaching and research – is explicitly designed tohave an impact on the real world, withthe aim of improving the developmentoutcomes for poor countries.

33Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

War, but little research has been carried out intothe role played by group inequalities in causing it.In fact, international policy towards developingcountries has only recently begun to address theproblem of inequality and has focused primarilyon inequalities in income between individuals.

The aim of CRISE has been to understand what it calls ‘horizontal inequalities’ – inequalitiesbetween groups in multiple dimensions – andhow these link to conflict. These include socio-economic inequalities (for example how muchaccess do groups have to different assets or toservices such as health and education?); politicalinequalities (how well represented are differentgroups in the political hierarchy?); and inequalitiesin cultural status (are groups’ languages, religionsand cultural practices recognised and respected?).

Combining case studies in West Africa, LatinAmerica and Southeast Asia with regressionanalysis, CRISE research has found that horizontalinequalities do raise the risk of conflict. CRISE hasshown that both socio-economic and political HIsindependently increase the likelihood of conflictbut that a combination of the two is particularlyexplosive. Inequalities in cultural status orrecognition also contribute to the risk, and often a cultural event (an attack on a church or mosque,for example) provides a trigger to conflict.

CRISE findings have started to have a majorimpact on academic and policy discourse on thecauses of conflict. International agencies such asthe World Bank, the UNDP, and the Organisationfor Economic Cooperation and Development,and donors such as the UK’s Department forInternational Development and the JapaneseInternational Cooperation Agency have used HIs as a new framework within which to devisepolicies towards developing countries,particularly those affected by conflict.

For example, the UNDP’s 2008 report on Post-Conflict Economic Recovery was co-written byCRISE Director Frances Stewart and identified HIsas a key element, while the World Bank’s 2005report Toward a Conflict-Sensitive PovertyReduction Strategy noted the role played byhorizontal inequalities in sparking conflict.

At a national policy level, CRISE research hasdirectly influenced post-conflict policies adoptedby the national government and the donorcommunity in Nepal; Professor Stewart has been

advising the government of Malaysia on policiestowards HIs; and the chief economic adviser tothe Kenyan government has requested a studyof horizontal inequalities and policies to addressthem for Kenya.

The educational consequences of povertyin childhoodResearch from the Young Lives study of childhoodpoverty has contributed to a major report on the UN’saim to achieve Education for All by 2015.

A decade has passed since world leaders adoptedthe Education for All goals. While progress hasbeen made, millions of children are still missingout on their right to education. A major UN report,published in 2010, identifies some of the rootcauses of disadvantage, both within educationand beyond, and provides examples of targetedpolicies that successfully combat exclusion.

The Young Lives team, based at theDepartment of International Development, drewon research in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam to contribute background papers for key sectionsof the 2010 UNESCO Global Monitoring Report.

Research from Young Lives has identified therelationship between malnutrition andeducational disadvantage. The results are strikingand show a strong association between height-for-age (or stunting, an indicator of long-termmalnutrition) in the early months and the scoreschildren achieved in tests at age 4 to 5. By age 7 to 8, the disadvantage this creates is likely to beequivalent to the loss of a full term of schooling.Given the high levels of stunting among the YoungLives children, the results underline the significantcosts imposed by malnutrition on education.

In Peru, children from indigenous communitiesface a matrix of disadvantage, not just poverty.Although most of them are enrolled in school,the schools they attend have fewer resourcesand bilingual education is available for less thanhalf of them, so they have to learn Spanish very quickly when they start school or fail. Theirschool achievement is likely to be much worsethan their Spanish-speaking peers and they are more likely to repeat a year or drop out. The paper concludes that bilingual educationpolicies are necessary to provide more resourcesfor their school and to support individualstudents to help them catch up with their peers.

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In Vietnam, our research examines the mixedimpact of education policies for ethnic minoritychildren. While access to school has increased, as well as availability of mother-tongue teaching,ethnic minority children are still likely to do lesswell at school. Inequalities also exist betweenminority groups, due to uneven allocation ofresources. While schooling outcomes are heavilyinfluenced by factors that may not relate directlyto education policies, it is important to considerhow the school system interacts with theseexternal factors in shaping children’s experiencesof education and their learning.UNESCO Education for All Global MonitoringReport 2010: http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/reports/2010-marginalization

Protecting environmentally displacedpeopleResearch by the Refugee Studies Centre is being used toinform policy towards a new category of involuntarymigrants: environmentally displaced people.

International and national legal and normativeframeworks protect the rights of many differentgroups of forced and involuntary migrants –refugees, stateless persons, people who aretrafficked, and those displaced in their owncountries by disasters and conflict.

However, a new category of involuntarymigrant is emerging for whom there is asignificant rights ‘protection gap’. These arepeople who are impelled or induced to migratebecause their livelihoods are renderedunsustainable by proliferating natural disasters orthe irreversible degradation of environmentalresources resulting from the slow-onset impactsof rising sea levels and desertification. Thepotential scale of displacement and permanentresettlement related to climate change –estimated at between 50 and 200 million peopleby 2050, mostly in developing countries –constitutes a significant policy challenge.

Over the last 18 months RSC Director ProfessorRoger Zetter has been invited to make presentationsto a number of international policy making fora onhis research on environmental displacement andrights protection, helping to raise the profile ofthese issues and to shape international responses.

In April 2009, he briefed the IASC (Inter AgencyStanding Committee) Principals in New York – the most senior UN Co-ordinating Committee

dealing with humanitarian and emergencyaffairs. In 2010, he made presentations to theGeneva Centre for Peace and Security, theEuropean Policy Centre/International Centre forMigration Policy Development in Brussels, a jointUK/French government seminar, the IASC PolicyForum in Geneva and the Norwegian Ministry ofForeign Affairs. He was also commissioned towrite a policy paper on ‘Climate Change and theHumanitarian Challenge in Urban Areas’ for theIASC Task Force on Climate Change and by theInternational Organisation for Migration to writea chapter on the issue for their widelydisseminated publication Migration, Environmentand Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence.

His main contribution has been a studycompleted in September 2010, co-funded by theUNHCR, and the Ministries of Foreign Affairs ofthe Governments of Norway and Switzerland,entitled Protecting Environmentally DisplacedPeople: Developing the Capacity of Legal andNormative Instruments. Based in four exemplarcountries – Ghana, Kenya, Bangladesh andVietnam – this is the first systematic empiricalstudy of the issues.

The study findings will have important policyimpacts. For the UNHCR, it will form part of theHigh Commissioner’s Dialogue in December 2010and will also be a major focal point of the UNHCR’s60th anniversary celebration, in 2011, of the 1951Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Forthe Governments of Norway and Switzerland thestudy will inform a range of policy objectives intheir international development programmes –supporting resettlement policies for those whowill be permanently displaced, advocacy andcapacity building for protecting human rights,and strengthening policies for sustainableenvironmental and livelihood development incountries most affected by climate change.

Imagining migration in the futureIn June 2010 the International Migration Instituteorganised an unconventional and imaginativeworkshop in The Hague on the future of world migration.The workshop involved 20 people from the private sector,international organisations, civil society organisations,academia and governments.

The movement of people across the world isbecoming ever more complex and presenting

35Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

new challenges for humanity in the 21st century.Migration policies are often developed withouttaking a long-term perspective of the widerglobal context, and with only a limitedunderstanding of the complex forces that driveinternational migration. Common assertions, for example that there is an unlimited globalsupply of low-skilled workers ready to migrate to wealthy countries, or that climate change willforce millions of people to migrate, are based onspeculation rather than on sound analysis.

The future is full of uncertainties, demandingmore imaginative approaches to migrationresearch and policy. IMI’s workshop stimulatedinnovative and creative thinking about possiblefuture trends, and included fresh and variedperspectives. The interactive sessions adoptedscenario methodologies normally used inbusiness in order to imagine the different ways in which international migration could evolve in the coming decades up until 2050.

The project team and the workshopparticipants are developing a selection of theexpected and less-expected scenarios arisingfrom the workshop by backing them up withquantitative and qualitative data. The scenarioswill be used to investigate how future social,economic, cultural and environmental changesare likely to affect migration – information whichwill be invaluable in designing effective long-term policies.

By means of this workshop, IMI has initiated a constructive dialogue which is encouragingmigration experts to develop unconventionaland imaginative thinking about world migration.The workshop participants have become anexpert focus group on future migration flowsand policies – a group which will be sustainedand expanded throughout the whole projectand beyond, as the stakeholders go on to usewhat they have learned in their work.The Global Migration Futures project is run in partnershipwith the James Martin 21st Century School and TheHague Process on Refugees and Migration. It is funded byBoeing’s Global Corporate Citizenship Program and theDutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

ODID Advisory CouncilThe Advisory Council was established in 1994 as a successor to the Governing Body of QueenElizabeth House after the latter ceased to be an independent chartered body and became adepartment of the university. The Advisory Councilis tasked to support the department in outreachand fundraising activities, and to give guidance onresearch directions. The council has representationfrom the university, international agencies, NGOs and government and thus reflects a broadspectrum of authoritative opinion and practicalexperience which is of great value to ODID.

In the first decade of its existence, the councilplayed a key role supporting the fledglingdepartment in establishing its place within thewider university, and in ensuring that appropriateaccommodation was secured after the move fromthe original location of QEH in St Giles. Now thatthe department has secured its academic, financialand housing future on a sound footing, theAdvisory Council is focusing on the relationshipbetween our research and its ‘users’ in governmentand civil society – a two-way process where policyaffects the research agenda and research providesevidence upon which policy can be based.

The council met in December 2009 to discussin greater depth the role of academic research in policy design. Discussions focused on: themoment for academics to be more strategic, to seize the opportunity offered by the UKgovernment’s interest in providing a researchbase for policy; the tensions between short-termpolitical horizons and the necessarily longer-term academic perspective; the need to ensure that the growing emphasis on policy impactdoes not undermine academic excellence; waysof improving research communications in anincreasingly crowded field; and the potential forparticular individuals to act as ‘translators’ to getideas across into policy. The meeting wasenvisaged as the first in a series aimed at workingout the future relationship between ODID andthe ‘outside world’.For a list of members of the ODID Advisory Council,please see page 45.

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In 2005, the lease of theSt John’s College site at21 St Giles’, where we hadbeen based for 50 yearssince the originalfoundation of QEH,

expired. In 2006 the department moved to theformer School of Geography building inMansfield Road, close to the new Social SciencesBuilding in Manor Road. The department’s librarywas integrated to the Social Science Library inManor Road at the same time.

The process of refurbishment and extensiontook some three years. The refurbishment of thenorth wing (previously the Geography Library) in2008 gave us a very attractive doctoral studentwork space, offices for departmental lecturersand research officers, desking for Mastersstudents and a seminar room. In September2009 it was named the Frances Stewart Wing in commemoration of Frances’ retirement after40 year’ service to the department, which sheeffectively re-founded in the 1990s and built into the world-class institution it is today.

In 2008 planning permission was also receivedto demolish the redundant 1930s lecture theatreand 1960s ‘hangar’ on the east side of thebuilding and build a new extension.

The new East Wing, designed by HawkinsBrown, is spread over four floors and integrated

into the original 1898 construction – built as a private residence for the professor of choralmusic. It accommodates a number of researchgroups – at present RSC, Young Lives and IMI –and the garden floor contains a 100-seat lecturetheatre. The building form echoes the rhythm ofthe existing south elevation by emphasising theform of the eaves using seamed bronze cladding.The north and south (Jowett Walk) elevations arerendered, with bronze window reveals. The newbuilding, which makes ODID a leader amongOxford departments in terms of environmentalresponsibility, was opened in May 2009 by the ViceChancellor, John Hood. It received a Letter ofCommendation in the New Buildings category atthe Oxford Preservation Trust Awards 2010.

All offices and shared workspaces within thenew building are naturally ventilated usingmotorised louvres within the façade and fourchimneys containing air shafts that extract hot airusing the stack effect. The motorised louvres alsoallow for night-time cooling of the buildingwhen external daytime temperatures are warmerthan the internal building environment. Thermalmass, provided through exposed in-situ concretesoffits and plastered blockwork walls, enhancesthe performance of the ventilation systems. Thebuilding project also includes solar waterheating, providing all hot water required withinthe existing building, a low-energy heating

Buildings

Professor FrancesStewart at the naming

of the North Wing of thenew Queen ElizabethHouse in her honour.

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system and a semi-automated lighting systemusing movement sensors, further reducing theenergy usage of the new offices.

Finally, since 2010 all the academic, research andsupport staff – previously scattered over fiveOxford sites – have been able to enjoy a singlecommon space. We now have sufficient teachingspace for our 200-plus students in five dedicatedteaching spaces. There is even a small kitchen and‘bistro’ to cater for lunches and receptions. The

construction of this new habitat aims also to fostera sense of collegiality among staff and students, soessential for an effective academic community.

Queen Elizabeth House is now a buildingrather than an institution, having surrendered itsroyal charter on becoming a department of theuniversity. Nonetheless, ODID is still familiarlyknown as ‘QEH’ – in much the same way as theinstitutions occupying Chatham House and theWhite House.

The department's newEast Wing.

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Academic and research staff(as of October 1, 2010)Dr Christopher Adam, Reader inDevelopment Economics(Quantitative Methods)Macroeconomic management in low-income countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa.Professor Jocelyn Alexander,Professor of Commonwealth StudiesSouthern African social history;violence and memory; rural politics,state-making and agrarian reform;law, crime and punishment.Dr Sabina Alkire, Director, OPHIDevelopment economics; humandevelopment; the capabilityapproach; measurement.Dr Proochista Ariana, DepartmentalLecturer in Global Health andDevelopmentHealth and development; capabilityapproach and health; indigenoushealth; transitions and health in ruralChina; social protection for maternaland child health in resource-poorcontexts.Dr Oliver Bakewell, Senior ResearchOfficer, IMIAfrican migration; interface migrationand development; borderlands;identity papers; migration discourses;labelling and bureaucratic categories;return and repatriation; Zambia;Angola.Dr Masooda Bano, ESRC ResearchFellowNew institutional economics; informalinstitutions; religion anddevelopment; madrasas; femaleIslamic movements; aid’s impact onNGOs and collective action in thesouth.Ms Inka Barnett, Project Officer(Health and Communications), YoungLivesChild and adolescent health, with aparticular interest in determinants ofhealth behaviours and behaviourchange; child malnutrition and itslong-term consequences; non-communicable diseases in low-income country settings.Dr Abigail Barr, Research Officer,‘Ideas and Beliefs in Development’Behavioural and experimentaldevelopment economics; informalinstitutions; the socially embeddedindividual.Ms Neha Batura, QuantitativeResearch Assistant, Young LivesPoverty and inequality; health andnutrition; education.

Dr Corneliu Bjola, University Lecturerin Diplomatic StudiesInternational diplomacy; climatechange negotiations; legitimacy ofthe use of force; global justice;deliberative conceptions of power.Dr Jo Boyden, Director, Young Lives,and Reader in Development StudiesAnthropological perspectives onchildhood and youth; the causes andconsequences of childhood poverty;the impacts of armed conflict andforced migration on children.Mr Graham Bray, ProgrammeManager, Young LivesDr Dawn Chatty, Reader inAnthropology and Forced Migration;Director of Doctoral Research; DeputyDirector, RSCAnthropology of the Middle East;dispossession and forced migration in the Middle East; pastoralnomadism; women/gender anddevelopment; development-induceddisplacement, particularly regardingmobile populations and conservation;the impact of forced migration onchildren and young people.Professor Robin Cohen, Director, IMI,and Professor of DevelopmentStudiesInternational migration; diasporas;cosmopolitanism; creolisation. Dr Gina Crivello, Research Officer,Young LivesThe gender and intergenerationaldynamics of child migration andyouth transitions in developingcountry contexts with particular focuson Peru.Dr Mathias Czaika, Research Officer,IMIPolitical economy of migration; role of migration policies in shapinginternational migration flows.Dr Hein De Haas, Senior ResearchOfficer, IMIReciprocal linkages betweenmigration and broader developmentprocesses, primarily from theperspective of migrant-sendingsocieties.Professor Stefan Dercon, Professorof Development EconomicsRisk, poverty and long-term well-being.Dr Alice Edwards, DepartmentalLecturer in International Refugee andHuman Rights LawInternational refugee law;international human rights law;immigration detention; nationalityand statelessness; women's rights andviolence against women.

PeopleAt the close of 2010 the department hasaround 100 staff members, includingsome 60 academics and research staff.

These include:

• 8 professors• 5 readers • 7 university lecturers• 7 departmental lecturers• 1 university research lecturer

The ratio of students to teaching staffis approximately 7:1, which is betterthan the university average but ratherhigher than we would wish. One ofour objectives is to increase academicstaff members – particularly byemploying young scholars at theoutset of their careers – towards a 6:1 ratio.

Of our core academic staff, nearlyhalf are professors and readers,reflecting the very high standing ofthe department. Most of these seniorappointments have been made bythe university in its periodicdistinction exercises to rewardoutstanding, internationallyrecognised research. We are fortunateto have a large and dedicated team of research officers and outreach staffin our six research centres and tworesearch programmes, who not onlygenerate high-quality empiricalresearch and a large external income,but also provide an important bridgebetween our scholarship and theoutside world.

Our administrative and supportstaff play an important part in the lifeof the department, providing thelogistic and material framework withinwhich research and teaching can takeplace. Their dedication to our missionhas been an important determinantof our success in recent years.

Finally, the diversity of our academicstaff reflects our commitment tointernational development objectives:56 per cent are women (as opposedto the university average of 37 percent) and 72 per cent are from outsidethe UK (the university average is 40per cent).

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Ms Evelyn Ersanilli, Research Officer,IMIInternational migration; immigrantintegration; citizenship; migrantfamilies and marriage patterns;research design/methodology.Ms Patricia Espinoza, ResearchAssistant, Young LivesGlobal inequality; labour markets;social stratification; emerging middleclasses.Dr Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh,Departmental Lecturer in ForcedMigrationExperiences of forced migration;Middle Eastern and North Africanrefugees and asylum-seekers in the MENA region, Europe and theCaribbean; the intersections between gender- and faith-basedconditionalities of humanitarian aid;and refugees’ educational migration. Professor Valpy FitzGerald,Professor of InternationalDevelopment and Director, ODIDFinancial linkages between industrial and developing countries;macroeconomics of emergingmarkets; Latin American economichistory; taxation and incomedistribution.Dr Jörg Friedrichs, UniversityLecturer in PoliticsInternational relations; historicalpolitical sociology; globalgovernance; international security;energy resources and social change;changing uses of force.Dr Xiaolan Fu, Director, PTMD, andUniversity Lecturer in DevelopmentStudiesIndustrialisation/technology anddevelopment; foreign directinvestment and economicdevelopment in China; emergingAsian economies; innovation in US/EU.Dr Alan Gamlen, ESRC PostdoctoralFellow, IMIMigration, diasporas andtransnationalism; Asia-Pacific region.Dr Roya Ghafele, DepartmentalLecturer in International PoliticalEconomyIntellectual property; internationaleconomic integration; internationalpolitical economy; markets forinnovation and creative expression;developing countries.Dr Andreas Georgiadis, QuantitativeResearch Officer, Young LivesLabour economics; appliedmicroeconometrics; personnel and organisation economics; childpoverty.

Dr Matthew J. Gibney, Reader inPolitics and Forced Migration; andElizabeth Colson Lecturer in ForcedMigrationPolitical and ethical issues relating torefugees, economic migration,citizenship, and statelessness;historical evolution of migrationcontrol by states, especially thepractice of expulsion; contemporarypolitical thought.Dr Jamie Goodwin-White,Departmental LecturerGeographic contexts of immigrationand social and economic inequality;race; labour markets; internalmigration; intergenerational patterns.Dr Nandini Gooptu, Reader in SouthAsian Studies; and Director ofGraduate StudiesUrban development, class relations,governance, democracy and politics,with a focus on the labouring poor, their social relations, culturalperceptions, political ideologies andpractice, from late-colonial India until the present; globalisation andthe changing experience, ideas andpractices of work and labour in India;caste, religious, communal, sectarianand ethnic politics in India; identitypolitics from below; socialmovements, politics of rights andpopular mobilisation in a historicalperspective.Dr Yvan Guichaoua, Research OfficerRebellions; organised politicalviolence; combatants’ mobilisation;Nigeria; Niger.Mr Richard Haavisto, Pedro ArrupeTutor, RSCThe construction and negotiation of heterarchical identity markers;political violence and post-repatriation issues.Dr Rodney B. Hall, University Lecturerin International Political EconomyThe study of the mechanisms ofglobal financial governance in thedeveloping and developed worlds;the construction and evolution of theinternational monetary system andmonetary institutions; the socialconstruction of economic theory andsystems; the mechanisms of privateand public global governance; andinternational relations theory.Professor Barbara Harriss-White,Professor of Development StudiesMarkets and institutions of capitalism;market-driven politics; poverty,deprivation and ‘humandevelopment’; food-energy economyand climate change; South Asia.

Dr Maria Jaschok, Director IGSChina: religion, gender and agency;dissenting development narratives;gendered constructions of memory;feminist ethnographic practice;marginality and identity.Ms Gunvor Jónsson, ResearchAssistant, African Perspectives onHuman Mobility Programme, IMIAfrican migration; migration andculture; migration aspirations andimagination; environmental changeand migration; a regional focus onMali, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria,Morocco and the DemocraticRepublic of Congo.Ms Sofya Krutikova, QuantitativeResearch Officer, Young LivesDevelopment micro-economics;childhood poverty; skill formation;determinants of human capitaldevelopment; risk; householddecision-making; child labour;measurement of poverty. Ms Agnieszka Kubal, ResearchAssistant, IMISocial theory; migration law.Dr Thomas Lacroix, Research Officer,IMIMigrant organisations;transnationalism; migration anddevelopment; Poland; India; Morocco;Algeria.Dr Katy Long, ESRC PostdoctoralResearch Fellow, RSCThe relationship between citizenshipand residency; solutions to refugeeexile; connections between mobilityand rights; economic and politicalunderstandings of ‘protection’.Dr Adeel Malik, Islamic CentreLecturer in Development EconomicsDevelopment macroeconomics;growth and fluctuations; politicaleconomy of institutions anddevelopment.Ms Nisrine Mansour, ResearchFellow, Rural Populations and BedouinHealth Project, RSC Lived experience of forced migrants,citizenship and belonging; forcedmigration, international institutions,and state instability; politics andpractices of humanitarian response;NGOs, development, security and aid;gender and family relations in multi-religious contexts.Dr Abdul Raufu Mustapha,University Lecturer in African PoliticsEthnicity and identity politics in Africa;the politics of peasant societies inAfrica; African democratisation.

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Dr Emanuela Paoletti, ResearchOfficer, IMIBilateral agreements on migration;deportation; international relationstheory; migration futures; Libya’spolitics.Dr Laura Rival, University Lecturer inAnthropology and DevelopmentDevelopment and environmentalpolicies in Latin America; indigenouspeoples and identity politics;Amerindian conceptualisations of nature and society. Dr Jose Manuel Roche, ResearchOfficer, OPHI Human development; socialindicators; multidimensional povertymeasurement; social inequality.Dr Diego Sánchez-Ancochea,University Lecturer in the PoliticalEconomy of Latin AmericaPolitical economy of Latin America;state-society relations and theireffects on economic policy; varietiesof capitalism in developing countries;income inequality; outsourcing oneconomic development. Dr Nando Sigona, Research Officer,RSCYoung undocumented migrants inthe UK.Mr Abhijeet Singh, QuantitativeResearch Assistant, Young Lives Development economics; appliedmicroeconomics; education. Ms Anne Solon, Data Manager,Young Lives Professor Frances Stewart, Professorof Development EconomicsPoverty and human development;development under conflict; ethnicityand inequality.Ms Natalia Streuli, ResearchAssistant, Young LivesChildren; childhood poverty;children's well-being; socialprotection; early childhood educationand care; early childhood transitions.Dr Nikita Sud, Departmental Lecturerin Development Studies (South Asia) The state in the developing world;good governance; the politicalsociology of postindependence India;the politics of economic liberalisation;the politics of land; Hindu nationalism;communal conflict in India;transnational religious movements;the Indian diaspora; and the politicsand society of contemporary Gujarat.

Ms Simona Vezzoli, ResearchAssistant, IMI Migration policy, sending countries’perspectives on emigration and theinteraction between emigration andimmigration policies; sending countrypolicies to engage diasporacommunities; and return andreintegration of migrants in theircommunities of origin.Dr Zaki Wahhaj, DepartmentalLecturer in Development Economics Intra-household bargaining; informalrisk-sharing; social norms;microfinance; informal institutions.Professor Adrian Wood, Professor ofInternational DevelopmentEconomic interactions among humanresources, trade and growth; politicaleconomy of aid.Dr Gaston Yalonetzky, ResearchOfficer, OPHI Multidimensional measurement ofwell-being; inequality of opportunitiesand economic development.Professor Roger Zetter, LeopoldMuller Reader, Professor of RefugeeStudies and Director, RSCRefugees and asylum in a globalisingworld; institutional and policydimensions of humanitarianassistance for refugees and otherforced migrants; the associational lifeof refugee populations in exile.

Publications and outreachstaff (as of October 1, 2010)Ms Joannah Boyce, InformationOfficer and Course Coordinator Mr Erol Canpunar, Assistant to theOutreach Programme Manager, RSCMs Marion Couldrey, ForcedMigration Review Editor, RSC Dr Paul Dornan, Senior Policy Officer,Young Lives Mrs Heidi El-Megrisi, InternationalSummer School and ConferencesManager, RSC Mrs Sharon Ellis, Clerical and FMRSubscriptions Assistant, RSC Mr Maurice Herson, Co-Editor, ForcedMigration Review Ms Caroline Knowles,Communications Manager, YoungLives Ms Emma Merry, Communicationsand Publications Assistant, Young Lives

Ms Helen Murray, Policy Officer,Young Lives Ms Kirrily Pells, Policy Officer, YoungLives Mr John Pilbeam, Web DevelopmentManager, FMO Ms Amelia Richards, Head ofDevelopment, RSC Ms Heloise Ruaudel, PolicyProgramme Manager, RSC Mr Paul Ryder, Research andInformation Manager, RSC Ms Jacqueline Smith,Communications and OutreachOfficer, IMI Ms Sarah Taylor, Web ContentCoordinator, FMO Ms Sarah Valenti, ResearchCommunications Officer, OPHI

Administrative and supportstaff (as of October 1, 2010)Ms Dominique Attala, GraduateStudent Administrator Ms Sue Chen, Accounts Assistant Dr Michelle Chew, ProjectAdministrator, Young Lives Ms Rachel Crawford, IT SupportOfficer Ms Luci Cummings, Assistant to theAdministrator Ms Narola Das, PA to the Director,RSCMs Wendy Grist, ODID AccountsOfficer Mr Gary Jones, CaretakerMs Julia Knight, ODID Administrator Ms Marina Kujic, AdministrativeSecretary Mr Laurence Medley, AccountsOfficer, RSC Dr Rachel Miller, Graduate StudentCoordinatorMs Christine Pollard, ProjectAccounts Officer, Young Lives Ms Kate Prudden, ProjectCoordinator, THEMIS Project, IMI Mrs Penny Rogers, Receptionist Ms Hannah Stacey, PostgraduateCourses Coordinator Ms Caroline Taylor, ResearchCoordinator Ms Briony Truscott, AdministrativeOfficer, IMIMs María Villares Varela, DataProcessing Assistant, IMIMs Juan Wang, Project Assistant,WEMC Ms Denise Watt, Assistant to theDirector

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Publications

Oxford Development StudiesOxford Development Studies is amultidisciplinary academic journal aimed at thestudent, research and policy making community,which provides a forum for rigorous and criticalanalysis of conventional theories and policyissues in all aspects of development, and aims to contribute to new approaches. It covers anumber of disciplines related to development,including economics, history, politics,anthropology and sociology, and publishesquantitative papers as well as surveys ofliterature.

Editorial boardManaging Editor: Professor Frances Stewart,University of Oxford.Editors: Dr Nandini Gooptu, Dr Abdul RaufuMustapha and Professor Adrian Wood, Universityof Oxford; Dr Arnim Langer, University of Leuven;Dr Graham K. Brown, University of Bath.

Oxford editorial boardMrs Rosemary Thorp (Chair), Dr Christopher Adam,Professor Jocelyn Alexander, Professor Alan Angell, Dr Dawn Chatty, Professor Stefan Dercon,Professor Valpy FitzGerald, Dr Jörg Friedrichs, Dr Xiaolan Fu, Dr Matthew J. Gibney, Dr RodneyBruce Hall, Professor Barbara Harriss-White, Dr Judith Heyer, Professor John Knight, Dr LauraRival, Professor John Toye, Mr Laurence Whitehead,Mr Gavin Williams, Professor Roger Zetter.

Regional editorsAustralia and Southeast Asia: Professor Hal Hill,The Australian National University, Australia;Bangladesh: Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya,Bangladesh Permanent Mission to the WTO and UN Offices, Geneva; Canada: Professor Gerald K. Helleiner, Universityof Toronto, Canada;

East Africa: Professor Augustin Fosu, UnitedNations University-WIDER, Helsinki, Finland; India: Professor Deepak Nayyar, Jawaharlal NehruUniversity, New Delhi; Japan: Professor Juro Teranishi, HitotsubashiUniversity; Latin America: Professor Jorge Katz, UnitedNations, Santiago; USA: Professor Tom Biersteker, Brown University; West Africa: Dr Thandika Mkandawire, LondonSchool of Economics, UK.Please note that a special price is available for subscribersfrom developing countries.

QEH Working Paper seriesInitiated in 1997, this series reflects the work inprogress of the members of ODID. The papers are distributed free of charge via the internet in order to stimulate discussion among scholarsworldwide. They are also included in the RePEcdatabase which is used by IDEAS (InternetDocuments in Economics Access Service). See: www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/dissemination/wp.

Olof Palme LectureThe occasional Olof Palme Memorial Lecture is inhonour of the murdered Swedish Prime Minister,and is under the patronage of the Swedishgovernment. We are very grateful to the OlofPalme International Centre in Stockholm for their generous funding of these lectures. Recentspeakers have included President Cardoso ofBrazil on ‘Globalization, Politics and Political Partiesin Latin America’ in January 2006 and ProfessorJohan Galtung, Rector of Transcend PeaceUniversity, on ‘The Coming Decline and Fall of theUS Empire’ in January 2008. The 2011 lecture is by Derek Walcott, the Caribbean poet and Nobellaureate, best known for his epic poem, Omeros.

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Books and Edited VolumesAdam, Christopher, P. Collier and N.Ndung’u (eds). 2010. Kenya: Policies forProsperity. Oxford: Oxford University Press(forthcoming).

Chatty, Dawn. 2010. Dispossession andDisplacement in the Modern Middle East.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chatty, Dawn (ed.). 2010. DeterritorializedYouth: Sahrawi and Afghan Refugees at theMargins of the Middle East. Oxford and NewYork: Berghahn Press.

Chatty, Dawn, and Bill Finlayson (eds).2010. Dispossession and Forced Migration inthe Middle East and North Africa. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Cohen, Robin, and Paola Toninato (eds).2009. The Creolization Reader: Studies inMixed Identities and Cultures. London andNew York: Routledge.

Czaika, Matthias. 2009. The PoliticalEconomy of Refugee Migration and ForeignAid. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Edwards, Alice. 2010. Violence againstWomen under International Human RightsLaw. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Edwards, Alice, and C. Ferstman (eds).2010. Human Security and Non-Citizens:Law, Policy and International Affairs.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

FitzGerald, Valpy, Judith Heyer andRosemary Thorp (eds). 2011. Overcomingthe Persistence of Inequality and Poverty.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan(forthcoming).

Oliver Kessler, Rodney Bruce Hall, CeceliaLynch and Nicholas Onuf (eds). 2010. OnRules, Politics, and Knowledge: FriedrichKratochwil, International Relations, andDomestic Affairs. Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan.

Hall, Rodney Bruce. 2008. Central Bankingas Global Governance: ConstructingFinancial Credibility [Cambridge Studies inInternational Relations No. 109].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Harriss-White, Barbara, and Judith Heyer(eds). 2010. A Political Economy ofDevelopment: Africa and South Asia.London: Routledge.

Harriss-White, Barbara. 2008. RuralCommercial Capital: Agricultural Markets inWest Bengal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, and LindsayWhitfield. 2009. Turning Points in AfricanDemocracy. Oxford: James Currey.

Adebajo, Adekeye, and Abdul RaufuMustapha (eds). 2008. Gulliver’s Troubles:Nigeria’s Foreign Policy after The Cold War.Scottsville: University of Kwazulu-NatalPress.

Paoletti, Emanuela. 2010. Migration ofPower and North–South Power Inequalities:The Case of Italy and Libya. Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan (forthcoming).

Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego, and KenShadlen (eds). 2008. Responding toGlobalization: The Political Economy ofHemispheric Integration in the Americas.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Sigona, Nando, and N. Trehan (eds). 2009.Romani Politics in Europe: Poverty, EthnicMarginalisation and the Neoliberal Order.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Sud, Nikita. 2011. Liberalisation, HinduNationalism and the State. Delhi: OxfordUniversity Press (forthcoming).

ArticlesE. Buffie, S. O’Connell and ChristopherAdam. 2010. ‘Fiscal Inertia, DonorCredibility, and the Monetary Managementof Aid Surges’. Journal of DevelopmentEconomics 93 (2): 287–98.

Adam, Christopher, and D. Vines. 2009.‘Remaking Macroeconomic Policy after theGlobal Financial Crisis: A Balance-sheetApproach’. Oxford Review of Economic Policy25 (4): 507–52.

Alexander, Jocelyn. 2010. ‘The PoliticalImaginaries and Social Lives of PoliticalPrisoners in Post-2000 Zimbabwe’. Journalof Southern African Studies 36 (2): 483–503.

Alexander, Jocelyn. 2008. ‘PoliticalPrisoners’ Memoirs in Zimbabwe:Narratives of Self and Nation’. Cultural andSocial History 5 (4): 395–409.

Alexander, Jocelyn, and Blessing-MilesTendi. 2008. ‘La Violence et les Urnes: LeZimbabwe en 2008’. Politique Africaine 111:111–29.

Bakewell, Oliver. 2010. ‘Some Reflectionson Structure and Agency in MigrationTheory’. Journal of Ethnic and MigrationStudies 36 (10): 1689–708.

Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. ‘Keeping Them inTheir Place: The Ambivalent Relationshipbetween Development and Migration inAfrica’. Third World Quarterly 29 (7): 1341–58.

Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. ‘In Search of theDiasporas within Africa’. African Diaspora 1(1): 5–27.

Bano, Masooda. 2010. ‘Madrasas asPartners in Education Provision: The SouthAsian Experience’. Development in Practice20 (4&5): 554–66.

Bano, Masooda. 2009. ‘EmpoweringWomen: More than One Way?’ HAGARStudies in Culture, Polity and Identities 9 (1).

Bano, Masooda. 2008. ‘DangerousCorrelations: Aid’s Impact on NGOs’Performance and Ability to MobilizeMembers in Pakistan’. World Development36 (11): 2297–313.

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Boyden, Jo. 2009 ‘Risk and Capability in the Context of Adversity: Children’sContributions to Household Livelihoods inEthiopia’. Children, Youth and Environments19 (2): 111–37.

Boyden, Jo. 2009. ‘What Place the Politicsof Compassion in Education SurroundingNon-citizen Children?’ Educational Review61 (3): 265–76.

Czaika, Mathias, and K. Kis-Katos. 2009. ‘CivilConflict and Displacement – Village-levelDeterminants of Forced Migration in Aceh’.Journal of Peace Research 46 (3): 399–418.

Czaika, Mathias. 2009. ‘AsylumCooperation among AsymmetricCountries: The Case of the European Union’.European Union Politics 10 (1): 89–113.

de Haas, Hein. 2010. ‘Migration andDevelopment: A Theoretical Perspective’.International Migration Review 44 (1):227–64.

de Haas, Hein. 2010. ‘The InternalDynamics of Migration Processes: ATheoretical Inquiry’. Journal of Ethnic andMigration Studies 36 (10): 1587–617.

Beegle, Kathleen, Joachim De Weerdt andStefan Dercon. 2010. ‘Orphanhood andHuman Capital Destruction: Is TherePersistence into Adulthood?’. Demography47 (1): 163–80.

Dercon, Stefan, Daniel O. Gilligan, JohnHoddinott and Tassew Woldehanna. 2009.‘The Impact of Agricultural Extension and Roads on Poverty and ConsumptionGrowth in Fifteen Ethiopian Villages’.American Journal of Agricultural Economics91(4): 1007–21.

Beegle, Kathleen, Stefan Dercon andJoachim De Weerdt. 2008. ‘Adult Mortalityand Consumption Growth in Tanzania’.Economic Development and CulturalChange 56 (2): 299–326.

Edwards, Alice. 2009. ‘Human Security and the Rights of Refugees: TranscendingTerritorial and Disciplinary Borders’. MichiganJournal of International Law 30 (3): 763–807.

Ersanilli, Evelyn, and R. Koopmans. 2010.‘Rewarding Integration? CitizenshipRegulations and Socio-cultural Integrationof Immigrants in the Netherlands, Franceand Germany’. Journal of Ethnic andMigration Studies 36 (5): 773–91.

Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. 2010. ‘“Ideal”Refugee Women and Gender EqualityMainstreaming: “Good Practice” for Whom?’Refugee Survey Quarterly 29 (2): 64–84.

Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena, and Y.Qasmiyeh. 2010. ‘Muslim Asylum-seekersand Refugees: Negotiating Politics,Religion and Identity in the UK’. Journal ofRefugee Studies 23 (3): 294–314.

Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. 2009.‘Contradictory Representations of SahrawiRefugee Children’s “EducationalDisplacement” to Cuba: Self-sufficientAgents, Manipulated Victims, or “Bad Girls”.’Journal of Refugee Studies 22 (3): 323–50.

FitzGerald, Valpy. 2008. ‘EconomicDevelopment and Fluctuations in EarningsInequality in the Very Long Run: The Evidencefrom Latin America 1900–2000’. Journal ofInternational Development 20: 1–21.

Friedrichs, Jörg, and Friedrich Kratochwil.2009. ‘On Acting and Knowing: HowPragmatism Can Advance InternationalRelations Research and Methodology’.International Organization 63 (4): 701–31.

Friedrichs, Jörg. 2010. ‘Global EnergyCrunch: How Different Parts of the WorldWould React to a Peak Oil Scenario’ EnergyPolicy 38 (8): 4562–69.

Gamlen, Alan. 2010. ‘The New Migrationand Development Optimism’. GlobalGovernance: A Review of Multilateralism andInternational Organizations 16 (10): 415–22.

Ghafele, Roya. 2010. ‘Accounting forIntellectual Property?’ Oxford Journal onIntellectual Property Law & Practice 5 (7): 33–42.

Ghafele, Roya. 2010. ‘Can IntellectualProperty Diplomacy Be More than War byOther Means?’ Oxford Journal on IntellectualProperty Law & Practice 5 (3): 9–15.

Ghafele, Roya. 2010. ‘Of War and Peace.Analyzing the International IntellectualProperty Discourse’. Intellectual PropertyQuarterly 3 (1): 23–35.

Gibney, Matthew J. 2008. ‘Asylum and theExpansion of Deportation in the UK’.Government and Opposition 43 (2): 146–67.

Gooptu, Nandini. 2009. ‘NeoliberalSubjectivity, Enterprise Culture and NewWorkplaces: Organised Retail andShopping Malls in India’. Economic andPolitical Weekly 44: 22 (May 30–June 5).

Hall, Rodney Bruce. 2009. ‘IntersubjectiveExpectations and Performativity in GlobalFinancial Governance’. International PoliticalSociology 3: 453–7.

Harriss-White, Barbara, with DeepakMishra and Vandana Upadhyay.2009.‘Institutional Diversity and CapitalistTransformation: The Political Economy ofAgrarian Change in Arunachal Pradesh’Journal of Agrarian Change 9 (4): 512–47.

Jaschok, Maria, and Hau Ming Vicky Chan.2009. ‘Education, Gender and Islam inChina: The Place of Religious Education inChallenging and Sustaining “UndisputedTraditions” Among Chinese MuslimWomen’. International Journal ofEducational Development 29 (5): 487–94.

Jaschok, Maria, and Xu Lili. 2009. ‘Qiayi’(Qiayi, Uighur Muslim women’s traditionsof organizing) Minzu Yanjiu (AcademicJournal for the Study of Ethnic Minorities),January.

Jaschok, Maria. 2008. ‘Women’s MosquesEducation, Female Ignorance and Chantsto Save Souls; Chinese Hui Muslim WomenRemembering Jingge, RememberingHistory.’ Studies in Adult and CommunityEducation (52).

Lacroix, Thomas. 2009. ‘Transnationalismand Development: The Example ofMoroccan Migrant Networks’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (10):1665–79.

Malik, Adeel, and Jonathan R.W. Temple.2009. ‘The Geography of Output Volatility’.Journal of Development Economics 90 (2):163–78.

Stephen R. Bond and Adeel Malik. 2009.‘Natural Resources, Export Structure andInvestment’. Oxford Economic Papers 61 (4):675–702.

Mustapha, Abdul Raufu. 2009.‘Institutionalising Ethnic Representation:How Effective is Affirmative Action inNigeria?’, Journal of InternationalDevelopment 21: 1–16.

Roche, Jose Manuel. 2008. ‘MonitoringInequality among Social Groups: AMethodology Combining Fuzzy Set Theoryand Principal Component Analysis’. Journalof Human Development 9 (3): 427–52.

Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego. 2009. ‘State,Firms and the Process of IndustrialUpgrading: Latin America’s Variety ofCapitalism and the Costa Rican Experience’.Economy and Society 38 (1): 62–86.

Stewart, Frances. 2010. ‘HorizontalInequalities in Kenya and the PoliticalDisturbances of 2008: Some Implicationsfor Policy’. Conflict, Security andDevelopment 10 (1): 134–59.

Stewart, Frances. 2010. ‘Power andProgress: The Swing of the Pendulum’.Journal of Human Development andCapabilities 11 (3): 371–95.

Stewart, Frances. 2009. ‘HorizontalInequality: Two Types of Trap’. Journal ofHuman Development and Capabilities 10 (3):315–40.

Camfield, L., Natalia Streuli and M.Woodhead. 2010. ‘Children’s Well-being inDeveloping Countries: A Conceptual andMethodological Review’. European Journalof Development Research 22 (3): 398–416.

Camfield, L., Natalia Streuli and M.Woodhead. 2009. ‘What’s the Use of “Well-Being”’. International Journal of Children’sRights 17 (1): 65–109.

Sud, Nikita, and H. Tambs-Lyche (eds).2011. ‘Religion in the Making of a Region:Perspectives from Gujarat’. Special Issue of the journal South Asia (forthcoming).

Sud, Nikita. 2009. ‘The Indian State in a Liberalizing Landscape’. Development and Change 40 (4): 645–65.

Wahhaj, Zaki. 2010. ‘Social Norms andIndividual Savings in the Context ofInformal Insurance’. Journal of EconomicBehavior and Organization (in press).

Wood, Adrian. 2008. ‘Looking AheadOptimally in Allocating Aid’. WorldDevelopment 36 (7): 1135–51.

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ChaptersAdam, Christopher, S. O’Connell and E.Buffie. 2009. ‘Aid Volatility, Monetary PolicyRules and the Capital Account in AfricanEconomies’. In G. Hammond, R. Kanbur andE. Prasad (eds) Monetary Policy Frameworksfor Emerging Markets. London: EdwardElgar.

Alexander, Jocelyn. 2009. ‘Zimbabwesince 1997: Land and the Legacies of War’.In A.R. Mustapha and L. Whitfield (eds)Turning Points in African Democracy. Oxford:James Currey.

Boyden, Jo, and E. Cooper. 2008.‘Questioning the Power of Resilience: AreChildren Up to the Task of Disrupting theTransmission of Poverty?’ In J. Addison, D. Hulme and R. Kanbur (eds) PovertyDynamics: Measurement and Understandingfrom an Interdisciplinary Perspective. Oxford:Oxford University Press

Cohen, Robin, and Paola Toninato. 2009.‘The Creolization Debate: Analysing MixedIdentities and Cultures’. In Robin Cohenand Paola Toninato (eds) The CreolizationReader: Studies in Mixed Identities andCultures. London: Routledge.

Cohen, Robin. 2009. ‘Solid, Ductile andLiquid: The Changing Role of Homelandand Home in Diaspora Studies’. In Y.Sternberg and E. Ben Rafael (eds)Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Adventsof a New Dis(order). Leiden: Brill.

FitzGerald, Valpy. 2008. ‘Finance andGrowth in Developing Countries: SoundPrinciples and Unreliable Evidence’. InPhilip Arestis and John Eatwell (eds) Issuesin Finance and Industry: Essays in Honour ofAjit Singh. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Friedrichs, Jörg. 2010. ‘The Privatization ofForce and its Consequences: Unintendedbut Not Unpredictable’. In ChristopherDaase and Cornelius Friesendorf (eds)Rethinking Security Governance: The Problemof Unintended Consequences. London andNew York: Routledge.

Friedrichs, Jörg. 2010. ‘What Do We MeanWhen We Say that Substance Matters’. InOliver Kessler, Rodney Bruce Hall, CeceliaLynch and Nicholas Onuf (eds). On Rules,Politics, and Knowledge: Friedrich Kratochwil,International Relations, and Domestic Affairs.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gamlen, Alan. 2010. ‘Diasporas andEmigration States in the GlobalGovernance of Migration’. In A. Betts (ed.)Global Migration Governance. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Gibney, Matthew J. 2011. ‘The Rights ofNon-Citizens to Membership in PoliticalThought’. In B. Blitz and C. Sawyer (eds)Statelessness in the European Union.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press(forthcoming).

Gibney, Matthew J. 2008. ‘EngineeredRegionalism, Forced Migration, and Justice

Between States’. In Susan Kneebone (ed.)Regionalism and New Asylum Seekers.Oxford: Berghahn Press.

Lacroix, Thomas. 2010. ‘L’ImaginaireMigratoire chez les Jeunes Marocains’. In F. Lorcerie (ed.) Pratiquer les Frontières.Jeunes Migrants et Descendants de Migrantsdans l’Espace Franco-maghrébins. Paris:CNRS Editions.

Lacroix, Thomas. 2010. ‘Politiques deCodéveloppement et le Champ AssociatifImmigré Africain: Un Panorama Européen’.African Yearbook of International Law.

Malik, Adeel, and Francis Teal. 2008.‘Towards a Competitive ManufacturingSector’. In Paul Collier, Chukwuma C. Soludo and Catherine Pattillo (eds)Economic Policy Options for a ProsperousNigeria. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mansour, Nisrine. 2009. ‘Only “Civilians”Count: The Influence of GWOT Discourseson Governments’ Humanitarian Responsesto Terror-Related Conflicts’. In J. Howell andJ. Lind (eds) Civil Society Under Strain:Counter-terrorism Policy, Aid and Civil societyPost-9/11. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.

Rival, Laura. 2009. ‘The Resilience ofIndigenous Intelligence’. In K. Hastrup (ed.)The Question of Resilience. Social Responsesto Climate Change. Copenhagen: The RoyalDanish Academy of Sciences and Letters.

Charles R. Clement, Laura Rival and DavidM. Cole. 2009. ‘Domestication of PeachPalm (Bactris Gasipaes Kunth): The Roles ofHuman Mobility and Migration. In MiguelAlexiades (ed.) The Ethnobiology of Mobility,Displacement and Migration in IndigenousLowland South America. Oxford: Berghahn.

Rival, Laura. Forthcoming. ‘PlanningDevelopment Futures in the EcuadorianAmazon: The Expanding Oil Frontier andthe Yasuní-ITT Initiative’. In A. Bebbington(ed.) Extractive Economies, Socio-Environmental Conflicts and TerritorialTransformations in the Andean Region.London: Routledge.

Roche, Jose Manuel, and Enrica ChiapperoMartinetti. 2009. ‘Operationalization of the Capability Approach, from Theory to Practice: A Review of Techniques andEmpirical Applications’. In E. ChiapperoMartinetti (ed.) Debating Global Society:Reach and Limits of the Capability Approach.Milan: Fondazione Feltrinelli.

Roche, Jose Manuel, Jacqueline O’Reilly,John MacInnes and Tizana Nazio. 2009.‘The United Kingdom: From FlexibleEmployment to Vulnerable Workers’. In L. F. Vosko, M. MacDonald and I. Campbell(eds) Gender and the Contours of PrecariousEmployment. New York: Routledge.

Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego. 2008. ‘Stateand Society: The Political Economy of DR-CAFTA in Costa Rica, the DominicanRepublic and El Salvador’. In DiegoSánchez-Ancochea and Ken Shadlen (eds)

Responding to Globalization: The PoliticalEconomy of Hemispheric Integration in theAmericas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Sigona, Nando. 2010. ‘‘Via gli Zingaridall’Italia (Gypsies out of Italy)!’: SocialExclusion and Racial Discrimination ofRoma and Sinti in Italy’. In A. Mammoneand G. Veltri (eds) Italy Today: The Sick Manof Europe. London: Routledge.

Wood, Adrian. 2009. ‘Heckscher-Ohlin inTheory and Reality’. In Philip Arestis andJohn Eatwell (eds) Issues in EconomicDevelopment and Globalisation.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Zetter, Roger. 2009. ‘The Role of Legal andNormative Frameworks for the Protectionof Environmentally Displaced People’. In F. Laczko, and C Aghazarm (eds) Migration,Environment and Climate Change: Assessingthe Evidence. Geneva: IOM.

Zetter, Roger, and C. Boano. ‘GenderingSpaces and Places for Forcibly DisplacedWomen and Children’. In S. Martin and J. Tirman (eds) Women, Migration, andConflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle.Heidelberg: Springer

Reports and OtherPublicationsAlkire, Sabina, and Maria Emma Santos.2010. ‘Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries’.OPHI Working Paper and UNDP HumanDevelopment Report Background Paper. At: http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ophi-wp38.pdf

Alkire, Sabina, and James E. Foster. 2010.‘Designing the Inequality-Adjusted HumanDevelopment Index (HDI)’. OPHI WorkingPaper and UNDP Human DevelopmentReport Background Paper. At:http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ophi-wp37.pdf

Alkire, Sabina. 2010. ‘HumanDevelopment: Definitions, Critiques, andRelated Concepts’. OPHI Working Paper and UNDP Human Development ReportBackground Paper. At:http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI_WP36.pdf

de Haas, Hein. 2009. ‘Mobility and HumanDevelopment’. Human DevelopmentResearch Paper 2009/01. New York City:UNDP.

Bloch, A., Nando Sigona and Roger Zetter.2009. ‘No Right to Dream’: The Social andEconomic Lives of Young UndocumentedMigrants in Britain. London: Paul HamlynFoundation.

Zetter, Roger, C. Boano and T. Morris. 2008.‘Environmentally Displaced People:Understanding Linkages betweenEnvironmental Change, Livelihoods andForced Migration’. Forced Migration PolicyBrief No.1. Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre,University of Oxford.

Oxford Department of International Development Report 2010–11

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Sir Suma Chakrabarti Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Justice

Professor BS ChimniJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Dr Sarah Cook Director, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

Dr Alison Evans Director, Overseas Development Institute

Dr Steve Jennings Head of Programme Policy Team, Oxfam

Professor Raphie Kaplinsky The Open University

Professor William LyakurwaAfrican Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi

Professor Margaret MacMillanWarden, St Antony’s College, Oxford

Lord MynersHouse of Lords

Sir Ivor RobertsPresident, Trinity College, Oxford

Professor Frances StewartOxford Department of International Development

Mrs Rosemary ThorpFellow Emeritus of St Antony’s College, Oxford,and formerly Chair of Oxfam Trustees

Professor John ToyeInstitute of Development Studies and School ofOriental and African Studies (Chair)

Professor Ngaire WoodsDirector, Global Economic GovernanceProgramme, University College, Oxford

ODID AdvisoryCouncil(October 2010)

to landfill

Compiled by Jo Boyce

Design and production by Rachel Wiggans

A note on the photographs used in this report:

The photographs on the cover and on pages 7, 12, 28, 30, 40and 41 were taken by our MPhil students as part of theirfieldwork.

The photographs on pages 8, 15, 16, 19, 39 and 45 were takenas part of the OPHI project. They show people who weresurveyed and interviewed as part of the multidimensionalpoverty index (MPI) project going about their daily lives inNairobi, Kenya, and Antananarivo, Madagascar. For moreinformation about the MPI, see page xxx of the report.

The photographs on pages 3, 9, 10, 21, 22, 24, 26, 35 and 42come from Young Lives. They depict the daily lives of children indeveloping countries, but for reasons of confidentiality are notof the children from the Young Lives study sample.

The photograph on page 1 has been reproduced by kindpermission of Gillman & Soame photographers and can be re-ordered by visiting www.gsarchive.co.uk or telephoning 01869328200.

Front cover: A road running through the Meheba RefugeeSettlement in Zambia. Julie Veroff.

Back cover: The original architect’s drawing for the house at 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford. The Bodleian Library, University ofOxford, Ref: GE 17D.

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Oxford Department of International DevelopmentUniversity of OxfordQueen Elizabeth House 3 Mansfield RoadOxford OX1 3TB, UKTel: +44 1865 281800Fax: +44 1865 281801

www.qeh.ox.ac.uk