Overview of the Systems of the Overview of the Systems of the BodyBody

Circulatory systemCirculatory system: blood circulations : blood circulations with heart and blood vessels with heart and blood vessels

Digestive systemDigestive system: processing food : processing food with mouth, stomach and intestineswith mouth, stomach and intestines

Endocrine systemEndocrine system: communicating : communicating within the body using hormoneswithin the body using hormones

Immune systemImmune system: defending against : defending against disease-causing agents disease-causing agents

IntegumentaryIntegumentary system system: skin, hair and : skin, hair and nails nails

Lymphatic systemLymphatic system: structures : structures involved in the transfer of lymph involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood between tissues and the blood stream stream

Muscular systemMuscular system: moving the body : moving the body

Nervous systemNervous system: collecting, : collecting, transferring and processing transferring and processing information with brain and nerves information with brain and nerves

Reproductive systemReproductive system: the sex organs : the sex organs

Respiratory systemRespiratory system: the organs used : the organs used for breathing, the lungs for breathing, the lungs

Skeletal systemSkeletal system: structural support : structural support and protection through bones and protection through bones

Excretory/urinary/renal systemExcretory/urinary/renal system: the : the kidneys and associated structures kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and involved in the production and excretion of urine excretion of urine

Science you should already Science you should already know and why you need to know and why you need to

review it.review it. Four macromolecules:Four macromolecules:

– CarbohydratesCarbohydrates– ProteinsProteins– LipidsLipids– Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Why are carbs important?Why are carbs important?

Glucose is taken in by cells of the Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s body and broken down to obtain it’s energy – ATPs!!!!energy – ATPs!!!!

Too much glucose gets stored in liverToo much glucose gets stored in liver Not enough glucose, liver releases itNot enough glucose, liver releases it Diabetics need to regulate carb. Diabetics need to regulate carb.

IntakeIntake Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

Why are proteins important?Why are proteins important?

Main component of muscles Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth)(skeletal, cardiac and smooth)

Enzymes are proteins that build or Enzymes are proteins that build or break down other molecules (ex break down other molecules (ex lactase, acetylcholinesterase)lactase, acetylcholinesterase)

Proteins in cell membranes allow for Proteins in cell membranes allow for transport of molecules into and out transport of molecules into and out of cellsof cells

Why are lipids important?Why are lipids important?

Main component of all cell Main component of all cell membranesmembranes

Main component of myelin sheath Main component of myelin sheath surrounding axon of nerve cellssurrounding axon of nerve cells

Many vitamins are fat solubleMany vitamins are fat soluble Cushioning and protectionCushioning and protection Too much or too little causes health Too much or too little causes health

problemsproblems

Why are nucleic acids Why are nucleic acids important?important?

DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traitsall of you traits

Genetic disorders are due to Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences – problems with DNA sequences – CAN’T BE CUREDCAN’T BE CURED

RNA helps to build proteins for the RNA helps to build proteins for the bodybody

Enzymes work by?Enzymes work by?

Lowering activation energy to break Lowering activation energy to break down or put together moleculesdown or put together molecules

Why Important?Why Important?– Almost all chemical processes in the body Almost all chemical processes in the body

are driven by enzymes. Ex. cellular are driven by enzymes. Ex. cellular respirationrespiration

– If enzyme is not working = illness If enzyme is not working = illness Ex. insulin not working = diabetesEx. insulin not working = diabetes Ex. Acetylcholinesterase not working = Ex. Acetylcholinesterase not working =

continuous muscle contractioncontinuous muscle contraction

ATP is important because?ATP is important because?

It is the key energy molecule that It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical cells use for driving chemical reactionsreactions

Glucose is converted into many ATPsGlucose is converted into many ATPs ATP does work for all cellsATP does work for all cells

– Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires contracts or a nerve cell fires

We eat and breathe We eat and breathe because?because?

We eat mainly to obtain glucose so We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP)cells (ATP)

We breathe because oxygen is We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose needed to fully break down glucose into ATPsinto ATPs

Food and oxygen is required for the Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respirationprocess of cellular respiration

Chemical equation for eating Chemical equation for eating and breathingand breathing

Chemical equation for cellular Chemical equation for cellular respiration isrespiration is

6C6C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO2 2 + 6H + 6H22O + O + energy(ATP)energy(ATP)

Glucose + Oxygen Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP+ Water + ATP

MitochondriaMitochondria

Organelle responsible for housing the Organelle responsible for housing the chemical process of cellular chemical process of cellular respirationrespiration

Mitosis is important Mitosis is important because?because?

When cells are damaged or When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old onesare identical to the old ones

When an organism grows, mitosis is When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells the process that makes new cells

Draw and label a typical animal Draw and label a typical animal cell belowcell below

An ion is?An ion is?

Cation = positively charged ion due Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electronsto a loss of electrons– Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to

contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulsenerve impulse

Anion = negatively charged ion due Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electronsto gain of electrons– Ex. HCOEx. HCO3 3 – maintains blood pH– maintains blood pH

An isomer is?An isomer is? Molecules with the same chemical Molecules with the same chemical

formula and often with the same formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged which the atoms are arranged differently. differently. – Ex glucose and fructose are both Ex glucose and fructose are both

CC66HH1212OO6 6 but they are different – your but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use itconvert fructose to use it

Difference between structural Difference between structural and molecular formula is?and molecular formula is?

Structural formula is a graphical Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is picture of how a molecule is arrangedarranged

Molecular formula is an expression of Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a the types and numbers of atoms in a moleculemolecule– Glucose and fructose again as examplesGlucose and fructose again as examples

Ionic bonds are?Ionic bonds are?

An ionic bond is an electrical An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms charged atoms or groups of atoms

Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or saltor salt

Important because these chemicals Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradientsthen be used to form ion gradients

Covalent bonds are?Covalent bonds are?

Bonds formed between elements due Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electronsto sharing of electrons

Very strong bondsVery strong bonds Important becauseImportant because

– Carbon chains are covalent, cellular Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon structures and macromolecules are carbon based moleculesbased molecules

– When a covalent bond is broken – lots of When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)

Polar and non-polar molecules Polar and non-polar molecules differ because?differ because?

Polar molecules – “like” water, they Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions)soluble vitamins, ions)

Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains)hydrocarbon chains)

Why important? Basis for cells even Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar moleculesusing polar and non-polar molecules

Valence electrons are Valence electrons are important because?important because?

The electrons in the outermost shell The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to of atoms determine type of bonds to be formedbe formed

Also these electrons have potential Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to useenergy for our cells to use– When hydrogen loses it’s one valence When hydrogen loses it’s one valence

electron it becomes nothing more than a electron it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+ proton = H+

– Proton “pumps” keep cells workingProton “pumps” keep cells working

Carbon is especially important Carbon is especially important to life because?to life because?

Living organisms are carbon-based Living organisms are carbon-based life forms.life forms.– The molecules that make up our cells The molecules that make up our cells

(carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) (carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL made out of carbon chainsare ALL made out of carbon chains