Overview Methodology and Documentation Modeling Procedures Model Translation Object Orientation Product Data Exchange Standard

Database Applications GIT 150

Overview

Methodology and Documentation

Modeling Procedures

Model Translation

Object Orientation

Product Data Exchange Standard

Enterprise Model Utilization & Summary


Information Modeling

• Definition:– A structured (primarily graphical) set of rules for representing

the file and database information and business process requirements.

• Purpose:– To provide a “template” for managing and integrating the

information used and/or produced in support of a business and/or personal need(s).

• Benefit:– The information model provides the design foundation for

implementing a physical database(s). This “template” is essential to avoid constant redesign of a physical database(s) as the scope is extended.


Sample Information Model


Why Information Modeling Is Needed for Designing Database Applications

• Traditional information system development approaches contain inherent weaknesses.

• Increasingly complex information systems are being developed.

• Complexity of modern systems increases development risks.


What is the failure rate of

this Part?

Is this the current version of the Design?

The Problem: Timely Access to Critical Information

Who is responsible?

Who can I call?


How Is An Information Model Built? • Starts with good business process or workflow activity information needs analysis.

User Requirements Analysis

Business Process RequirementsAnalysis

Integrate-able Database Applications

Database and Application Design

USED AT : AUTHOR : DATE : PROJECT, IDS REV:

NOTES : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

WORKING READER DATE CONTEXT : DRAFTX RECOMMENDED PUBLICATON

NODE : TITLE : NUMBER DETERMINE REPAIR DISPOSITION REQUIREDA142

CONTRACT AND MISSION REQMTS

NONCONFORMANCEDOCUMENTATION

DISCREPANT PART

DISCREPANT PART

ENGR DWGS AND ANALYSIS

DISCREPANT PART

ENGR DWGS AND ANALYSIS

DISCREPANT PART W / DOC. REFERING PART BACK TO MFG FOR REWORK

NONREWORKABLE DISCREPANT PART

DISCREPANT PART W / DOC REFERING PARTFOR STANDARD REPAIR

NON STANDARD REPAIRABLE PART

DISCREPANT PARTW / DOC REFERINGDISPOSITIONTO MR ACTION

DISCREPANTPART NOTDISPOSITIONEDBY MR ACTION

ANALYZE FORDISPOSITIONBY UNIQUEREPAIRPROCEDURES

A1423

ANALYZE FORSTANDARDDISPOSITIONING

A1422

ANALYZE FORREPAIRDISPOSITIONING

A1421

Connectivity_Allocation

Functional_ConnectivityDefintion

requirement

Physica l_ConnectivityDefin tion

implem entation

BOOLEAN

restricted

Path_Element

Physica l_Unit_OccurrenceUsage

descendent

elementL[1:?]

Functional_Domain_Por tAllocation

26,6 Function_DomainPort

source

Application Specific Information Model

Local to EnterpriseMapping

Application Interpreted Information Model(Design Specification)

Enterprise Information

ModelCorporate Constraints

(Standards)

- Hardware- Software- Database- Network- Platforms- Budget- Schedule

InformationStandards


How Is An Information Model Built?(continued)

• From document, report and database decomposition.

PARTRELEASE

GEOMETRICCONFIGURATION

PART

TASK

CHANGEREVISION

NOTES

PARTLIST

(BOM)

CHANGEORDERS

PARTSHAPE

PARTINSTRUCTIONS

PARTAPPROVAL

PARTEFFECTIVITY


Overview

Methodology and Documentation

Modeling Procedures

Model Translation

Object Orientation

Product Data Exchange Standard

Enterprise Model Utilization & Summary


What Is an Information Model?

• A structured, primarily graphical, set of rules for representing information of interest to a community. – Specifies information needed to support the activities of a

business.

• Depicts real or abstract objects, their characteristics and relationships to one another.

• Two types: – Logical models/schemas– Physical models/schemas.


Logical and Physical Information Models

• Logical – Defines information requirements in the form of a set of

non-redundant technical and management data declarations, but does not include the design considerations and physical storage parameters.

– A logical schema contains entities made up of attributes, and connected by relations.

• Physical – Contains all the needed logical and physical design choices

and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a data definition language, which can then be used to create a database.


The Modeling Languages

• Several techniques/languages have been developed for the design of information models. While these methodologies guide modelers in their work, two different people using the same methodology will often come up with different results.

• Some are based upon a Relational paradigm, others on Object-Oriented paradigm, and some are hybrids. Examples include:– Entity-relationship diagrams (R)– IDEF-1x (R), IDEF-4 (O)– Object Role Modeling (ORM) or Nijssen's Information Analysis

Method (NIAM) (H)– EXPRESS, EXPRESS-G (O) – RM/T (R)– UML (O)


Sample Information Model (Relational - IDEF 1X)

(SET TYPE)


Sample Information Model (Object Oriented - EXPRESS G)

INTEGER

STRING

male

1

INTEGER

A[1:3]person

hair_type

date

hair

birth_date

first_name

last_name

nickname

(DER) age

children S[0:?](INV) parents

S[0:2]

*maiden_name*husband

femalewife


How Is an Information Model Documented?

• With a modeling language/methodology in conjunction with a data dictionary repository.– A data dictionary is a set of metadata that contains definitions and representations of

data elements. – A data dictionary holds the following information:

• Precise definition of the information elements • Usernames, roles and privileges • Integrity constraints • Stored procedures and triggers • General database structure • Space allocations

• One benefit of a well-prepared data dictionary is a consistency between data items across different tables. For example, several tables may hold telephone numbers; using a data dictionary the format of this telephone number field will be consistent.

• Both the methodology (e.g., IDEF1x) and data dictionary are required to fully understand the content of the information models.


Information Models Contain

• Entities/Objects:– A generalization of a real or abstract thing.– Example : part, system, or person– MS Access Table

• Attributes/Characteristics:– A fact or property about an object. – Example : part name, or system number– MS Access Field

• Relationships/Relations: – The association between two entities/objects.– Example : a system contains many parts– MS Access Relationship


Entity

• A class of objects about which one wishes to retain data

• Identifies places, things or events that have common characteristics

• Uniquely identifiable• Named with a noun or noun phrase• Represented by a box on the IDEF1x diagram


Entity Rules

• Each entity must have a unique name and same meaning must always apply to same name

• An entity must have one or more characteristics which uniquely identify every instance of the entity

• Every entity must have one or more characteristics which are either owned by the entity or inherited through a relationship


Entity Instance

• An occurrence of an entity• Entity instances are the information that goes into a

database• They are not represented in an information model• An information model captures the structure of the

instance meanings– - Characteristics = Information Model– - Characteristics Values = Data Base


Entity Example

Entity Characteristics

Instances

MOVIEMovie Number Name Rating Rental Rate

12345345 Die Hard PG13 $323456781 Wings PG $265656565 Black Beauty G $2

CUSTOMERCust Number Name Address Status

Code123-345 Tom Jones 12 Oak St OK789-789 Mary Sullivan 456 Hill Ave Pend567-342 Bob Waters 7676 Scutter Rd OK


Attributes

• The characteristics of entities• A common property for all entity instances• Identified by a noun phrase that describes the

characteristics being depicted• Represented as text inside the entity box on the

IDEF1x diagram • May be either identifying (key) or non-identifying

(non-key)


Attribute Rules

• Each attribute must have a unique name and same meaning must always apply to the same name

• Every attribute is owned by exactly one entity but can be related to many others

• Every instance of an entity must have a value for every attribute (no-null rule)

• No instance of an entity can have more than one value for an attribute (no-repeat rule)


Key Attributes

• An attribute or set of attributes whose values uniquely identify instances of an entity

• Placed at the top of the attribute list within an entity box

ENTITYKEY ATTRIBUTE

MOVIEMovie Number


Non-Key Attributes

• A property or characteristic of an entity that is not part of the key

• Placed after the key attributes and separated by a horizontal line crossing the entity box

ENTITYKEY ATTRIBUTE

NON-KEY ATTRIBUTE

MOVIEMovie NumberNameRatingRental Rate


Relationships

• Identify associations between pairs of entities• Two types of relationships

– Category– Connection

• Represented by lines drawn between entity boxes


Category Relationships

• Used to identify 'subtype relationships' when some instances of a generic entity have an attribute that others do not have

• Composed of one generic entity and one or more category entities

• Both entities describe the same object• Generic entity contains attributes that are common to all subtypes• Category entities contain attributes that apply only to subtypes• Category entities are mutually exclusive

• Example:– Movie= generic entity– Western, Suspense, Comedy = category entities


Category Syntax

Generic Entity

(Discriminator)

Category Category Category

Double Line for Complete Set of Category Entities Single Line for Incomplete Set of Category Entities


Category Rules

• A category entity in one categorization relationship may be a generic entity in another categorization relationship

• A generic entity can have multiple categorization relationships

• The key attributes of a category entity must be the same as the generic entity

• All instances of a category entity have the same discriminator value


Categorization Example

COMPLETE CATEGORIZATION

WESTERN SUSPENSE COMEDY MALE FEMALE

(SEX)

MOVIE PERSON

INCOMPLETE CATEGORIZATION(there are other movie types such as Documentary)

(MOVIETYPE)


Connection Relationships

• Represent an association that exists between two different entities

• Captures that one entity instance may be related to zero, one, or many ( 0,1,M ) instances of another entity

e.g., Customer rents ( 0,1,M ) Movies• Can be either a Specific or Non-Specific instance

identification


Connection Syntax

• Line with solid circle at end point • Relationship is described with a verb phrase placed

next to connection line

- Circle : represents zero, one or many (0,1,M)

- Circle with Letter P: represents one or more (1,M)

- Circle with Letter Z: represents zero or one (0,1)

- Circle with Number: represents an exact number (n)n

Z

P


Non-Specific ConnectionRelationships

• A relationship where one instance of an entity may relate to 0, 1, M instances of a second entity; and one instance of the second entity may relate to 0, 1, M instances of the first entity

• For Example:– A Customer Rents at 0,1,M Movies, and Each Movie is

Rented by 0, 1, M Customers

rents/is rented by

MOVIE

Movie NumberNameRatingRental Rate

CUSTOMER

Cust NumberNameAddressStatus Code


Specific Connection Relationships

• A Parent - Child relationship that resolves a non-specific relationship to capture additional detail

• A relationship where one instance of an entity (Parent) may relate to 0, 1, M instances of the second entity (Child), and the Child entity is related to one and only one instance of the Parent entity

• For Example: - A CUSTOMER Rents a specific copy of a MOVIE

rents according to

Customer

Cust NumberNameAddressStatus Code

Movie Rental RecordMovie NumberMovie Copy IdRental DateCust Number (FK)


Attribute Migration

• In all Specific relationships the key attributes of the parent (first) entity migrate to the child (second) entitye.g., Become attributes of the child entity

• These attributes are known as Foreign Key attributes• The non-key attributes of the parent entity never

migrate• A migrated key may migrate to either a key or non-

key position in the child entity


Attribute Migration Syntax

• A solid line is used to depict a parent-child relationship where, foreign key migrates to key position in child entity– An identifying relationship– Child entity box has rounded corners

• A dashed line is used to depict a parent-child relationship where foreign key migrates to non-key position in child entity– An non-identifying relationship– Child entity box has square corners


Identifying Relationships

AIRLINEAirline-Name

AIRLINE-TICKETAirline-Ticket-No Airline-Name (FK)

Key "Migrates" to Key Position

{

issues


Non-Identifying Relationships

Key "Migrates" to Non-Key Position

TRAVEL-AGENCY-BRANCHTravel-Agency-Br-ID-No

EMPLOYEE

Travel-Agency-Br-ID-No (FK)

employs

Social Security Number

{


Entity Dependency

YY XX (FK1)

PARENT - EXISTENCE INDEPENDENT, IDENTIFIER INDEPENDENT ENTITY

CHILD - EXISTENCE DEPENDENT, IDENTIFIER INDEPENDENT ENTITY

ZZ

CHILD - EXISTENCE DEPENDENT, IDENTIFIER DEPENDENT ENTITY

XX (FK1)

CHILD - EXISTENCE DEPENDENT, IDENTIFIER DEPENDENT ENTITY

ZZ YY (FK1) XX (FK1)

YY XX


Attribute Role Names

• Role names are noun phrases assigned to attributes to help convey a characteristic's (attribute's) meaning

• Required when a single attribute is inherited more than once, distinguishes multiple attributes occurrences

• May be used (optional) for single attribute occurrence migrations


Attribute Role Name

PERSON PERSON

FAMILY TREE MINOR

Name Name

is Parent in is Child in

REQUIRED ROLE NAMES OPTIONAL ROLE NAME

Z

is

Parent.Name Child.Name

MinorPerson.Name


Levels of Modeling Detail

• DATA PLANNING MODEL(ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL)– The Highest or Most Generalized Level of Abstraction -

Cannot Make Precise Business Rule StatementsG E N E R A L I Z A T I O N

DATA PLANNING MODEL

KEY - BASED MODEL

FULLY ATTRIBUTED MODEL

R E F I N E M E N T

N U M B E R O F E N T I T I E S


Planning Model Example

Is Rented By/ Rents

MOVIE CUSTOMER

STUDIO

Is Produced In/ Produces

WESTERN

(TYPE)



• Key - Based Model– Adds Unique Identifiers or Key Attributes To the Entities

of the Planning Model

G E N E R A L I Z A T I O N

DATA PLANNING MODEL

KEY - BASED MODEL


R E F I N E M E N T



Key-Based Model Example

Funds

MOVIE CUSTOMER

STUDIO

Is Produced by

MOVIE # CUSTOMER #

STUDIO ID

MOVIE # (FK1)CUSTOMER # (FK2)DATE

MOVIERENTAL

Is Rented By Rents

STUDIO ID (FK2)MOVIE # (FK1)

MOVIEPRODUCTION

WESTERN

(TYPE)

MOVIE #



• FULLY ATTRIBUTED MODEL(FULLY REFINED MODEL)– Completely Defines Characteristics And– Relationships of All the Entities Within A– Given Scope - Greatest Level of Refinement

G E N E R A L I Z A T I O N

DATA PLANNING MODEL

KEY - BASED MODEL


R E F I N E M E N T



Fully Attributed/Refined Model Example

Funds

MOVIE CUSTOMER

STUDIO

Is Produced by

MOVIE #

TITLELENGTH

CUSTOMER #

NAMEADDRESS

STUDIO ID

STUDIO NAMEADDRESS


LATE STATUS

MOVIERENTAL

Is Rented By Rents


BUDGET

MOVIEPRODUCTION

WESTERN

(TYPE)

MOVIE #

LOCATIONASPCA RATING


• Overview• Methodology and Documentation• Modeling Procedures• Model Translation • Object Orientation• Product Data Exchange Standard• Enterprise Model Utilization & Summary


Model Building Procedures

1. SCOPE PROJECT 2. ENTITY DEFINITION 3. RELATIONSHIP DEFINITION 4. KEY ATTRIBUTE DEFINITION 5. NON-KEY ATTRIBUTE DEFINITION

DATA PLANNING

MODEL

KEY BASED MODEL

FULLY ATTRIBUTED

MODEL


Step 1 : Scope Project

• Organize Team – Manager– Subject Experts– Modeling Expert

• Build, Analyze, and Optimize Process Model *• Identify Functional Requirements and Data Objects• Collect Source Material

– Data Object Examples– Interview Results– Policy / Procedure Manual– Data Base / File Specifications for Existing Systems

*Not a trivial exercise


Reasons for Process Evaluation and Measurement

• Process Measurement And Evaluation Helps To:

1)Focus attention on the real drivers behind achieving the organization's mission

2)Determine how to use the organization's resources effectively3)Set goals and monitor trends4)Analyze root causes and sources of errors5)Identify opportunities for improvement6)Give employees a sense of accomplishment7)Provide a means of knowing whether you're "Winning Or Losing"

• Process Re-Design


End Customer = Key to Process Re-Design

• Start workflow evaluation by understanding the process’s end customer(s).

• An end customer is one who pays for the results of the process.– Product– Service

• Determine "What" is being paid for.• Intermediate or internal customers (quality circle) are

typically an expense rather than a revenue generator.


AS-IS Process to TO-BE Process

• Identify the activities and objects within the AS-IS process that the end customer pays for.

• Question all others.• Start at the end of the process and work backward

adding only those activities and objects that are on the critical path.


Process Defined:

• A process or workflow is any activity or group of activities that takes an input, adds value to it, and provides an output to an internal or external customer.


Definition of a Process Flow Model

• A graphical workflow model and glossary that describes what an organization or system actually does.

• Depicts the time phased actions that are performed by a person, object, or system component in the performance of a given action or scenario.

• Views an environment from a process centered view - many objects at various points within their life cycle.


Purpose of a Process Flow Model

• Drive out the requirements for automation by capturing the objects, access reasons, approvers, notifications, organizations, and decision points for an event.

• Defines the process rulebase for the PDM process flow engine (i.e., enables the PDM to automate the environment’s policies and procedures).

• Define configuration management and control requirements.

• Can help optimize the entire process cycle time by exposing nonessential or ill-timed tasks.


Graphical process model depicting activities to be supported by a Student Registration Database Application

CaptureStudent

Registration Data

IdentifyTextbook

Requirements

Manage Instructor

Data

1.21.6 1.8

DevelopClass

Catalog

1.7

Manage Course Data

1.3

Manage Student

Data

1.1

Manage Facility

Data

1.4

IdentifyClass

Offerings

1.5

Instructor Information

CourseInformation

Facility Information

Student Information

Class Details

Catalog of Classes

Textbook Details

Reg Report


Manage Airline Meal Catering Process Model Example

ManageCustomers (Airlines)

ManageAirline Meal

Delivery

TrackSpecial Meal

Requests 1.1 1.2 1.3

Special Requests

Airline Information including Ticket Sales

Understand Flight

Schedules

Determine Flight

Passenger Counts

Identify Departure

Gate Location and Plan Delivery

Manage Flight Delays

and Cancellations

Airline Information

Schedules

TicketSales

PassengerFlight Details

Schedules

1.2.11.2.2

1.2.3

1.2.4

Meal Delivery Plan

Flight Changes


Process Flow Diagram Example

CONDUCTCREDIT CHECK

1 A11

MAKE LOAN DETERMINATION

2 A12

BOOKLOAN

3 A13

received*loanapplication

approved*loan file

Oin-work*

loanapplication

X

reviewed* loanapplication

generated*internal order

rejected* loan applicationwith information request

qualified*branch

manager trained*notedepartment

approved*applicationprocedures

approved*qualificationprocedures

approved*loan bookingprocedures

approved*loan dollars

unapproved* loan application

approved loan*application

O

qualified*

qualified*

Commercial Loan Process

loan officer

loan officer

new*loan evaluation worksheet

completed*loan

evaluationworksheet


Process Flow Model Elements

• A process flow model is composed of the following elements:– Activities and Events (Units Of Behavior)– Inputs and Outputs (Object & State Links)– Constraints and Rules (Controls)– Resources (Mechanisms)– Decision Points (Junctions)– Notifications and Messages


Process Model Information Interview Form

MODELER PROFILE

NAME: JOB TITLE: LOCATION: ORG/DEPT/SECTION/GROUP: ADDRESS: MAIL STOP: PHONE#: SKILLS (optional) SKILL NAME CODE

EXPERIENCE (optional) a) PROGRAM/PRODUCT: JOB DESCRIPTION PFROM TO

b) PROGRAM/PRODUCT: JOB DESCRIPTION PFROM TO

c) PROGRAM/PRODUCT: JOB DESCRIPTION PFROM TO

MAJOR GOALS/OBJECTIVES (optional):

ACTIVITY INFORMATION PAGE (2)

ACTIVITY NAME: NODE#

ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION:

PERFORMING ORG/DEPT/SECTION/GROUP:

AUTHORIZING ORG/DEPT/SECTION/GROUP:

APPROVING ORG/DEPT/SECTION/GROUP:

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO PERFORM ACTIVITY (INCLUDING HW/SW):

ACTIVITY SUCCESS CRITERIA:

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVITY:

NEEDS FOR PROBLEM SOLUTIONS:



ACTIVITY INFORMATION PAGE (3)


TYPE OF QUESTIONS ASKED IN PERFORMING THE ACTIVITY: 1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

INPUT & CONTROL INFORMATION FLOW PAGE (4)ACTIVITY NAME: NODE#

a) INPUT/CONTROL NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) RECEIVED PFROM: (INPUT) HOW MODIFIED:

(CONTROL) HOW USED:

b) INPUT/CONTROL NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) RECEIVED PFROM: (INPUT) HOW MODIFIED:

(CONTROL) HOW USED:

c) INPUT/CONTROL NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) RECEIVED PFROM: (INPUT) HOW MODIFIED:

(CONTROL) HOW USED:

d) INPUT/CONTROL NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) RECEIVED PFROM: (INPUT) HOW MODIFIED:

(CONTROL) HOW USED:



OUTPUT INFORMATION FLOW PAGE (5)ACTIVITY NAME: NODE#

a) OUTPUT NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) GOING TO:

b) OUTPUT NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) GOING TO:

c) OUTPUT NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) GOING TO:

d) OUTPUT NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) GOING TO:

e) OUTPUT NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) GOING TO:

f) OUTPUT NAME: MEDIA: SIZE: LIFECYCLE STATE: NODE#(s) GOING TO:

NOTIFICATION INFORMATION FLOWS PAGE (6)


a) NOTIFICATION NAME: PURPOSE: MEDIA: SIZE: ORG/DEPT/SEC/GROUP/PERSON(s) SENDING MESSAGE:

ORG/DEPT/SEC/GROUP/PERSON(s) RECEIVING MESSAGE:

NODE#(s) GOING TO:

b) NOTIFICATION NAME: PURPOSE: MEDIA: SIZE: ORG/DEPT/SEC/GROUP/PERSON(s) SENDING MESSAGE:


NODE#(s) GOING TO:

c) NOTIFICATION NAME: PURPOSE: MEDIA: SIZE: ORG/DEPT/SEC/GROUP/PERSON(s) SENDING MESSAGE:


NODE#(s) GOING TO:


Project Functional Requirements (PFR)

• A mechanism for translating a process vision (i.e., Should Maps, To-Be Process Models) into information system and database application requirements.

• Used to organize and summarize one or more application concepts into reusable capabilities.

• Provides a technique for maintaining traceability between user requirements and the application system design specifications.

• The set of PFRs bound the scope of the information model vision.


Each PFR Contains

• A Capability Statement– A description of “What” function or concept of operation the PFR is providing.

This is extracted from user process analysis.

• A Rationale Statement– A description of “Why” the PFR is needed. Describes what process(s) is being

supported.

• A Presentation Statement– A description of “How” the capability(s) defined by the PFR is to be provided or

accomplished. Identifies the implementation approach (i.e., query on-line, report).

• A Data Assertion Statement– A description of the information needs of the PFR. Identifies the entity/object

classes and their attributes needed to initiate the capability and the entity/object classes and associated attributes provided by the completion of the capability.

• A Players Statement– A description of “Who” desires and “Who” utilizes the capability identified in the

PFR.


Example PFR for Responsible Personnel for a Part

• Capability Statement:– Be able to retrieve responsible personnel or part ownership information

for a given part and optionally include most current system requirements information as well.

• Rationale Statement:– To facilitate and make team communication more efficient. – To support issue resolution by providing the immediate association of

parts that are the subject of or that are affected by an issue and the people who need to be contacted to achieve team resolution (during both informal change control and formal issue management).

• Presentation Statement:– Multi-level screens, using Part, System, Requirement, Responsible

Person as selection to get to secondary screens. Reports not required but limited printing based upon screen context. Most critical requirements always shown first based upon area (part) criticality.


Part Responsibility PFR Example (Con’t)

• Data Assertion Statement:– The Part Prefix, Base, with Suffix is the input information

for returning Personnel information that includes Person’s Name, Title, Phone Number, Department Name, Alternate Extension, FAX Phone Number. There is a single set of the Personnel information for each Part Number input.

– Optional Requirements information would include Requirements text, Product Line, Series Name, Unit Cost, Total Program Invest, Weight, Quality Assessment, . . .

• Players Statement– Desired by: Designer, Program Office– Utilized by: Program Office, CAE Personnel


Step 2 : Entity/Object Definition

• Use the Process Flow Model Links and the Functional Requirement’s Data Assertion Statements to create an Entity/Object Pool – list of "things" that have data associated with them

• Test Pool for validity– Can each entity be described?– Are there several instances?– Can one instance be separated from another?

• Define entities in Pool and identify synonyms


Step 3 : Relationship Definition

• Build entity relationship matrix– Identify related entities– Define connection relationships– Define category relationships

• Identify dependencies• Capture narrative statements about the relationship -

business rules• Build data planning model


Entity Relationship Matrix

MOVIE

STUDIO

CUSTOMER

X

WESTERN

MOVIE

STUD

IO

CUST

OMER

WES

TERN

X X

X

X

X


Entity Relationship Matrix

MOVIE

STUDIO

CUSTOMER

Could Be A

WESTERN

MOVIE

STUD

IO

CUST

OMER

WES

TERN

Is Prod-uced By

Is Rented By

Is A Type Of

Pro-duces

Rents


Planning Model Example

Is Rented By/ Rents

MOVIE CUSTOMER

STUDIO

Is Produced In/ Produces

WESTERN

(TYPE)


Step 4 : Key Attribute Definition

• Resolve non-specific relationships• Determine primary and alternate keys• Define key attributes• Migrate key attributes• Determine identifying (solid line) and non-identifying

(dashed line) relationships• Perform no-null, no-repeat, and smallest-key testing


Attribute Testing

• No-null rule: for each instance of an entity, all attributes must have a value

• No-repeat rule: no entity instance can have more than one value for a given entity key

• Smallest key test: entities with compound keys must require whole key set for unique identification


Key-Based Model Example

Funds

MOVIE CUSTOMER

STUDIO

Is Produced by

MOVIE # CUSTOMER #

STUDIO ID


MOVIERENTAL

Is Rented By Rents


MOVIEPRODUCTION

WESTERN

(TYPE)

MOVIE #


Step 5 : Non-Key Attribute Definition

• Determine non-key attributes• Define non-key attributes• Specify precise cardinalities and other information

constraints• Validate single entity ownership• Apply no null, no repeat, and smallest key set rules


Attribute Ownership

• Each and every attribute must be "owned" by one and only one entity

• A non-key attribute can only be found within a single entity unless the attribute is a foreign key (migrated as a non-key attribute)

PASSPORTPASSPORT #

SSN (FK1)Zhas

PERSONSSN


Fully Attributed/Refined Model Example

Funds

MOVIE CUSTOMER

STUDIO

Is Produced by

MOVIE #

TITLELENGTH

CUSTOMER #

NAMEADDRESS

STUDIO ID

STUDIO NAMEADDRESS


LATE STATUS

MOVIERENTAL

Is Rented By Rents


BUDGET

MOVIEPRODUCTION

WESTERN

(TYPE)

MOVIE #

LOCATIONASPCA RATING


Normalization

• A set of rules for analyzing the attributes of an information model– Eliminate model redundancy– Ensure model consistency – Verify structural correctness– Maximize stability

• However, normalization cannot validate a model's accuracy in reflecting the business meaning of the information


Normal Forms

• Sequential steps for achieving an optimized and logically desirable information model

• Provides a common foundation from which an efficient physical database design can be created

• There are six degrees of normal form - the first three are usually sufficient for most modeling applications

• First normal form• Second normal form• Third normal form• Boyce/Codd normal form• Fourth normal form• Fifth normal form


First Normal Form - (1NF)

• Every key and non-key attribute of an entity must be single valued

• No entity instance can have multiple values for a given attribute

• i.e., The No Repeat Rule

• A violating entity is corrected by removing repeating or multivalued attributes to another, dependent (child) entity


First Normal Form - ExampleRESTAURANTREST NAME ADDRESS PHONE # EMPLOYEE NAME

BURGER KING TACO HOUSE FISH COMPANY

123 NORTH ST 345 126TH PLACE 77 SUNSET AVE

123-2345 765-8907 395-5682

JOHN, SUE, LISA MARY, BILL ED, SAM, JOSE, RICK

REST NAME ADDRESS PHONE # EMPLOYEE NAME

RESTAURANTREST NAME ADDRESS PHONE #

EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE NAMEREST NAME POSITION

employs


Second Normal Form - (2NF)

• An entity that is in first normal form and each non-key attribute is dependent on the entire primary key

• No non-key attribute instance can be determined by knowing just part of an entity instances key

• A violating entity is corrected by removing to a parent entity any attributes that depend on only a subset of the primary key


Second Normal Form - ExampleRESTAURANT ORDERREST NAME SUPPLIER NAME ORDER ITEM SUPPLIER PHONE #


SAM'S PRODUCE SALSA INC. SAM'S PRODUCE

BEEF PEPPERS SNAPPER

123-2345 765-8907 123-2345

REST NAME SUPPLIER NAME ORDER ITEM SUPPLIER PHONE #

fills

RESTAURANT ORDERREST NAME ORDER ITEM SUPPLIER NAME (FK1)

SUPPLIERSUPPLIER NAME PHONE #


Third Normal Form - (3NF)

• An entity that is in second normal form and each non-key attribute is only dependent on the entire primary key and nothing other than the key

• No non-key attribute instance can be determined by knowing the value of another non-key attribute for the same instance

• A violating entity is corrected by removing to a parent entity any attributes exhibiting transitive dependencies (non-key attributes that not only depend on the whole key but also on other non-key attributes)


Third Normal Form - ExampleRESTAURANT RESERVATION

REST NAME RESERVATION # CUSTOMER NAME CUSTOMER PHONE # TIME # IN PARTY


12 234 88

11:00 AM 2:30 PM 8:15 PM

123-2345 765-8907 123-2345

REST NAME RES # CUST NAME CUST PH # TIME # IN PARTY

makes

F. JONES R. SMITH F. JONES

4 4 6

CUSTOMERCUSTOMER NAME PHONE #

RESTAURANT RESERVATIONREST NAME RESERVATION # CUSTOMER NAME (FK1) TIME # IN PARTY


Boyce/Codd Normal Form - (BCNF)

• An entity that is in third normal form and all attributes depend on only the entire primary or alternate keys (candidate keys) and do not depend on any subset of the candidate keys.

• No non-key attribute instance can be determined by knowing the value of another non-key or partial key attribute for an alternate key entity instance

• A violating alternate key instance entity is corrected by removing to a parent entity any attributes that depend on only a subset of the primary key or those exhibiting transitive dependencies


Fourth Normal Form - (4NF)

• An entity that is in boyce/codd normal form and the primary and alternate keys do not contain any independently multivalued attributes

• No entity instance should contain two or more independent facts about an entity unless inherited through relationships

• Don't mix apples and oranges• A violating entity is corrected by removing any

independently multivalued components of the primary key to two or more new (possibly) parent entities

(APPLIES ONLY TO COMPOUND/COMPOSITE KEYS)


Fifth Normal Form - (5NF)

• An entity that is in fourth normal form and the primary key does not contain any pairwise cyclic redundancies

• No entity instance should contain information which can be reconstructed from smaller pieces of information which can be maintained with less redundancy

• A violating entity is corrected by simultaneous decomposition into three or more new parent entities

(APPLIES ONLY TO COMPOUND/COMPOSITE KEYS)


• Overview• Methodology and Documentation• Modeling Procedures• Model Translation • Object Orientation• Product Data Exchange Standard• Enterprise Model Utilization & Summary


Model Translation

• Logical to Physical, Relational Database• Converting IDEF-1X (ER Models) to EXPRESS (OO

Models)


Translation of a Logical Model into a Physical, Relational Database

• Identify Tables• Identify Columns• Adapt Data Structure To Product Environment• Design Databases For Business Rules About Entities • Design For Business Rules About Relationships • Design For Business Rules About Attributes


STEP 1 : Identify Tables

• In general, identify one table for each AIM entity.• Define each bottom level Subtype entity as a table

rolling all Supertype attributes down into the Subtypes. Or, define top level Supertype entity as a table rolling all Subtype attributes into Supertype as optional class dependent attributes. Write triggers to enforce inheritance rules (ONEOF etc.).

• Document tables in a data dictionary.


STEP 2 : Identify Columns

• In general, identify one column for each attribute of an AIM entity.

• In general, don't define composite columns (multiple AIM attributes per column).

• Define triggers to enforce integrity and cardinality rules.

• Document table columns in data dictionary.• Create ER diagram of global internal schema by

depicting tables as ER entities and columns as ER entity attributes.


STEP 3 : Adapt Data Structure To Product Environment

• Define optimum sequencing of columns for physical device storage and performance

• If feasible, for each table allocate enough primary storage space to contain the entire table - try to minimize use of secondary space

• If feasible, for each table allocate enough free storage space to accommodate all anticipated row inserts and updates that may occur after initial table load or after table reorganization


STEP 3 : Adapt Data Structure To Product Environment (con't)

• Define database(s) to facilitate greater concurrency/data availability and to avoid physical size limitations.

• Group common business meaning entity/tables together into separate databases.

• Group commonly accessed entity/tables together into separate databases.

• Evaluate and design databases to utilize locking parameters which optimize data record locking for minimal size and time.

• Document database meta data in data dictionary.• Create ER subset diagrams of global internal schema for each

database.


STEP 4 : Design Databases For Business Rules About Entities i.e., Uniqueness, Minimality, And Key Null Value Disallowance

• Enforce entity uniqueness key (and alternate key) concepts through DBMS data definition language (DDL) and/or DBMS domain definitions.

• Document database table key and alternate key concepts and enforcement methods in data dictionary.


STEP 5 : Design For Business Rules About Relationships i.e., Key Attribute Insert, Delete, And Update Constraints

• Enforce entity referential integrity concepts through DBMS data definition language (DDL) foreign key designation and/or DBMS triggering techniques.

• Document database table foreign key concepts and enforcement methods in data dictionary.


STEP 6 : Design For Business Rules About Attributes (Domain Constraints & Events)

• Enforce entity attribute domain and action event concepts through DBMS data definition language (DDL), indexes, and/or standard maintenance routines. – Domain constraints = data type, length, format/mask,

allowable value definition, uniqueness, null support, and/or default value specification.

– Action events = triggering mechanisms to enforce object methods and algorithms specified in aim.

• Document database domain and action event concepts and enforcement techniques in data dictionary.

Documents

Overview Methodology and Documentation Modeling Procedures Model Translation Object Orientation Product Data Exchange Standard