THE METHODOLOGY OF TRNSLATION(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SANSKRIT TO PERISAN)

Research ScholarCHANDRAGUPTA BHARTIYA

Ph.D. (Sanskrit)Reg. 16/12/2015

Department of SanskritUniversity of Delhi

Delhi - 110007

15 – September - 2016

THE METHODOLOGY OF TRNSLATION(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SANSKRIT TO PERISAN)

Translation - an introduction

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Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken texts to equivalent written or spoken texts.

It is a relation between sentences of a source language and the sentences of a target language.

Dr. Puran Chand Tandan says, “Translation is a Trans-Relation between one language to the another language or one culture to the another culture.”

It is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of an equivalent target language text.

The purpose of translation

The Purpose of Translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts, including religious, literary, scientific and philosophical texts – in another language and making them available to wider readers.

Division of Translation

Functional Basis Trans. Material Translation Means Used Translation

1. Literary

1.1. Poetry

1.2. Prose

2. Informative

2.1. Advertisement2.2. News2.3. Technical2.4. Legal2.5. Scientific

1. Computer Aided

2. Machine Translation

3. Human Translation

3.1. Same Culture 3.2. Other Culture

1. Written Translation.

2. Oral Translation.

Computer Aided/Assisted translations and Machine Translation

CAT : Computer-Assisted Translation :

MT : Machine Translation :

MT, is a procedure whereby a computer program analyses a source text and produces a target text without further human intervention. In reality, however, machine translation typically does involve human intervention, in the form of pre-editing and post-editing.

CAT, also called “Computer aided translation (CAT)” or “Machine aided human translation (MAHT)” or “Interactive translation (IT)”. It is form of translation wherein a human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer programme.

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Method or technique of the translation

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There are no standard or only one guaranteed method or technique for translation.

We can divide them into eight types. Those are:

Everybody have their own translation method or technique, but there are some common translation techniques.

Eight types of translation methodology

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Word – for – word translation or word – to – word translation.

Literal translation.

Communicative translation.

Adaptive translation.

Free translation.

Idiomatic translation.

Semantic translation.

Faithful translation.

Word – for – word translation or word – to – word translation

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Word – for – word translation is a “mechanics-translation”.

The word order of the source language is preserved and the words translated by their most common meaning.

Usually the meaning of cultural and philosophical words are translated literally.

The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construct a difficult text as pre-translation process.

5. यो मां पश्यति सर्व त्र, सर्व� च मयिय पश्यति।स्याहं न प्रणश्यायिम, स च मे न प्रणश्यति।। - (भगर्वद्गीा 6/30)

.کسی که مرا در همه ببیند، و همه را در من، من از او غایب نیستم، و او از من پنهان نیست(कसी केह मरा दर हमेह बेबीनद,र्व हमेह रा दर मन, मन अज़ ऊ ग़ायब नीस्म, र्व ऊ अज़ मन तिपनहान नीस्।)

(दारा शुकूह द्वारा अनूदिद भागर्वद्गीा का फ़ारसी अनुर्वाद, पृ.सं. 38)

Literal translation

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Literal translation, also known as “word – for – word translation.”

The grammatical constructions of the source language are converted to their equivalents of the nearest target language, but the lexical items are again translated out of context.

It uses for the translations of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts.

The translation is known in everyday usages direct translation, denotes the rendering of text from one language to the another language.

Faithful translation

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It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the grammatical structures of the target language.

Faithful translation is called as “dogmatic translation” ( पूण तिनयमानुसार प्रतिबद्धि. अथर्वा सिस.ान्र्वादी)

It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation for the norms of source language.

Semantic translation

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Sematic translation is a personal an individual translation.

We see, where “faithful translation” is dogmatic, there “Sematic translation” is more flexible.

It follows the thought processes of the author or translator.

Adaptive translation

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This is the freest form of translation.

Source language are converted to the culture of target language in this tr.

It mainly used for plays and poetry: themes or characters or plots preserved.

Free translation (भार्वानुर्वाद)

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A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text.

It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original.

Usually, it is a ‘Paraphrase’, much longer than the original.

It may or may not closely follow the form of the original.

5. In Hindi: र्वर्षाा का सीजन है खण्डाला जाके क्या करना, र्वर्षाा के सीजन में ही ो मजा है मेरी मैना !In Sanskrit: र्वर्षाा याः कालोSस्तिस् खण्डालां गत्र्वा किकं कुर्व ः, र्वर्षाा याः काले हे्यर्व तिप्रये ! आयाति आनन्दः

Idiomatic translation

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Idiomatic translation, that conveys the meaning of the original or source text, by using equivalent language and the forms and structures of the target language, in order to produce a translation that reads, that has the meaning by preferring idioms.

Eg. آید می در .پدر

पेदर दर मी आयद ( آید می در (پدر

literary or word to word translation of the Persian idiom will be – तिपा घर आ गए (Father came to home) – but the Persian idiom doesn’t give the same

meaning. In English it’s mean – “a hard nut to crack”, in Hindi we can use लोहे के चने चबाना अथर्वा खून पसीना एक ककरना ।

Communicative translation

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Communicative Translation is social translation, it concentrates on the message and the main force of the text.

It attempts to reader the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

It tends to under translate, to be simple, clear and brief, and always written in natural and resourceful style.

The problems of translation

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Translation problems can be divided into two parts:

Cultural Problems: the cultural problems refer to different situational features of society or culture.

Linguistic Problems: in linguistic problems we include grammatical differences, lexical and meaning ambiguity;

Condition for a good translation

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A good translation is one that carries all the ides of the original as well as its structural (Linguistic or Grammatical) and cultural features too.

A good translation is easily understood, fluent and smooth and idiomatic. It reconstructs the cultural and historical context of the original.

Condition for a good translator

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A translator should have good command on both of the source language and the target language. In this case he/she should know about basic elements of both of the languages. He/she should have good knowledge about the linguistic or grammatical parts as well as the cultural parts of both of the languages. Such as:

Linguistic or Grammatical parts:

Cultural parts:

Parts of speech: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection., Articles, Vocabulary, Spellings, Sentence Structure, Synonyms, Antonyms, Correct use of words, Phrases and Idioms.

Myths, Beliefs, Stereotyped befiefs, blind faiths, Traditions or Heritages of the target language.

Conclusion

In the conclusion we can say that there are no any standard or only one method or technique for translation.

In all of the eight techniques of translation, the ‘Free translation (भार्वानुर्वाद)’ is useful for the translation of literature part (Prose and Poetry).

Except these eight types of translations, we can add some more types, such as:Poetic translation and explanative translation etc.

Every person have their own translation method or technique, but there are some common translation techniques, which we discussed above.

Alekseeva, L.M., 2010, Translation as a reflection of activity, Vestnik permskong university, pp. 45-51

Bazyev, V.N., 2008, Semiotic translation model, Politicheskay lingvistika, pp. 115-117 Gile, D., 2009, Basic concepts and models for interpreter and translator training,

John Benjamins, Amsterdam; Philadelphia. Robinson, D, 2003, Becoming a translator: an introduction to the theory and practice

of translation, (2nd ed.), Routledge, London; New York. Volkova, T.A., 2012, Discourse and translation modelling, Science Book Publishing

House, Yelm

Internet sources

Bibliography

Thank you