Other categories include hang glider, tiltwing/tiltrotor, autogyro, heliplane and

ornithopter.

DARPA’s airplane

Parts of an Airplane

Parts of an Airplane

Parts of an Airplane

Parts of an Airplane

FuselageThe fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, where the passengers, cargo and crew go.

FuselageThe fuselage is normally classified according to the type of construction:

-Truss Type

-Monocoque

-Semi-monocoque

Fuselage – Truss Type

Fuselage – Semi-Monocoque

EmpennageThe empennage is the rear portion of the airplane

It is integral to control and stability during flight

Wing Construction

Wing ConstructionSpars spanwise members

wood or metal

carry bending loads

Ribsweb or truss

give wing its cambered shape

Wing ConstructionEdges Leading EdgeTrailing Edge Strength & Shape

Wires Internal / ExternalBracing for strength

CoveringMetal or FabricMetal strength

Wing LayoutsHigh Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane

Wing LayoutsHigh Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane

Wing LayoutsHigh Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane

Wing LayoutsHigh Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane

Center of gravity (CG)

Landing GearConventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels and a tail wheel

Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel

Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing drag)

Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract

Landing Gear

Landing Gear

Landing Gear

Landing Gear

Landing GearRetractable Landing Gear

PROS◦ Reduced drag at cruise

◦ Higher cruising speed

CONS◦ Added weight

◦ Added mechanical complexity

◦ Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based)

◦ Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious)

Landing GearShock Absorption

Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway.

◦ Spring steel Landing Gear

◦ Air/Oil oleos

◦ Rubber cords (bungee) or discs

◦ Low pressure tires

Landing Gear

Main Landing Gear

- Spring Steel Cantilever -

Landing Gear

Nose Landing Gear- Air / Oil Oleo -

Landing Gear - BrakesBrakes

Provide a means of stopping the aircraft

Assist with steering on the ground

Wing SpanWingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip

ChordChord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing

A measure of the width of a wing

Wing AreaWing Area

Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing

PlanformPlanform

Shape of the wing as seen from above

Aspect Ratio

Ratio of the span to chord of the wing

A measure of how SLENDER the wing is

AirfoilA structure curved to produce lift

Camber

◦ A measure of the curvature of an airfoil

◦ Mean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces

Camber

Incidence Angle

Angle between chord line and the longitudinal axis

Relative AirflowRelative Airflow

◦ Airflow over the wing

◦ Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air

Angle of Attack

The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow

Multi Design Optimization (MDO) of aircrafts

Commercial Air Transport System Architecture

Commercial

Air

Transport

System

Aircraft

System

Other

operational

Elements

Environmenta

l

segment

Avionics

segment

Electrical

segment

Interiors

segment

Mechanical

segment

Propulsion

segment

Auxiliary

segment

Airframe

segment

Air

Conditionin

g

Cabin

Pressure

Ice & Rain

Protection

Oxygen

Pneumatic

Auto

Flight

Communica-

tions

Indicating &

Recording

Navigation

Crew

Accom-

modations

Passengers

Accom-

modations

Water,

Waste

Lavs,Galley

s

& Plumbing

Emergency

Provisions

Signs &

Lights

Flight

Controls

Hydraulic

Power

Landing

Gears

Fuel

Pylon /

Structure

Power

Plant

Power

Control

Fuselage

Stablizer

Wing

Electrical

Power

Shipside

Lighting

Auxiliary

Power

System

Ground

Starting

Equipment

Flight

Deck

Crew

A/CConcept

Review

A/C

Preliminary DesignReview

A/C

DetailedDesignReview

Concept Study Feasibility Study

Preliminary Detailed

Design

Production/SustainingPreliminary Development

Design

CertificationGo-Ahead

Business

OpportunityStudy

Feasibility

Study

Project

Definition

Full

Scale Development

Business

Opportunity

Review

Project

Requirements

Review

Critical

Project

Review

Enterprise Based Life-cycle

Enterprise Based Life Cycle Relationships

System Life-cycleDevelopment Process

Operational Deployment

Disposal

First Production

Article Simulation Product Upgrades

Engineering Life-cycleProcess

Prototype

Development

FirstDelivery

Requirements Development Design Development

A/CDefinition

Review

Life Cycle Framework

References

http://94aircadets.ca/images/Training/Optional%20Training/GroundSchool/Po

werPoints/6.01%20Aircraft%20Design.ppt

https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture

_01.pdf

http://www.283aircadets.ca/index.php/optional-training/ground-

school?showall=&start=1

http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/structures/FAA.pdf

https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture_01.pdfhttps://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture_01.pdfhttp://www.283aircadets.ca/index.php/optional-training/ground-school?showall=&start=1http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/structures/FAA.pdf