OS X

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4.4

Simplied history of Unix-like operating systems

OS X (pronounced /ostn/;[11] originallyMac OS X)is a series of Unix-based graphical interface operatingsystems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is de-signed to run on Macintosh computers, having been pre-installed on all Macs since 2002. It was the successor toMac OS 9, released in 1999, the nal release of the clas-sic Mac OS, which had been Apples primary operatingsystem since 1984. The rst version released was MacOS X Server 1.0 in 1999, and a desktop version, Mac OSX v10.0 Cheetah followed on March 24, 2001. Previ-ous releases of OS X were named after big cats; for ex-ample, OS X v10.8 was referred to as "Mountain Lion".However, with the announcement of OS X Mavericksin June 2013, this was dropped in favor of Californianlandmarks.[12] Within the market of desktop, laptop andhome computers, and by web usage, OS X is the secondmost widely used OS after Windows.[13][14][15]

OS X, whose X is the Roman numeral for 10 and is aprominent part of its brand identity, is built on technolo-gies developed at NeXT between the second half of the1980s and Apples purchase of the company in late 1996.The 'X' is also used to emphasize the relatedness be-tween OS X and UNIX. UNIX 03 certication has beenachieved for versions 10.5 for Intel CPUs,[3] and versions10.6 through 10.10.[4][5][6][7][8] iOS, the mobile OS forthe iPhone, iPod Touch,[16] iPad, and the 2nd and 3rdgeneration Apple TV,[17] shares the Unix-based Darwincore andmany frameworks with OSX. An unnamed vari-ant of v10.4 powers the rst generation Apple TV.[18]

The rst releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2006 can

run only on the PowerPC basedMacs of the period. AfterApple announced it would shift to using Intel x86 CPUsfrom 2006 onwards, Tiger and Leopard were released inversions for Intel and PowerPC processors. Snow Leop-ard is the rst version released only for Intel Macs. Sincethe release of Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, OS X has droppedsupport for 32-bit Intel processors as well. It now runsexclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs.Apple oers an application suite for OS X called OS XServer, for use on servers. It includes tools to facilitatemanagement of workgroups of OS X machines, and toprovide network services. It is sold separately through theMacApp Store as a single item; it remained available until2014 preinstalled on dedicated server computers. Beforethe release of Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, a separate editionof Mac OS X, called Mac OS X Server, with additionaltools bundled with the operating system was sold and waspreinstalled on servers.The latest version of OS X is 10.10 Yosemite, whichwas released to the public on October 16, 2014.

1 HistoryMain article: History of OS X

The heritage of what would become OS X had originatedat NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs followinghis departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-likeNeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and thenlaunched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is basedupon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed atCarnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layersand low-level user space code derived from select parts ofBSD. Its graphical user interface was built on top of anobject-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C pro-gramming language.Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to createa next-generation OS through the Taligent, Coplandand Gershwin projects, although these were eventuallyabandoned.[19] This ledApple to purchaseNeXT in 1996,allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, to serveas the basis for Apples next generation OS.[20] This pur-chase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as interimCEO, and later CEO, shepherding the transformation ofthe programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system thatwould be adopted by Apples primary market of homeusers and creative professionals. The project was rst

1

2 2 DESCRIPTION

code named "Rhapsody" and then ocially named MacOS X.[21]

Mac OS X was launched for PowerPC-based Macs. In2006, the rst Intel Macs had a specialized version of10.4 Tiger.[22] In 2007, 10.5 Leopard was the rstto run on both PowerPC and Intel Macs with the use ofUniversal Binaries.[23] 10.6 Snow Leopard was the rstversion of OS X to drop support for PowerPC Macs.[24]

Mac OS X Server 1.x is incompatible with software de-signed for the original Mac OS and has no support forApples own IEEE 1394 (FireWire) interface. Mac OSX 10.x includes more backward compatibility throughClassic and more functionality by introducing the CarbonAPI as well as FireWire support. As the operating sys-tem evolved, it moved away from the legacy Mac OS toan emphasis on new digital lifestyle applications such asthe iLife suite, enhanced business applications (iWork),and integrated home entertainment (the Front Row me-dia center).[25] Each version also included modicationsto the general interface, such as the brushed metal ap-pearance added in version 10.3, the non-pinstriped title-bar appearance in version 10.4, and in 10.5 the removalof the previous brushed metal styles in favor of the Uni-ed gradient window style.[26][27]

In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8, the Mac prexwas ocially dropped in all references to the operatingsystem name within its web site.[28]

2 Description

Box/Mac App Store artwork for OS X. Left to right:Cheetah/Puma (1), Jaguar (2), Panther (3), Tiger (4),Leopard (5), Snow Leopard (6), Lion (7), MountainLion (8), Mavericks (9), Yosemite (10).

OS X is the tenth major version of Apples operating sys-tem for Macintosh computers. Previous Macintosh op-erating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e.g.Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. The letter X in OS Xs namerefers to the number 10, a Roman numeral. It is thereforecorrectly pronounced ten /tn/ in this context.[11][29]However, a common mispronunciation is X /ks/.[30]

OSXs core is a POSIX compliant operating system (OS)built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facil-ities available from the command line interface. Applehas released this family of software as a free and opensource operating system named Darwin. On top of Dar-win, Apple layered a number of components, includingthe Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is OS X.[31]

OS X introduced a number of new capabilities to pro-vide a more stable and reliable platform than its prede-cessor, Mac OS 9. For example, pre-emptive multitask-

ing and memory protection improved the systems abilityto run multiple applications simultaneously without theminterrupting or corrupting each other.[32] Many aspects ofOS Xs architecture are derived fromOPENSTEP, whichwas designed to be portable, to ease the transition fromone platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP wasported from the original 68k-basedNeXTworkstations tox86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchasedby Apple,[33] and OPENSTEP was later ported to thePowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.The most visible change was the Aqua theme. The useof soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripessimilarto the hardware design of the rst iMacsbrought moretexture and color to the user interface when comparedto what OS 9 and OS X Server 1.0s "Platinum" appear-ance had oered. According to John Siracusa, an edi-tor of Ars Technica, the introduction of Aqua and its de-parture from the then conventional look hit like a tonof bricks.[34] Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the orig-inal Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aquainterface in Mac OS X v10.0 represented a step back-wards in usability compared with the original Mac OSinterface.[35][36] Third-party developers started produc-ing skins for customizable applications and other oper-ating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. Tosome extent, Apple has used the successful transition tothis new design as leverage, at various times threateninglegal action against people who make or distribute soft-ware with an interface the company says is derived fromits copyrighted design.[37]

The architecture of OS X incorporates a layereddesign.[38] The layered frameworks aid rapid develop-ment of applications by providing existing code for com-mon tasks.[39]

OS X includes its own software development tools, mostprominently an integrated development environmentcalled Xcode. Xcode provides interfaces to compilersthat support several programming languages including C,C++, Objective-C, and Java. For the AppleIntel transi-tion, it was modied so that developers could build theirapplications as a universal binary, which provides com-patibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-basedMacintosh lines.[40] First and third-party applicationscan be controlled programatically using the AppleScriptframework, retained from classic Mac OS, or using thenewer Automator application.The Darwin sub-system inMacOSX is in charge of man-aging the lesystem, which includes the Unix permissionslayer. In 2003 and 2005, twoMacworld editors expressedcriticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau calledmiscongured permissions the most common frustra-tion in Mac OS X, while Rob Griths suggested thatsome users may even have to reset permissions every day,a process which can take up to 15 minutes.[41] More re-cently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called theprocedure of repairing permissions vastly overused.[42]

3.2 Hardware 3

He argues that OS X typically handles permissions prop-erly without user interference, and resetting permissionsshould just be tried when problems emerge.[43]

Mac applications may be installed by the user from anysource, or from theMacApp Store, amarketplace of soft-ware maintained by Apple. All App Store applicationsrun within a 'sandbox', restricting their ability to commu-nicate with other programs or modify the core operatingsystem. This provides increased user security but restrictsthe features they can oer.

2.1 Distribution and languages

See also: Usage share of operating systems

As of September 2011, OS X is the second-most-activegeneral-purpose client operating system in use on theWorld Wide Web, (after Microsoft Windows), with an8.45% usage share according to statistics compiled byW3Counter.[44] It is the most successful Unix-like desk-top operating system on theweb, estimated at over 5 timesthe usage of Linux (which has 1.5%).[44]

There are twenty-two System Languages available forthe user at the moment of installation (the system lan-guage is the entire operating system environment). As ofMac OSX Lion, the languages are Arabic, Chinese (Sim-plied), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch,English, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian,Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese(Brazilian), Portuguese (European), Russian, Spanish,Swedish and Turkish. Input methods for typing in dozensof scripts can be chosen independently of the systemlanguage.[45]

3 Compatibility

3.1 Software

The APIs that OS X inherited from OpenStep are notbackward compatible with earlier versions of Mac OS.These APIs were created as the result of a 1993 collabo-ration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystemsand are now referred to by Apple as Cocoa. This heritageis highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the NS pre-x is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously forNextstep orNeXT/Sun. The ocial OpenStep API, pub-lished in September 1994, was the rst to split theAPI be-tween Foundation and Application Kit and the rst to usethe NS prex.[33] Apples Rhapsody project would haverequired all new development to use these APIs, causingmuch outcry among existing Mac developers. All Macsoftware that did not receive a complete rewrite to the newframework would run in the equivalent of the Classic en-vironment. To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS

9 to (Mac) OS X, the Carbon Application ProgrammingInterface (API) was created. Applications written withCarbon can be executed natively on both systems. Car-bon was not included in the rst product sold as MacOS X": Mac OS X Server (now referred to as Mac OS XServer 1.x).OS X also used to support the Java Platform as a pre-ferred software packagein practice this means thatapplications written in Java t as neatly into the oper-ating system as possible while still being cross-platformcompatible, and that graphical user interfaces written inSwing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces.Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly writtenin Objective-C, with Java as an alternative. However, onJuly 11, 2005, Apple announced that features added toCocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not beadded to the Cocoa-Java programming interface.[46]

Since OS X is POSIX compliant, many software pack-ages written for the *BSDs, Linux, or other Unix-likesystems can be recompiled to run on it. Projects suchas Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. From version10.3 to version 10.7, OS X included X11.app, Applesversion of the X Window System graphical interfacefor Unix applications, as an optional component duringinstallation.[47] Up to and including Mac OS X v10.4(Tiger), Apples implementation was based on the X11Licensed XFree86 4.3 and X11R6.6. All bundled ver-sions of X11 feature a window manager which is similarto the OS X look-and-feel and has fairly good integra-tion with Mac OS X, also using the native Quartz render-ing system. Earlier versions of OS X (in which X11 hasnot been bundled) can also run X11 applications usingXDarwin. With the introduction of version 10.5 Appleswitched to the X.org variant of X11.[48] VersionMac OSX 10.7 Lion uses X.org Server version 1.10.x[49] Start-ing with OS X Mountain Lion, X11 is not bundled in OSX; instead, it has to be installed from, for example, theopen source XQuartz project.[50]

3.2 HardwareFor the early releases of Mac OS X, the standard hard-ware platform supported was the full line of Macintoshcomputers (laptop, desktop, or server) based on PowerPCG3, G4, and G5 processors. Later versions discontin-ued support for some older hardware; for example, Pan-ther does not support beige G3s,[51] and Tiger does notsupport systems that pre-date Apples introduction of in-tegrated FireWire ports (the ports themselves are not afunctional requirement). Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard, in-troduced October 2007, has dropped support for all Pow-erPCG3 processors and for PowerPCG4 processors withclock rates below 867 MHz. Mac OS X v10.6 SnowLeopard supports Macs with Intel processors, not Pow-erPC.MacOSX 10.7 Lion requires aMac with an IntelCore 2 Duo or newer processor.

4 3 COMPATIBILITY

Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the in-stallation disc have been developed by third parties to en-able installation of newer versions of Mac OS X on sys-tems not ocially supported by Apple. This includes anumber of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can bemade to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar,all G3-based Macs which can run up to and includingTiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard byremoving the restriction from the installation DVD or en-tering a command in the Macs Open Firmware interfaceto tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specichardware (e.g. graphics acceleration, DVD writing), theoperating system oers the same functionality on all sup-ported hardware.PowerPC versions of Mac OS X prior to Leopard retaincompatibility with older Mac OS applications by provid-ing an emulation environment called Classic, which al-lows users to run Mac OS 9 as a process within Mac OSX, so that most older applications run as they would underthe older operating system. Classic is not supported onIntel-based Macs or in Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard, butusers still requiring Classic applications on Intel Macs canuse the SheepShaver emulator to run Mac OS 9 on top ofLeopard.

3.3 PowerPCIntel transition

Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors.

Main article: Apples transition to Intel processors

In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple hada version of Mac OS X code-named Marklar, which ranon Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar wasto keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platformshould Apple become dissatised with the progress of thePowerPC platform.[52] These rumors subsided until latein May 2005, when various media outlets, such as TheWall Street Journal[53] and CNET,[54] announced that Ap-ple would unveil Marklar in the coming months.On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs conrmed these rumorswhen he announced in his keynote address at the an-nual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Ap-ple would be making the transition from PowerPC toIntel processors over the following two years, and thatMac OS X would support both platforms during thetransition. Jobs also conrmed rumors that Apple hadversions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors formost of its developmental life. The last time that Appleswitched CPU familiesfrom the Motorola 68K CPUto the IBM/Motorola PowerPCApple included a Mo-torola 68K emulator in the new OS that made almostall 68K software work automatically on the new hard-ware. Apple had supported the 68K emulator for 11years, but stopped supporting it during the transition toIntel CPUs. Included in the new OS for the Intel-basedMacs is Rosetta, a binary translation layer which enablessoftware compiled for PowerPCMacOSX to run on IntelMac OS X machines. Apple dropped support for Clas-sic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulationsoftware such as Mini vMac, Basilisk II and SheepShaverprovides support for some early versions of Mac OS. Anew version of Xcode and the underlying command-linecompilers support building universal binaries that will runon either architecture.[55]

PowerPC-only software is supported with Rosetta,though applications may have to be rewritten to run prop-erly on the newer OS X for Intel. Apple initially en-couraged developers to produce universal binaries withsupport for both PowerPC and x86.[56] There is a per-formance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on IntelMacs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC soft-ware, such as kernel extensions and System Preferencesplugins, are not supported on Intel Macs. Some PowerPCapplications would not run on Intel OS X at all. Pluginsfor Safari need to be compiled for the same platform asSafari, so when Safari is running on Intel it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal bi-naries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.[57] WhileIntel Macs are able to run PowerPC, x86, and universalbinaries; PowerPCMacs support only universal and Pow-erPC builds.Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped afterMac OS X 10.5. Such cross-platform capability alreadyexisted in Mac OS Xs lineage; OpenStep was ported to

5many architectures, including x86, and Darwin includedsupport for both PowerPC and x86. Apple stated thatMac OS X would not run on Intel-based personal com-puters aside from its own, but a hacked version of the OScompatible with conventional x86 hardware was devel-oped by the OSx86 community.[58]

On June 8, 2009, Apple announced at its Worldwide De-velopers Conference that Snow Leopard (version 10.6)would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-only.[59] However, Rosetta is still available in Snow Leop-ard; it is not installed by default, but it is available on theinstallation DVD as an installable add-on and is installedautomatically via the Internet when rst attempting to runa PowerPC-based application.On all versions from (and including) Lion, Rosetta is nolonger available.

4 FeaturesOne of the major dierences between the previousversions of Mac OS and OS X was the addition ofthe Aqua GUI, a graphical user interface with water-like elements. Every window element, text, graphic,or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasingtechnology.[60] ColorSync, a technology introducedmanyyears before, was improved and built into the core draw-ing engine, to provide color matching for printing andmultimedia professionals.[61] Also, drop shadows wereadded around windows and isolated text elements to pro-vide a sense of depth. New interface elements were in-tegrated, including sheets (document modal dialog boxesattached to specic windows) and drawers.Apple has continued to change aspects of the OS X ap-pearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the ap-pearance of windows and the menu bar. One example ofa UI behavioral change is that previewed video and audioles no longer have progress bars in column view; instead,they have mouse-over start and stop buttons as of 10.5.The human interface guidelines published by Apple forMac OS X are followed by many applications, givingthem consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.[62]In addition, new services for applications are included,which include spelling and grammar checkers, specialcharacters palette, color picker, font chooser and dic-tionary; these global features are present in every Co-coa application, adding consistency. The graphics systemOpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allowhardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, intro-duced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme, a com-ponent of Quartz. Quartzs internal imaging model cor-relates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF)imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multi-ple devices.[61] As a side result, PDF viewing and cre-ating PDF documents from any application are built-infeatures.[63]

In version 10.3, Apple added Expos, a feature which in-cludes three functions to help accessibility between win-dows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display allopen windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to dier-ent tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails fromthe current application, and hide all windows to accessthe desktop.[64] Also, FileVault was introduced, which isan optional encryption of the users les with AdvancedEncryption Standard (AES-128).[65]

Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator,an application designed to create an automatic work-ow for dierent tasks;[66] Dashboard, a full-screen groupof small applications called desktop widgets that can becalled up and dismissed in one keystroke;[67] and FrontRow, a media viewer interface accessed by the AppleRemote.[68] Moreover, the Sync Services were included,which is a system that allows applications to access acentralized extensible database for various elements ofuser data, including calendar and contact items. The op-erating system then managed conicting edits and dataconsistency.[69]

As of version 10.5, all system icons are scalable up to512512 pixels, to accommodate various places wherethey appear in larger size, including for example theCover Flow view, a three-dimensional graphical user in-terface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Appleproducts for visually skimming through les and digitalmedia libraries via cover artwork. This version includesSpaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enablesthe user to have more than one desktop and display themin an Expos-like interface.[70] Mac OS X v10.5 includesan automatic backup technology called Time Machine,which provides the ability to view and restore previousversions of les and application data;[71] and Screen Shar-ing was built in for the rst time.[72]

Finder is a le browser allowing quick access to all ar-eas of the computer, which has been modied through-out subsequent releases of Mac OS X.[73][74] Quick Lookis part of Mac OS X Leopards Finder. It allows fordynamic previews of les, including videos and multi-page documents, without opening their parent applica-tions. Spotlight search technology, which is integratedinto the Finder since Mac OS X Tiger, allows rapid real-time searches of data les; mail messages; photos; andother information based on item properties (meta data)and/or content.[75][76] Mac OS X makes use of a Dock,which holds le and folder shortcuts as well as minimizedwindows.

5 Versions

With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and theoriginal public beta, OS X versions were named afterbig cats until version 10.9, when Apple switched to us-ing California locations. Prior to its release, version

6 5 VERSIONS

10.0 was code named Cheetah internally at Apple, andversion 10.1 was code named internally as Puma. Af-ter the immense buzz surrounding version 10.2, code-named Jaguar, Apples product marketing began openlyusing the code names to promote the operating system.10.3 was marketed as Panther, 10.4 as Tiger, 10.5as Leopard, 10.6 as Snow Leopard, 10.7 as Lion,10.8 as Mountain Lion, and 10.9 as Mavericks. Pan-ther, Tiger and Leopard are registered as trade-marks of Apple, but Cheetah, Puma and Jaguarhave never been registered. Apple has also registeredLynx and Cougar as trademarks, though these wereallowed to lapse.[90] Computer retailer Tiger Direct suedApple for its use of the name Tiger. On May 16, 2005a US federal court in the Southern District of Floridaruled that Apples use did not infringe on Tiger Directstrademark.[91]

5.1 Public Beta: Kodiak

Main article: Mac OS X Public Beta

On September 13, 2000 Apple released a $29.95[92] pre-view version of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Ko-diak) in order to gain feedback from users.The PB as it was known marked the rst public avail-ability of the Aqua interface and Apple made manychanges to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OSX Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring2001.[93]

5.2 Version 10.0: Cheetah

Main article: Mac OS X v10.0

OnMarch 24, 2001, Apple releasedMac OSX v10.0 (in-ternally codenamed Cheetah).[94] The initial version wasslow, incomplete, and had very few applications availableat the time of its launch, mostly from independent de-velopers. While many critics suggested that the operat-ing system was not ready for mainstream adoption, theyrecognized the importance of its initial launch as a baseon which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X wasreceived by the Macintosh community as a great accom-plishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the MacOS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by count-less setbacks. Following some bug xes, kernel panicsbecame much less frequent.

5.3 Version 10.1: Puma

Main article: Mac OS X v10.1

Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X v10.1

(internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featuredincreased performance and provided missing features,such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a freeupgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was dis-covered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs thatcould be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing aspecic le; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actualstripped-down format that did not facilitate installation onsuch systems.[95] On January 7, 2002, Apple announcedthat Mac OS X was to be the default operating system forall Macintosh products by the end of that month.[96]

5.4 Version 10.2: JaguarMain article: Mac OS X v10.2

On August 23, 2002,[97] Apple followed up with MacOS X v10.2 Jaguar, the rst release to use its codename as part of the branding.[98] It brought great rawperformance improvements, a sleeker look, and manypowerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, accord-ing to Apple[99] ), including Quartz Extreme for com-positing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or NvidiaGeForce2MXAGP-based video cardwith at least 16MBof VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact informa-tion in the new Address Book, and an instant messagingclient named iChat.[100] The Happy Mac which had ap-peared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo withthe introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.

5.5 Version 10.3: PantherMain article: Mac OS X Panther

Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved per-formance, it also incorporated the most extensive up-date yet to the user interface. Panther included asmany or more new features as Jaguar had the yearbefore, including an updated Finder, incorporating abrushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Expos(Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (whichadded videoconferencing features to iChat), improvedPortable Document Format (PDF) rendering and muchgreater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[101] Supportfor some early G3 computers such as beige PowerMacsand WallStreet PowerBooks was discontinued.

5.6 Version 10.4: TigerMain article: Mac OS X TigerMac OS X v10.4 Tiger was released on April 29,2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200

5.8 Version 10.6: Snow Leopard 7

Screenshot of Tiger

new features.[102] Aswith Panther, certain oldermachineswere no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with256MB and a built-in FireWire port.[51] Among the newfeatures, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, SmartFolders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes,QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Im-age and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TVused a modied version of Tiger with a dierent graph-ical interface and fewer applications and services. OnJanuary 10, 2006, Apple released the rst Intel-basedMacs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operat-ing system functioned identically on the PowerPC-basedMacs and the new Intel-based machines, with the excep-tion of the Intel release dropping support for the Classicenvironment.[103]

5.7 Version 10.5: Leopard

Main article: Mac OS X Leopard

Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard was released on October26, 2007. It was called by Apple the largest update ofMac OS X. It brought more than 300 new features.[104]Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-basedMacintosh computers; support for the G3 processor wasdropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clockrate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be in-stalled. The single DVD works for all supported Macs(including 64-bit machines). New features include a newlook, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, BootCamp pre-installed,[105] full support for 64-bit applica-tions (including graphical applications), new features inMail and iChat, and a number of new security features.Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered prod-uct on the Intel platform. It was also the rst BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certication.[3][106] Leop-ard dropped support for the Classic Environment and allClassic applications.[107] It was the nal version of MacOS X to support the PowerPC architecture.

5.8 Version 10.6: Snow Leopard

Main article: Mac OS X Snow Leopard

Mac OS X v10.6 Snow Leopard was released on Au-gust 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to theappearance and end user functionality like the previousreleases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on un-der the hood changes, increasing the performance, e-ciency, and stability of the operating system. For mostusers, the most noticeable changes were: the disk spacethat the operating system frees up after a clean installcompared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsiveFinder rewritten in Cocoa, faster TimeMachine backups,more reliable and user friendly disk ejects, a more power-ful version of the Preview application, as well as a fasterSafari web browser. Snow Leopard only supported ma-chines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of RAM,and dropped default support for applications built for thePowerPC architecture (Rosetta could be installed as anadditional component to retain support for PowerPC-onlyapplications).[108]

Mac OS X v10.6 also featured new 64-bit technologycapable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, im-proved support for multi-core processors through GrandCentral Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance withOpenCL.An update introduced support for the Mac AppStore, Apples digital distribution platform for OS Xapplications.[109]

Mac OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at MosconeWest.

5.9 Version 10.7: Lion

Main article: Mac OS X Lion

Mac OS X v10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011.It brought developments made in Apples iOS, suchas an easily navigable display of installed applications(Launchpad) and a greater use of multi-touch gestures,

8 6 UPDATING METHODS

to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it in-capable of running PowerPC applications.Changes made to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) in-clude the Launchpad (similar to the home screen of iOSdevices), auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear whenthey are being used, and Mission Control, which uniesExpos, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applicationswithin a single interface.[110] Apple also made changesto applications: they resume in the same state as theywere before they were closed (similar to iOS). Docu-ments auto-save by default.

5.10 Version 10.8: Mountain LionMain article: OS X Mountain Lion

OS X v10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25,2012.[86] It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5,which include Game Center, support for iMessage in thenew Messages messaging application, and Reminders asa to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamedas Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes supportfor storing iWork documents in iCloud.[111] NoticationCenter, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is adesktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher.Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the cornerof the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the rightside of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes moreChinese features including support for Baidu as an op-tion for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.comservices for Mail, Contacts and Calendar, Youku, Tudouand Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets.[112]

Starting with Mountain Lion Apple software updates (in-cluding the OS) are distributed via the App Store. Thisupdating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Up-date utility.

A screenshot of OS X Mavericks

5.11 Version 10.9: MavericksMain article: OS X Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22,

2013. This is a free upgrade to all users running OSX Snow Leopard or later. Its changes include the addi-tion of the previously iOS-only Maps and iBooks applica-tions, improvements to the Notication Center, enhance-ments to several applications, and many under-the-hoodimprovements.[113]

5.12 Version 10.10: YosemiteMain article: OS X Yosemite

OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16,2014. Apples showcase new feature in Yosemite isHando, which enables users with iPhones running iOS8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMSmessages, and complete unnished iPhone emails on theirMac.

6 Updating methodsOS X can be updated using the Mac App Store. Until OSX Mountain Lion, the updating method was to use theApple Software Update.Software Update is a software tool by Apple Inc. thatinstalls the latest version of Apple software on comput-ers running OS X. It was originally introduced to Macusers in Mac OS 9. A Windows version has been avail-able since the introduction of iTunes 7, under the nameApple Software Update. Software Update automaticallyinforms users of new updates. The program is part ofthe CoreServices in OS X. Software Update can be setto check for updates daily, weekly, monthly, or not at all;in addition, it can download and store the associated .pkgle (the same type used by Installer) to be installed ata later date and maintains a history of installed updates.Software Updates consist of incremental updates of theMac OS and its applications, Security Updates, devicedrivers and rmware updates. All software updates re-quire the user to enter their administrative password, aswith all consequential system changes. Some updates re-quire a system restart. Starting with OS X 10.5, updatesthat require a reboot log out the user prior to installationand automatically restart the computer when complete; inearlier versions, the updates are installed, but critical lesare not replaced until the next system startup. As of OSXMountain Lion, Software Update has been merged intothe Mac App Store.The Mac App Store was rst released in Mac OS X SnowLeopard 10.6.6 on January 6, 2011. The App Store in-cluded many applications such as Angry Birds, IWork'09, iLife '11 and Twitter for Mac. On November 3,2010, Apple was accepting some applications from regis-tered developers for the App Store to include, in prepara-tion for its launch.[114] However, the App Store did not ac-cept applications that required PowerPC code that would

9be run by Rosetta or if applications required Java SE 6.After 24 hours from release, Apple announced there wereone million downloads.

7 See also A/UX MkLinux Comparison of BSD operating systems Comparison of operating systems List of OS X technologies List of Macintosh software List of operating systems Market share of operating systems Dock (OS X)

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9 External links OS X ocial website at Apple Downloads page listings for third party OS X soft-ware at Apple

22. October 2013, Poornima Gupta, Edwin Chan:Apple gives away Mac software, unveils iPad Air,reuters.com

13

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses10.1 Text

OS X Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X?oldid=663756287 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Brion VIBBER, Tarquin,Charleschuck, Verloren, Andre Engels, Oliverkroll, Ortolan88, LukeyBoy, Merphant, Ant, Maury Markowitz, Ellmist, Hephaestos, Bob-dobbs1723, Hfastedge, Bdesham, RTC, Ioapetraka, EddEdmondson, Liftarn, Eliah, Sannse, Theanthrope, Delirium, Iluvcapra, Blue-fusion, Dgrant, Ronabop, Ahoerstemeier, KAMiKAZOW, Kricxjo, Stan Shebs, Pjamescowie, Typhoon, TUF-KAT, Plop, Notheruser,DropDeadGorgias, Julesd, Kylet, Whkoh, Nikai, Netsnipe, IMSoP, Tristanb, Cherkash, GRAHAMUK, Conti, Seth ze, Schneelocke,Darkov, Saint-Paddy, Guaka, Nohat, Magnus.de, David Latapie, Dysprosia, Warmfuzzygrrl, Jharrell, Fuzheado, Smacdonald, Zoicon5,Jayshao, Invalidname, Furrykef, Saltine, Whaleyland, Mattworld, Paul-L~enwiki, Goose, Wernher, Samsara, Lensi, Topbanana, AaronSw,Raul654, Archivist~enwiki, Drernie, Rossh, Northgrove, Robbot, Paranoid, Dale Arnett, Chealer, Fireball1244, Vespristiano, RedWolf,Donreed, Postdlf, Sverdrup, MinutiaeMan, AlanDe Smet, Hadal, Alba, Profoss, Mushroom,Miles, Boarder8925, Lupo, Asparagus, Cyrius,MikeCapone, David Gerard, Honta, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Philwelch, ShaneCavanaugh, Nunh-huh, Flimsyq, var Arnfjr Bjarmason,Lethe, Lupin, Brian Kendig, HangingCurve, SterlingNorth, Jonabbey, Dratman, Cantus, Rick Block, RScheiber, Sdsher, Scott Wilson,Slyguy, AlistairMcMillan, Raekwon, Eequor, Darrien, Uzume, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Neilc, Fpbecker, Simulcra, Saxsux, Utcursch, SoWhy,Pgan002, Latitudinarian, Knutux, Vanished user svinet8j3ogifm98wjfgoi3tjosfg, Antandrus, Beland, Onco p53, Ctachme, Jiu, LERK,Jossi, Cylauj, Oneiros, MFNickster, Bumm13, Bodnotbod, Huwr, Jareha, Karl-Henner, Eddpayne, TreyHarris, Oknazevad, David Fell,Bojan~enwiki, Paradoxian, Grm wnr, , Chmod007, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Tranceraph, Eladts, Damieng, Adashiel, Squash, Grunt, Ran-dalSchwartz, EagleOne, Corti, Grstain, Mernen, Newkai, EugeneZelenko, Naryathegreat, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Mecki78, Lion,Byrial, Nchaimov, TheWama, Bender235, Tslag, Cyclopia, AdmN, Evice, Yvolution, Syp, CanisRufus, Omnibus, Robert P. 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14 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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Telmot, Didacticderivative, Aisha9152, Fligabob, Pownerus, Stroppolo, Jesse V.,Melvin.chien, Nevin.williams, Zbarb1000, Soulhack, LoStrangolatore, TjBot, Ripchip Bot, Darkyeectt, Lopifalko, Rachitnanda, Me6620,NerdyScienceDude, Sdneidich, Instigate cjsc (Narine), EmausBot, Aj800, Nathanl1192, DaveFlash, Diggins24, Zollerriia, Heracles31, Har-rym17, 4piecemcnugget, GoingBatty, Mysterbrody, Tommy2010, Ezekielelin, Chmod 777, John John 216, Kkm010, Caseybutt, Livedtypeproveyourhuman gainsbreak fgn, Jreem raddng, GoldRenet, CD-Host, Sk8rSoda, Wingedbunny1, Elektrik Shoos, H3llBot, Unreal7, Ai-chonic, DrSauron, Kylalak, Le Enfente Orange, Rostz, Kentronhayastan, Moshi Monster Fan303, Colejohnson66, Palaeozoic99, ClueBotNG, Pantergraph, Jnorton7558, PeterKz, KartikSinghal, Esebi95, Tree Falling In The Forest, DanielDPeterson, Rezabot, Miros 0571, Help-ful Pixie Bot, , Tholme,Wbm1058, Itaiyz97, BG19bot, IlxWrite, AvocatoBot, Applecot, Kobepedia, TrebleSeven, Zach Vega,TRLIJC19, Tricdl27, Nuke1st, JSWHU, Tesssla, RyanDolan123, Isacdaavid, Ecallow, Tkbx, Tutelary, DarafshBot, Jwhite88, Dream-FieldArts, Zach Van Hyfte, Skype565, Olivewarbler, Koalajiv, EnzaiBot, Shiroishimatora, KumardipSarkar, Shivertimbers433, Obtund,Codename Lisa, Aeropeacock, Ckoerner, TheIrishWarden, TheComputerMan, UNOwenNYC, Discuss-Dubious, Zziccardi, Google9999,The Anonymouse, Retrohead, Bfrasure, Cawhee, PinnuDas, CrustyZuniga, AlphaE3, Blythwood, Romtam, Myconix, IAdam1n, As11ley,Comp.arch, Wikiuser13, PrivateMasterHD, Eddie207, ScotXW, Stefanstefan2001, Monkbot, Jrdpwiki, Qwertyxp2000, Sisgeo, Jacobfe-liciano, GeorgeV73GT, PremiumBananas, Cult of Green, Aytk, TheCoeeAddict, KasparBot and Anonymous: 1238

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