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2/28/2011 1 ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE A summary of the physical, metaphysical, psychological, and sociological aspects of Non- A id tl I j ith ifi Accidental Injury with specific references to both the perpetrator and victim Definition Public Law 104-235 (1996) “at a minimum, any act or failure to act resulting in the imminent risk of serious harm death serious physical or harm, death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation of a child by a parent, or caretaker who is responsible for the child’s welfare.”

ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Page 1: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

2/28/2011

1

ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS

OF

CHILD ABUSE

A summary of the physical, metaphysical, psychological,

and sociological aspects of Non-A id t l I j ith ifiAccidental Injury with specific

references to both the perpetrator and victim

DefinitionPublic Law 104-235 (1996)

• “at a minimum, any act or failure to act resulting in the imminent risk of serious harm death serious physical orharm, death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation of a child by a parent, or caretaker who is responsible for the child’s welfare.”

Page 2: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Child Abuse

• Sexual Abuse

• Emotional Abuse

• Neglect

• Physical Abuse

Definition

• Acts of commission or omission which directly or indirectly cause harm to a child

Page 3: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Differential Diagnosis

• Osteogenesis  Imperfecta

• Metabolic Bone DiseaseMetabolic Bone Disease

• Accidental  Trauma

Real Case Day 2

• 18 mo. old child – “unwitnessed fall”

• Swollen foot,  large bruise–Neg.  x‐rays

“Babies died. They starved, they were beaten, they died of the flu.  They fell out of windows, they died of SIDS.  They were snatched out of cars, they were lured away from playgrounds they werelured away from playgrounds, they were abused by priests.  And there were fates worse than that.  She knew of those , too.”

Page 4: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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“How some adults were actually excited by the cries of small children.  How even a baby, a weak helpless baby, should fall into the wrong hands and through no fault of its own become a predator’sfault of its own, become a predator s toy” 

Alone ‐ by Lisa Gardner 

Demographics

• 2/3 Medicaid as Primary payer

• 1/2  <  1 year old

• 41%  of deaths  <  1 year oldy

• 76 %  of deaths  <  4 years old

• About ½ ages 3‐20 yr. old victims have psychiatric or neurologic condition

Stepmother Indicted in Death of Disabled NC Girl

• The Associated Press Monday, February 21, 2011

• HICKORY, N.C. (AP) — The stepmother of a 10‐year‐old disabled girl was indicted Monday on charges she killed thedisabled girl was indicted Monday on charges she killed the child and then desecrated her remains to cover up the slaying, and authorities said they did not have evidence to charge anyone else in her death. Prosecutor James Gaither Jr. said Monday at a news conference that there was no credible evidence to suggest anyone else was involved in Zahra Baker's slaying. The stepmother, Elisa Baker, was charged earlier Monday with second‐degree murder.

Page 5: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Doctor's daughters tell of being confined to garage, mobile home

• The children of a former Mercy Hospital surgeon, who were removed from his home in New Mexico last week afterhome in New Mexico last week after abuse allegations, are safe with relatives pending the outcome of the case against him and his wife. 

Pittsburgh Post‐Gazette

Incidence

• 15 ‐42 / 1,000  children

• > 1200 Deaths per year• > 1200  Deaths  per  year

Real Case Day 8

• 18 mo. old child – “unwitnessed fall”

• Swollen Rt. foot,  large bruise–Neg. x‐rays 

• Bruised Rt. thigh, and Rt. side of chest

Page 6: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Physical Signs - Skin

• Bruises

• Bites

• Burns

• Ages,  location,  patterns

Bite on Calf

Page 7: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Beat with Hair brush

Beat with electric cord

Finger marks from squeezing

Page 8: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Hot water burns

Ligature marks - restrained

R/O Basilar Skull fracture

Page 9: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Opened Hand Slap Marks

Physical Signs - Other

• Multiple  Subdural  Hematomas

• Retinal  Hemorrhage

F t• Fractures–Multiple

–Different ages

–Ribs – esp. Posterior

Retinal Hemorrhage

Page 10: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Retinal Hemorrhage

Retinal Hemorrhage

Subdural Hematoma

Page 11: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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High Specificity Fractures

• Metaphyseal  (Corner)  Fractures

• Bilateral  Fractures

• Complex  Skull  Fracturesp

• Different  Ages

• Locations–Ribs,  Scapula,  Lat. Clavicle,  Vertebrae

RIB FRACTURES

RIB FRACTURES

Page 12: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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CORNER FRACTURE

CORNER FRACTURE

CORNER FRACTURE

Page 13: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Abuse and Long Bone Fractures

• Non‐Ambulators

• Poor  History

• Conflicting  Histories

• Delay  in  Treatment

INFANT FEMUR FRACTURE

Real Case Day 8

• 18 mo. old child – “unwitnessed fall”

• Swollen Rt. foot,  large bruise–Neg. x‐rays 

• Bruised Rt. thigh, and Rt. side of chest

• Grunting with breathing

• Looks pale

Page 14: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Real Case - Day 8

• Returned to Pediatrician

• Sent to ER

h ff• Chest  X‐ray ‐ Large  Effusion

• CBC ‐White Count  =  204,000

Differential Diagnosis

• Osteogenesis  Imperfecta

• Metabolic Bone DiseaseMetabolic Bone Disease

• Accidental  Trauma

Differential Diagnosis

• Osteogenesis  Imperfecta

• Metabolic Bone Disease• Metabolic Bone Disease

• Accidental  Trauma

• Leukemia

Page 15: ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE - SignMeUp Inc. Abuse.pdf · 2/28/2011 3 Differential Diagnosis • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Metabolic Bone Disease • Accidental Trauma Real

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Your Job in Abuse

• Keep  Abuse  in your  Differential

• Protect  the  Child

• Report  Suspicious  Cases

• Let  DCFS  Investigate

Sources

• Jayakumar, P., et. Al, Orthopaedic Aspects of Paediatric Non‐Accidental Injury. JBJS (Br), 2010; 92‐B: 189‐195.

• Loder, R., Feinberg, J., Orthopaedic Injuries in Children With Non‐accidental Trauma. J Ped. Orthop. Vol 27, No. 4, Jun 2007, 421‐426.

Sources• Schwend, R., et. al., Femur Shaft Fractures in Toddlers and Young Children: Rarely from Child Abuse. J  Ped. Orthop. Vol 20 No 4 2000 475 – 481Vol 20, No. 4, 2000, 475  481.

• Brown, D. and Fisher, E., Femur Fractures in Infants and Young Children. Am J of Pub. Health, Apr 2004, Vol 94 No. 4, 558 – 559. 

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Sources

• Kocher, M., and Kasser, J.  Orthopaedic Aspects of Child Abuse. J AAOS, Vol 8, No 1, Feb 2000, 10‐20

• US Gov. Web site

• State of Ill. Web site

THANK

YOU