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2/28/2011
1
ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS
OF
CHILD ABUSE
A summary of the physical, metaphysical, psychological,
and sociological aspects of Non-A id t l I j ith ifiAccidental Injury with specific
references to both the perpetrator and victim
DefinitionPublic Law 104-235 (1996)
• “at a minimum, any act or failure to act resulting in the imminent risk of serious harm death serious physical orharm, death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation of a child by a parent, or caretaker who is responsible for the child’s welfare.”
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Child Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
• Emotional Abuse
• Neglect
• Physical Abuse
Definition
• Acts of commission or omission which directly or indirectly cause harm to a child
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Differential Diagnosis
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Metabolic Bone DiseaseMetabolic Bone Disease
• Accidental Trauma
Real Case Day 2
• 18 mo. old child – “unwitnessed fall”
• Swollen foot, large bruise–Neg. x‐rays
“Babies died. They starved, they were beaten, they died of the flu. They fell out of windows, they died of SIDS. They were snatched out of cars, they were lured away from playgrounds they werelured away from playgrounds, they were abused by priests. And there were fates worse than that. She knew of those , too.”
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“How some adults were actually excited by the cries of small children. How even a baby, a weak helpless baby, should fall into the wrong hands and through no fault of its own become a predator’sfault of its own, become a predator s toy”
Alone ‐ by Lisa Gardner
Demographics
• 2/3 Medicaid as Primary payer
• 1/2 < 1 year old
• 41% of deaths < 1 year oldy
• 76 % of deaths < 4 years old
• About ½ ages 3‐20 yr. old victims have psychiatric or neurologic condition
Stepmother Indicted in Death of Disabled NC Girl
• The Associated Press Monday, February 21, 2011
• HICKORY, N.C. (AP) — The stepmother of a 10‐year‐old disabled girl was indicted Monday on charges she killed thedisabled girl was indicted Monday on charges she killed the child and then desecrated her remains to cover up the slaying, and authorities said they did not have evidence to charge anyone else in her death. Prosecutor James Gaither Jr. said Monday at a news conference that there was no credible evidence to suggest anyone else was involved in Zahra Baker's slaying. The stepmother, Elisa Baker, was charged earlier Monday with second‐degree murder.
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Doctor's daughters tell of being confined to garage, mobile home
• The children of a former Mercy Hospital surgeon, who were removed from his home in New Mexico last week afterhome in New Mexico last week after abuse allegations, are safe with relatives pending the outcome of the case against him and his wife.
Pittsburgh Post‐Gazette
Incidence
• 15 ‐42 / 1,000 children
• > 1200 Deaths per year• > 1200 Deaths per year
Real Case Day 8
• 18 mo. old child – “unwitnessed fall”
• Swollen Rt. foot, large bruise–Neg. x‐rays
• Bruised Rt. thigh, and Rt. side of chest
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Physical Signs - Skin
• Bruises
• Bites
• Burns
• Ages, location, patterns
Bite on Calf
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Beat with Hair brush
Beat with electric cord
Finger marks from squeezing
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Hot water burns
Ligature marks - restrained
R/O Basilar Skull fracture
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Opened Hand Slap Marks
Physical Signs - Other
• Multiple Subdural Hematomas
• Retinal Hemorrhage
F t• Fractures–Multiple
–Different ages
–Ribs – esp. Posterior
Retinal Hemorrhage
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Retinal Hemorrhage
Retinal Hemorrhage
Subdural Hematoma
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High Specificity Fractures
• Metaphyseal (Corner) Fractures
• Bilateral Fractures
• Complex Skull Fracturesp
• Different Ages
• Locations–Ribs, Scapula, Lat. Clavicle, Vertebrae
RIB FRACTURES
RIB FRACTURES
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CORNER FRACTURE
CORNER FRACTURE
CORNER FRACTURE
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Abuse and Long Bone Fractures
• Non‐Ambulators
• Poor History
• Conflicting Histories
• Delay in Treatment
INFANT FEMUR FRACTURE
Real Case Day 8
• 18 mo. old child – “unwitnessed fall”
• Swollen Rt. foot, large bruise–Neg. x‐rays
• Bruised Rt. thigh, and Rt. side of chest
• Grunting with breathing
• Looks pale
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Real Case - Day 8
• Returned to Pediatrician
• Sent to ER
h ff• Chest X‐ray ‐ Large Effusion
• CBC ‐White Count = 204,000
Differential Diagnosis
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Metabolic Bone DiseaseMetabolic Bone Disease
• Accidental Trauma
Differential Diagnosis
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Metabolic Bone Disease• Metabolic Bone Disease
• Accidental Trauma
• Leukemia
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Your Job in Abuse
• Keep Abuse in your Differential
• Protect the Child
• Report Suspicious Cases
• Let DCFS Investigate
Sources
• Jayakumar, P., et. Al, Orthopaedic Aspects of Paediatric Non‐Accidental Injury. JBJS (Br), 2010; 92‐B: 189‐195.
• Loder, R., Feinberg, J., Orthopaedic Injuries in Children With Non‐accidental Trauma. J Ped. Orthop. Vol 27, No. 4, Jun 2007, 421‐426.
Sources• Schwend, R., et. al., Femur Shaft Fractures in Toddlers and Young Children: Rarely from Child Abuse. J Ped. Orthop. Vol 20 No 4 2000 475 – 481Vol 20, No. 4, 2000, 475 481.
• Brown, D. and Fisher, E., Femur Fractures in Infants and Young Children. Am J of Pub. Health, Apr 2004, Vol 94 No. 4, 558 – 559.
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Sources
• Kocher, M., and Kasser, J. Orthopaedic Aspects of Child Abuse. J AAOS, Vol 8, No 1, Feb 2000, 10‐20
• US Gov. Web site
• State of Ill. Web site
THANK
YOU