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Organizational Culture, Climate and Change
Dr. Len Elovitz
Chapter 6 in Owens and Valesky
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Human Resources Development
One can act through two theoretical approaches:Classical Organizational or Traditional
BureaucraticHelps organize and manage the organization,
but will not help motivate staff.Human Resources Development
Taps the higher order motivational needs of the people in the organization.
Human Resources Development
HRD is concerned with how leaders structure the work environment to socialize individuals to the organization. This affects how individuals develop perceptions, values, and beliefs concerning the organization and what influence these inner states have on behavior.
This is the realm of organizational climate and organizational culture.
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Theory Z : William Ouchi - 1981
Ouchi compared Japanese and U.S. management practices.
He applied Japanese practices in the U.S. and, using McGregor’s concept of Theory X and Y, called it Theory Z.
Theory Z accepts the concepts of human resources development.
Assumes workers life is a whole“Humanized working conditions not only increases
productivity and profits to the company but also the self-esteem of employees…”
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In Search of Excellence by Peters & Waterman
Research showed that successful organizations, including schools, had a consistent theme: “the power of values and culture in these corporations rather than procedures and control systems, provides the glue that holds them together, stimulates commitment to a common mission, and galvanizes the creativity and energy of their participants.”
Study of 62 successful US companies had the following in common:
1.A bias for action, active decision making - 'getting on with it.’2.Close to the customer - learning from the people served by the business.3.Autonomy and entrepreneurship - fostering innovation and nurturing
'champions.’4.Productivity through people- treating rank and file employees as a source
of quality.5.Hands-on, value-driven - management philosophy that guides everyday
practice - management showing its commitment.6.Stick to the knitting - stay with the business that you know.7.Simple form, lean staff - some of the best companies have minimal HQ
staff.8.Simultaneous loose-tight properties - autonomy in shop-floor activities
plus centralized values.
Organizational Culture
A system of shared values and beliefs that interact with an organization’s people, organizational structures, and control systems to produce behavioral norms.
Organizational Culture
Shared Values - what is importantBeliefs - What we think is trueBehavioral Norms - How we do things around
here
Culture v. Climate
Culture refers to the behavioral norms, assumptions and beliefs of an organization
Climate refers to perceptions of persons in the organization that reflect those norms, assumptions and beliefs.
Toxic Culture
Terrence Deal and Kent Peterson
Shaping School Culture: The Heart of Leadership
Jefferson High School
Characteristics of Toxic Culture
Focus on Negative ValuesFragmentationDestructiveSpiritually fractured
Characteristics of Toxic Culture
Focus on Negative Values Adults are more important than kids Routine Boring Classes May Focus on Elite Learners (The Shopping Mall
High School) Focus on unimportant outcomes (Football)
Characteristics of Toxic Culture
Fragmentation Meaning is derived from
sub-culture membership - Department, Age, Race, etc.Anti-student SentimentsLife Outside of School
No shared Mission Little Cooperation
Characteristics of Toxic Culture
Destructive Staff members snipe at each other Negaholics Harass anyone Trying to Improve the
situation Staff members More Interested in Protecting
Themselves
Characteristics of Toxic Culture
Spiritually fractured Lack of positive Values Lack of Integrity Sense of Alienation
Roles in Toxic Culture
SaboteursPessimistic StorytellersKeepers of the NightmareNegaholics Prima DonnasSpace CadetsMartyrsDeadwood, Driftwood and Ballast
Transforming the Toxic Culture
Atomic Bomb?Neutron Bomb?Antidotes for Negativism?
Antidotes for Negativism
Confront it Head on - CatharsisShield and Support Positive Cultural ElementsRecruit Positive Staff ReplacementsCelebrate the PositiveConsciously Focus on Eradicating the NegativeDevelop New Stories of Success, Renewal &
AccomplishmentHelp Chronic Negaholics Find Happiness Elsewhere
The Roxbury Story
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How Organizational Culture is Created?
Culture is developed over time from : An organization’s history, composed of traditions
and rituals that are passed to succeeding generations.Stories of heroes and heroines are important.
Values and beliefs that are embodied in the traditions and rituals.
Behavioral norms that result (e.g., bell schedules, 7-period day).
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How Organizational Culture is Created (continued)
Subunits within an organization may have cultures of their own resulting in multiple cultures. (loose coupling) Theory X
administrators believe this conflicts with their authority.
Theory Y administrators accept them as natural.
How is Culture Assessed?
Difficult to quantifyQualitative measures are generally used
for researchPatterson, Purkey & Parker tried by
developing the School Culture Inventory (SCI)
Probably best if used to key discussion of faculty
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Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness
Dependant variables Pupil Behavior Pupil attendance Achievement
Independent Variables (subsets of culture) Behavior of Teachers Emphasis on Academic Performance Student rewards
Organizational culture is a critical factor in student behavior and achievement
Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness (continued)
A study of 12 inner-city London schools found that changes in dependent variables of behavior, attendance, and achievement were due to: the behavior of teachers at work, the emphasis placed on academic performance, the provision for students to be rewarded for
succeeding, and the extent to which students were able to take
responsibility. In other words, differences were due to organizational
culture.
Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness (continued)
Measuring School Effectiveness Identifying independent and dependent variables. Studies by
Joyce EpsteinRudolf Moos
Findings from these type studies support the notion that many variables that can positively affect such outcomes as achievement and motivation of students are in control of leaders and teachers.
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Organizational Culture and Climate Compared and Contrasted
Culture “refers to the behavioral norms, assumptions, and beliefs of an organization.” “the way things are done around here”.
Climate “refers to perceptions of persons in the organization that reflect those norms, assumptions, and beliefs.”
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Defining and Describing Organizational Climate
Different schools have distinct personalities due to the particular social system of each school.
This social system has a CLIMATE that is defined as the “characteristics of the total environments in a school building.”
Renato Tagiuri’s model identifies four elements that comprise climate.
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Tagiuiri’s Model of Climate is composed of four dimensions:
Ecology - Physical & Material Factors Milieu - Human Social System Factors Social System - Organizational &
Administrative Structure Factors Culture – Values, Belief Systems, Norms &
Ways of Thinking
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How Organizational Climate is Created
Organizational climate is created by the dynamic interaction of: Ecology Milieu Organizational Structure Culture
With perhaps culture being the most powerful determinant.
School Climate
The characteristics of the total environment in a school building
OCDQ
The Organizational Climate of Schools - 1962Organizational Climate Description
Questionnaire (OCDQ)Halpin & Croft
OCDQ – Clusters
Perceptions of teachers as a human group
Perceptions of teachers concerning the principal
Perceptions of teachers as a human group
Intimacy - Degree of social cohesivenessDisengagement – Degree of involvement
and commitment to the achievement of school goals
Espirit – Morale of the groupHindrance – Perception of rules,
paperwork and administrivia as impeding work
Perceptions of teachers concerning the principal
Thrust – Degree to which principal sets an example of working hard
Consideration – Extent to which teachers are treated with dignity and human concern
Aloofness – Extent to which principal maintains a social distance
Production Emphasis – Extent to which principal directly supervises
OCDQ-RM - Wayne Hoy
Supportive principal behavior is directed toward both the social needs and task achievement of faculty. The principal is helpful, genuinely concerned with teachers, and attempts to motivate by using constructive criticism and by setting an example through hard work.
Directive principal behavior is rigid domineering behavior. The principal maintains close and constant monitoring over virtually all aspects of teacher behavior in the school.
Restrictive principal behavior is behavior that hinders rather than facilitates teacher work. The principal burdens teachers with paperwork, committee requirements, and other demands that interfere with their teaching responsibilities.
OCDQ-RM - Wayne Hoy
Collegial teacher behavior supports open and professional interactions among teachers. Teachers like, respect, and help one another both professionally and personally.
Committed Teacher behavior behavior is directed toward helping students to develop both socially and intellectually. Teachers work extra hard to insure student success in school.
Disengaged teacher behavior signifies a lack of meaning and focus to professional activities. Teachers simply are putting in their time; in fact, they are critical and unaccepting of their colleagues.
Climate Continuum
Open Supportive of Learning
Closed Hinders Learning
TEACHER RESPONSE
OPEN CLIMATE Highly motivated Gain satisfaction from
work Pride in their school Do not feel burdened by
busywork Solve their own problems Keep the organization
growing
CLOSED CLIMATE Not highly engaged Do not work well
together Achievement as a group
is minimal Little satisfaction from
work Morale is low High turnover
PRINCIPAL AS SEEN BY TEACHERS
OPEN CLIMATE Works energetically Shows concern even
compassion for teachers Is not aloof or distant Removes obstacles for
teachers Maintains full control
without close monitoring
CLOSED CLIMATE Ineffective leader A hindrance to their
work Unconcerned about their
welfare Aloof & impersonal Emphasizes rules Little personal drive
Four Management Systems
Each of Likert’s four management systems have identifiable organizational climates: System 1: Exploitive-Authoritarian. System 2: Benevolent Authoritative. System 3: Consultative. System 4: Participative Group.
Good communication requires effective use of the Linking-Pin concept.
Relationship Between Organizational Climate and Organizational Effectiveness
Rensis Likert’s analysis led him to conclude that there are causal variables under a leader’s control that affect climate and organization performance : Organization structure: bureaucratic or flexible. Leadership style: authoritative or democratic. Philosophy of operation: consensus decision making or
not. The choices leaders makes are critical to determining the
nature of the management system in the organization. That is, Likert’s System 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Effective Organizations
Achieve their goalMaintain themselves internallyAdapt to their environment
Organizational Health - Matthew Miles - 1965
1. Goal Focus Understood & Accepted Achievable & Appropriate
2. Communication Adequacy Internal & External Vertical & Horizontal
Organizational Health
3. Optimal Power Equalization Collaboration v. Coercion Influence can flow up and down
4, Human Resource Allocation Effective use of personnel Promotes self-actualization
Organizational Health
5. Cohesiveness Participants identify with the organization Stick with it - good or bad
6. Morale Feelings of well being & satisfaction
Organizational Health
7. Innovativeness Tendency to grow develop & change
8. Autonomy Organization determines its own behavior in
harmony with external demands
Organizational Health
9. Adaptation Ability to change and correct
10. Problem-Solving Adequacy Ability to sense & perceive problems Ability to solve problems quickly & with minimal
strain
