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Salahaddin University-Erbil
Organic Compounds for Electronics and
Photonics Applications
Research project
Submitted to the department of chemistry in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.A or
BSc. In general chemistry
By
Gardoon Omar Mawlood
Kawsar Taha Muhammad
Supervised by:
Dr. Mohammed Kareem Samad
May – 2021
I support the students Gardwn Omer and Kawsar Taha
That they complete all the requirements of their research project under
the title of
Organic Compounds for Electronics and Photonics
Applications
Dr. Muhammad K. Samad
Supervisor
ABSTRACT
In recent years, through many synthetic techniques, there are growing investigation
efforts in organic electronics to enhance the conductivity, semiconducting, and light-
emitting properties of organic semiconductors, organics polymers, and hybrids
(organic-inorganic composites) instead of inorganic semiconductors such as silicon
and gallium arsenide-based semiconductors, silicon dioxide insulators, and metals
like copper and aluminum have been used as a building block of semiconducting
technology. organic electronics have many advantages over inorganic electronics
such as flexibility, performance, transparency, cost, temperature resistance (low
temperatures) over large areas on materials such as plastic or paper, may provide
unique technologies and generate new applications and form factors to address the
growing needs for pervasive computing and enhanced connectivity.
CONTENT
Page.
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 1
2. Application of organic electronics ………………………………………….….. 5
2.1. Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD)……………………………..……………….. 6
2.2. Organic light emitting diode (OLED)………….……………………..………………….. 6
2.3. Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFET)…………………….……….………………….. 8
2.4. Organic Solar Cell (OCS)………………………………………..…………………………….. 10
3. Organic vs inorganic electronics …………………….…………………….. 11
4. Advantage of organic electronics …………………………………………. 13
5. Disadvantage of organic electronics …………………………………….. 13
6. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….. 15
7. Reference …………………………………………………………………………… 16
1
1. INTRODUCTION
For many years ago, some compounds are used in electronic technology such as;
inorganic silicon and gallium arsenide semiconductors, silicon dioxide insulators,
and also some metals have been used such as aluminum and copper as a backbone
of the semiconductor industry and doping process especially when they are used to
make some sensitive and important part of some electronic devices like computer
[1][6]. Nowadays, one of the most important steps in electronic rapid evolution
organic compounds (shown in figure 1) are used as organic semiconductors to make
electronic devices, they can be used in a wide range of applications having a high
potential for commercial success also to they have more effort improvements than
inorganic semiconductors [2][4][5]. The discovery and growing up of the dramatic
increase in electrical conductivity and organic electronic technology, upon doping
of semiconducting polymers, established the foundation to the field of organic
electronics. After that, the doping process of conjugated polymers and molecules,
have been extensively studied and investigated in the context of their possible
allowed application in organic electronic devices. Organic materials found their way
in many applications like light-emitting diodes, transistors, photovoltaic devices,
photo-detectors, polymer-based memories, chemical vapor sensors .It is found that
some organic materials have a good sign to be used in electronics and provide those
2
properties that are not found in inorganic compounds. such as less weight than
inorganics and they are more, flexibility, also organics are relatively easy to be used
in processing as well as controllable in a wide range of electrical conductivity [1][3].
Figure 1; organic semiconductors structure
3
In addition, there are many research and investigations about organic compound
materials for growing up and improving semiconducting, conducting, and emitting
of light characteristics of those organic materials and oligomers, also understanding
about hybrids such as organic-inorganic composites is one of the major factors to
improve electronics and photonics applications [5] as showed in the figure below;
Figure 2 , Performance of organic and hybrid semiconductors.
If we take a look at developing the industry, then we can easily understand that
organic materials have a great role and they are essential to the unparalleled
performance increase in semiconductors, storage, and displays at the consistently
lower costs that we see today [6]. As shown in figure 3.
4
Figure 3; printed circuit using OFET
From the figure 2. We can see that how organic electronic is flexible and The
structure of OFET is shown in figure3.
Figure 4. OFET structure
There are two major classes of passive organic materials that have made possible the
current cost/performance ratio of logic chips which are photoresists and insulators
[1].
Photoresist compounds which are also known as resist, are organic compounds
with the light-emitting capability and they can be used in several processes such as
photolithography, photoengraving , chip circuitry and enable the constant shrinking
of device dimensions. According to the composition and structure, photoresists are
5
classified into three classes; photopolymeric, photodecomposing,
photocrosslinking photoresist [1] [9].
Polymeric insulators have also been essential to the performance and reliability of
semiconductor devices. They were first used in the packaging of semiconductor
chips, where low-cost epoxy materials found applications as insulation for wiring in
the fabrication of printed wiring boards and as encapsulants to provide
support/protection and hence reliability for the chips [1] [8].
2. APPLICATION OF ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
Due to the technology evolution today, Organic electronics has become one of the
interested most exciting emerging areas of materials science and it is under
continuous investigation [7]. It is a highly interdisciplinary research field involving
physical, chemical science and engineers who develop organic molecules and
semiconductors with interesting and desired properties to be fit for a variety types of
applications in technical industries and electronic technology (e.g. circuitry, energy
production/storage, etc.) and organic electronic applications is also very useful for
medical applications (e.g. bioelectronics for sensors, tissue scaffolds for tissue
engineering, etc.) [10]. Here some of the most important applications of organic
electronics are mentioned:
6
2.1 Organic Vapor Phase Deposition (OVPD)
It has been reported that Organic vapor phase deposition (OVDP) is a very effective
deposition technology application for high-performance thin-film organic
photovoltaic cells, transistors and light-emitting diodes. In the application of Organic
vapor phase deposition (OVPD), organic materials are evaporated by heating
process, then the vapor molecules are transported into heating chamber using carried
gas for that purpose inter gas is used as a carried gas diffusive mixing generates a
uniform and homogenous organic flux that is physisorbed onto a cooled substrate.
The wall of the reactor which is very hot, prohibited undesired vapor to be deposited
on its surface, the less time will be needed to cleaning the system. Organic vapor
phase deposition system and methods of use for simultaneous deposition of low and
high evapor ation temperature materials. And devices produced therein [11][12].
2.2 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
Organic light-emitting diodes OLED is a monolithic Device present in solid-state,
composed of more organic thin layers that are sandwiched between two other thin-
films called conductive electrodes. when an Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
is connected to electrical power, under the influence of an electrical field, charge
carriers (holes and electrons) moving from the electrodes of the electric source into
the thin films that made up form /organic semiconductors until they recombine in
7
the emissive zone forming excitants (migrating electron from lower energy level to
higher energy level). Once formed, excited states, the relaxation will take place
(returning electrons from higher to lower energy level) by releasing light
(electroluminescence) and/or unwanted heat [13].an example of Organic light-
emitting diodes (OLED) can be seen from the figure below:
Figure 5. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) is used in many application such as :
Television , Cell phone, Computer Screen , Wrist Watch , Foldable smart phones ,
Automobiles , Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) Lenses , Data Glasses.
8
2.3 Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFET)
Organic field effect transistor (OFET) is a field-effect transistor that is a channel
made of organic semiconductors. The Organic field effect transistor (OFET) can be
produced by different methods such as evaporation of small molecules in a vacuum
medium, by polymer, solution casting or solution casting of small molecules, or it
can be prepared by transferring a peeled single-crystalline organic layer onto a
substrate mechanically. The Organic field effect transistor (OFET) devices are
realized by having low-cost, huge-area electronic products and biodegradable
electronic devices. Organic field effect transistor (OFET) device has been invented
with different device geometries. The most abundant used equipment geometry is
the bottom gate with top drain and source electrodes because this geometry device
is quite similar with the same configuration to the inorganic transistor such as thin-
film silicon transistor (TFT) which the gate is made of thermally grown SiO2, and
instead of that organic polymer is used to make OFET such organic compound like
poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) as shown below:
Figure 6: PMMA structure
9
In addition, it can be used as a dielectric. If we compare Organic field effect
transistor (OFET) with inorganic transistor, it has some benefits over the inorganic
transistor, such as the Organic field effect transistor (OFET) physical flexibility,
which leads to biocompatible applications, for instance in the future health care
industry of personalized biomedicines and bioelectronics.
Figure 7: Organic field effect transistor (OFET) physical flexibility
Organic field effect transistor (OFET) is used in many applications such as: Organic
field effect transistor (OFET) sensors , Bio sensors , Gas sensors , Chemical Sensors
, electronic skin , Electronic paper , E-Book , Displays embedded in smart cards ,
status displays , Organic radio frequency identification (ORFID) , Wireless
technology uses radio wave to scan or identify the product , Switching speed up to
13.56 MHz [14] [15] [16].
10
2.4 Organic Solar Cell (OCS)
An organic solar cell (OSC) is also called a plastic solar cell/for now this is one of
the most concerned fields especially due to the lack of electric power, organic solar
cell (OSC) is a type of photovoltaic that uses organic electronics based on organic
semiconductors, this type of electronics concern conductive organic polymer or tiny
organic molecules, for absorption of light and transferring charge to producing
electric power from light, more specifically the sunlight based on photovoltaic
phenomena, for that purpose the photovoltaic cells must use which are polymer solar
cells. Such organic polymers that used to make photovoltaic cell are shown below:
Figure 8: Organic Solar Cell, Organic photovoltaic (OPV) Materials
11
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) are particularly promising alternatives for solar-cell
generation of energy because of the abundance of their constituent elements and base
materials, their low cost, and relative ease of chemical synthesis [17][18].
Organic solar cell (OSC) is used in many applications such as: Organic solar cell car
, In satellite , Calculators ,wearable solar cell.
3. ORGANIC VS INORGANIC ELECTRONICS
- Organic electronic is a result of synthetic chemistry, in this field a very large variety
of molecules and polymers are prepared and consumed to make electronics, such as
organic semiconductors as shown below:
Figure 9: Organic semiconductors
While inorganic electronic uses inorganic semiconductors which are non-carbon
based semiconductors such as silicon, gallium, or arsenide as shown below:
12
Figure 10: Gallium arsenide structure
- One of the most important advantages of organic electronics is low material
consumables because a very thin layer can be made from Organic semiconductors
that their a thickness of around 150 and 250 nanometers (nm) which are 1000 times
less thick than the human hair. However, with inorganic semiconductors it is
impossible.as shown from figure2.
- Reduction of material consumption amount (low cost) the material consumption with
one 1 g of organic material a thin film of m2 can be made. This makes organic materials
ideal for large-area applications. While the overall price with inorganic materials are
high.
- The amorphous organic semiconducting thin films are more flexible than inorganic
electronics which are very stable.
- The processers that are made from organic materials can maintain low temperature,
while inorganic processers can heated quickly.
13
- Moreover, the combination of transparent substrate and electrodes (e.g. conductive
oxides) and the thin organic layers allows for transparent devices, a design not
realizable using inorganic semiconductors .
4. ADVANTAGE OF ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
1- They are biodegradable (being made from carbon).
2- This opens the door to many exciting and advanced new applications that would
be impossible using copper or silicon.
5. DISADVANTAGE OF ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
1- The carrier mobility is an important parameter to show performance criteria for
organic semiconductors, High-carrier mobility values indicate that the device
operation is fast and needs low coast for the large area also it fits with performance
meeting market demands, Organic electronics have low carrier mobility.
2- Easily affected by ionizing radiation
3- Conductive polymers have high resistance and therefore are not good conductors
of electricity.
14
4- May have a shorter life of operation because of using more complex chemicals
in that field as shown below.
Figure 11: some complex organic semiconductors
5- Low optimum temperature operation windows: they cannot go as low as
inorganics, nor as high.
15
6. CONCLUSION
Organic electronics is a field of opportunity and challenge, opportunity for users
such as low cost, flexibility etc , an opportunity for research; new electrical
characteristics, conduction, charge electric transfer, The organic electronics field has
made great strides over the past forty years, it deals with conductive polymers and
conductive small molecules, it has been used in many devices that are already on the
market and a multitude of prototypes in development. inorganic films and crystals that
are used in the laboratory, they replaced by hybrid, organic, or biomaterials due to their
high ability for forming, transmission, modulate and detection light in their lightweight and
flexible nanoarchitectures. The field is still needed more investigation and needs more
study, it will continue to grow such as improvements on the material side are still
needed (doping possibility).
16
7. REFERENCES
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