Online Sales and InventoryDocumentation

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SAM TECHNOLOGIES Inventory Management System

Inventory Management System (IMS)

ABSTRACT

Abstract of the project

This project is aimed at developing an Inventory Management System (IMS) for a

departmental store. This system can be used to store the details of the inventory, update the

inventory based on the sale details, produce receipts for sales, generate sales and inventory

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reports periodically etc. This is one integrated system that contains both the user component

(used by salespersons, sales managers inventory managers etc) and the admin component(used by the administrators for performing admin level functions such as adding new items to

the inventory, changing the price of an item etc).

This system runs on multiple terminals, offers a GUI interface to its users and connects to a

common database(s).

Functional components of the project

Following is a list of functionalities of the system. More functionality that you findappropriate can be added to this list. And, in places where the description of functionality is

not adequate, you can make appropriate assumptions and proceed.

There are registered people in the system (sales people working in the shop, inventorymanagers, admin et al). Each one of them may have some exclusive privileges (admin, for

example, could create new users to the system whereas sales people cannot).

1. A sales person should be able to

login to the system through the initial screen of the system

change the password after logging into the system

see the status of the inventory, i.e., whether a particular item is available or not

etc

search for a particular item by typing the initial letters (app for example may

bring up the item apple in the top) or by category-wise (apple, for example,may be looked up by going through the category fruits)

enter the items purchased by a customer and produce a bill for the same (the

bill will have a unique sale id, date, time, item/quantity/price details etc)

cancel the produced bill, in case of error in entering the details, and produce a

new one

take back an already sold item that is not satisfactory to the customer (the shop

allows that) and produce a receipt for the same

inform the inventory manager about the items that are not available, so that

they can be stocked

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inform the sales manager about any exceptions (such as an item is being

purchased, but it is not available in the system)

get help about the system on how to use the different features of the system

2. The inventory manager should be able to

login to the system/change his password after logging in etc

check the status of the inventory

see the reports from sales people about items that are not available and need to

be kept in the inventory

validate the inventory against the sales done in the previous day (whether theitems that are sold and the change in the inventory for the corresponding items

match etc)

generate inventory reports of the items category-wise, price-wise etc

generate inventory-trends (like how is coffee powder stock changing over the

month)

3. The sales manager should be able to

login to the system/change his password after logging in etc

check how many bills have been generated in the day so far

check how much money is transacted in the day so far

check how many bills have been cancelled so far in the day(due to wrong entry by

the sales persons)

check how many items have been returned so far in the day

check for any exception reports from the sales persons and correct it by contacting

the inventory manager

generate sales-trend graphs for each of the item (like how is apple selling in the

last one month)

4. The administrator should be able to

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login to the system and change his password after logging in

add new users to the system

add new items/categories to the inventory (grape may be added to the

category fruits or a new category such as vegetables may be added)

change the price of an item

INDEX

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S. N CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ANALYSIS

2.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.2 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

3. DESIGN APPROACH

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

3.2 UML DIAGRAMS

3.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

3.4 E-R DIAGRAMS

4. PROJECT MODULES

5. IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES

4.2 TESTING

4.2.1 TEST CASES

6. OUTPUT SCREENS

7. CONCLUSION

8. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

9. BIBILIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION:

This project is aimed at developing an online

Sales and Inventory Management System (SIMS) for a departmental store. This system can

be used to store the details of the inventory, update the inventory based on the sale details,produce receipts for sales, generate sales and inventory reports periodically etc. This is one

integrated system that contains both the user component (used by salespersons, sales

managers inventory managers etc) and the admin component (used by the administrators for

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performing admin level functions such as adding new items to the inventory, changing the

price of an item etc).

This system runs on multiple terminals, offers a GUI interface to its users and connects to a

common database(s).

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS:

1. Existing System

Online Sales And Inventory Management System (SIMS) deals with online

communicating between all users in this system. In the existing manual system huge

expenditure and a lot of time is spent in collecting the inventory information and doing the

bill based on category he choose. So, there is a need for an integrated automated system,

which has some centralized control over the entire process.

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The following drawbacks of the existing system emphasize the need for online

sales and inventory management system:

1) Conventional system makes use of huge amounts of time for providing the information

about the inventory to the manager.

2) Difficulty in tracking and retrieving data from the related inventory. So, there is a need

computerization. With computerized systems paper work drastically reduces, data retrieval

becomes easy, duplication of work is avoided.

2. Proposed System

The proposed system consists of full on-line data entry with online validations on field

and referential checking. The goal of this system is to bring down the workload with the

increased efficiency and to speed up the activities. The major activity of Online sales and

inventory management system is to provide online communication between the users of the

system. Auto generation of emails as soon as the inventory manager or sales person or sales

manager is required to send a mail to the administrator , intimating if any problem occurred

due to their work.

The other advantages are:

1. Availability of the information immediately after data captures.

2. An integrated normalized relational database will be maintained for the process.

3. Pre defined queries for generation of any specific enquiry purposes.

3. Objective of the System

The objective of the Online sales and inventory management system is to provide

better optimization and cost reducing for the users of this system.

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System Specifications

Hardware Requirements:-

Pentium-IV(Processor).

256 MB Ram

512 KB Cache Memory

Hard disk 20 GB

Microsoft Compatible 101 or more Key Board

Software Requirements: -

Operating System : Windows

Programming language: JAVA1.5

Web-Technology: JSP

Front-End: HTML, Java Script

Back-End: Oracle 10g

Web Server: Apache Tomcat.

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INTRODUCTION:

Design is the first step in the development phase for any techniques

and principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process or system in sufficient detail to

permit its physical realization.

Once the software requirements have been analyzed and specified

the software design involves three technical activities - design, coding, implementation and

testing that are required to build and verify the software.

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The design activities are of main importance in this phase, because

in this activity, decisions ultimately affecting the success of the software implementation and

its ease of maintenance are made. These decisions have the final bearing upon reliability and

maintainability of the system. Design is the only way to accurately translate the customers

requirements into finished software or a system.

Design is the place where quality is fostered in development.

Software design is a process through which requirements are translated into a representation

of software. Software design is conducted in two steps. Preliminary design is concerned with

the transformation of requirements into data.

UML Diagrams:

Actor:

A coherent set of roles that users of use cases play when interacting with the use cases.

Use case:

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A description of sequence of actions, including variants, that a system performs that yields

an observable result of value of an actor.

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a language for specifying, visualizing

and documenting the system. This is the step while developing any product after analysis. The

goal from this is to produce a model of the entities involved in the project which later need to

be built. The representation of the entities that are to be used in the product being developed

need to be designed.

There are various kinds of methods in software design:

They are as follows:

Use case Diagram

Sequence Diagram

Collaboration Diagram

Activity Diagram

State chat Diagram

USECASE DIAGRAMS:

Usecase diagrams model behavior within a system and helps the developers understand of

what the user require. The stick man represents whats called an actor.

Use case diagram can be useful for getting an overall view of the system and

clarifying who can do and more importantly what they cant do.

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Use case diagram consists of use cases and actors and shows the interaction

between the use case and actors.

The purpose is to show the interactions between the use case and actor.

To represent the system requirements from users perspective.

An actor could be the end-user of the system or an external system.

USECASE DIAGRAM:

A Use case is a description of set of sequence of actions. Graphically it is rendered as

an ellipse with solid line including only its name. Use case diagram is a behavioral diagram

that shows a set of use cases and actors and their relationship. It is an association between the

use cases and actors. An actor represents a real-world object. Primary Actor

Sender,

Secondary Actor -Receiver.

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Administrator

Change Password

Add Employee

Change Price Of Item

Add Catogory

Logout

usecase diagram of Administrator

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Inventory Manager

Change Password

Check Status of Item

Generate Reports price and category wise

Graphs for Item

Logout

usecase diagram of Inventory manager

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Sales Person

Change Password

Searching Item

produce bill

cancel produced bill

Logout

usecase diagram of sales person

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Sales Manager

Change Password

Total MoneyTransactions per da

bils per dayl

returned Itemsl

Logout

usecase diagram of sales manager

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SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

Sequence diagram and collaboration diagram are called INTERACTION

DIAGRAMS. An interaction diagram shows an interaction, consisting of set of objects and

their relationship including the messages that may be dispatched among them.

A sequence diagram is an introduction that empathizes the time ordering of messages.

Graphically a sequence diagram is a table that shows objects arranged along the X-axis and

messages ordered in increasing time along the Y-axis

Admin

Login add categoryadd employee changeitemPricechange password

adminLogin change password

add Employee

change item priceNot valid user

Add category

logout

logout

Sequence diagram for Administrator

Termination

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Inventory manager

Login GraphOfItemsStatus of Item Generate Reportschange password

Inventory managerLogin change password

Status of Item

Generate ReportsNot valid user

GraphOfItems

logout

logout

Sequence diagram for InventoryManager

Termination

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sales person

Login cancel billSearch an Item produce billchange password

SalesPersonLogin change password

Search an Item

produce billNot valid user

cancel bill

logout

logout

Sequence diagram for SalesPerson

Termination

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SalesManager

Login returnedItemsTotal Transactions bils per daylchange password

SalesManagerLogin change password

Total Transactions

bils per daylNot valid user

returnedItems

logout

logout

Sequence diagram for SalesManager

Termination

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CLASS DIAGRAM:

Class is nothing but a structure that contains both variables and methods. The Class

Diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces, and collaborations and their relating ships. There

is most common diagram in modeling the object oriented systems and are used to give the

static view of a system. It shows the dependency between the classes that can be used in our

system. he interactions between the modules or classes of our projects are shown below.

Each block contains Class Name, Variables and Methods.

CLASS:

A description of set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relationships,

and semantics

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Admin Login

IDPASSWORD

*

Class diagrams of Administrator

Add professor details

empname:String

empno:StringmailId:Strionglocation:StringJoining date:Daterole:String

add()

add cetegory

Status:no

change price

Gno : numberadd employee

Category:string

Generatiion o f Reports

empname:Stringempno:StringmailId:Strionglocation:StringJoining date:Daterole:String

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Statechart Diagram for Admin:

AdminLogin

Checking for Valid admin

changeItemPrice

Add category

admin validtion

add employee

logout

changePassword

Not valid admin

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Statechart Diagram for InventoryManager:

InventoryManagerLogin


ItemStatus

admin validtion

changepassword

Not valid admin

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Statechart Diagram for InventoryManager:

InventoryManagerLogin


ItemStatus

generate reports

admin validtion

changepassword

logout

Grapg for Item

Not valid admin

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Statechart Diagram for SalesPerson:

Sales PersonLogin


SearchItem

produce bill

admin validtion

changepassword

logout

cncel bill

Not valid admin

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Statechart Diagram for SalesManager:

SalesManagerLogin


All Transactions

Bills Per day

admin validtion

changepassword

logout

ReturnedItems

Not valid admin

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DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS:

The DFD takes an input-process-output view of a system i.e. data objects flow intothe software, are transformed by processing elements, and resultant data objects flow out of

the software.

Data objects represented by labeled arrows and transformation are

represented by circles also called as bubbles. DFD is presented in a hierarchical fashion i.e.

the first data flow model represents the system as a whole. Subsequent DFD refine the context

diagram (level 0 DFD), providing increasing details with each subsequent level.

The DFD enables the software engineer to develop models of the information

domain & functional domain at the same time. As the DFD is refined into greater levels of

details, the analyst perform an implicit functional decomposition of the system. At the same

time, the DFD refinement results in a corresponding refinement of the data as it moves

through the process that embody the applications.

A context-level DFD for the system the primary external entities produce

information for use by the system and consume information generated by the system. The

labeled arrow represents data objects or object hierarchy.

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RULES FOR DFD:

Fix the scope of the system by means of context diagrams.

Organize the DFD so that the main sequence of the actions

Reads left to right and top to bottom.

Identify all inputs and outputs.

Identify and label each process internal to the system with Rounded circles.

A process is required for all the data transformation and Transfers. Therefore,

never connect a data store to a data Source or the destinations or another data store

with just a Data flow arrow.

Do not indicate hardware and ignore control information.

Make sure the names of the processes accurately convey everything the process is

done.

There must not be unnamed process.

Indicate external sources and destinations of the data, with Squares.

Number each occurrence of repeated external entities.

Identify all data flows for each process step, except simple Record retrievals.

Label data flow on each arrow.

Use details flow on each arrow.

Use the details flow arrow to indicate data movements.

DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS:

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Database:

Administrator Login

Administrator Login

Checking forvalidation

Database

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Administrator Login

admin

Addprofessor

Viewprofessor

Deleteprofessor

View allprofessor

ReportGeneratio


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Database:

Administrator Login

Administrator Login


Database

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Administra

tor Login

admin

AddEmployee

ChangePassword

ChangeItem Price

AddCategory


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Database:

InventoryMgr Login

InventoryMgr Login

Database:


Database

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InventoryMgrLogin

InventoryMgr

Status ofItem

ChangePassword

GenerateReport

Graph forItem


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Salesperson Login

Salesperson Login

Database:


Database

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Salesperson Login

Salesperson

Search for

Item

Change

Password

Produce

bill

Cancel bill

SalesMgrLogin


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Sales Manager Login

Sales Manager Login

E-R Diagrams:

The Entity-Relationship (ER) model was originally proposed by Peter in 1976 [Chen76] as

a way to unify the network and relational database views. Simply stated the ER model is a


Database

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SalesMgr

TotalTransactio

ChangePassword

Bills perday

ReturnedItems


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conceptual data model that views the real world as entities and relationships. A basic

component of the model is the Entity-Relationship diagram which is used to visually

represents data objects. Since Chen wrote his paper the model has been extended and today it

is commonly used for database design For the database designer, the utility of the ER model

is:

it maps well to the relational model. The constructs used in the ER model can easily

be transformed into relational tables.

it is simple and easy to understand with a minimum of training. Therefore, the model

can be used by the database designer to communicate the design to the end user.

In addition, the model can be used as a design plan by the database developer to

implement a data model in a specific database management software.

Connectivity and Cardinality

The basic types of connectivity for relations are: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-

many. A one-to-one (1:1) relationship is when at most one instance of a entity A is associated

with one instance of entity B. For example, "employees in the company are each assigned

their own office. For each employee there exists a unique office and for each office there

exists a unique employee.

A one-to-many (1:N) relationships is when for one instance of entity A, there are zero, one, or

many instances of entity B, but for one instance of entity B, there is only one instance of

entity A. An example of a 1:N relationships is

a department has many employees

each employee is assigned to one department

A many-to-many (M:N) relationship, sometimes called non-specific, is when for one instance

of entity A, there are zero, one, or many instances of entity B and for one instance of entity B

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there are zero, one, or many instances of entity A. The connectivity of a relationship escribes

the mapping of associated .

ER Notation

There is no standard for representing data objects in ER diagrams. Each modeling

methodology uses its own notation. The original notation used by Chen is widely used in

academics texts and journals but rarely seen in either CASE tools or publications by non-

academics. Today, there are a number of notations used, among the more common are

Bachman, crow's foot, and IDEFIX.

All notational styles represent entities as rectangular boxes and relationships as linesconnecting boxes. Each style uses a special set of symbols to represent the cardinality of a

connection. The notation used in this document is from Martin. The symbols used for the

basic ER constructs are:

entities are represented by labeled rectangles. The label is the name of the entity.

Entity names should be singular nouns.

relationships are represented by a solid line connecting two entities. The name of the

relationship is written above the line. Relationship names should be verbs

attributes, when included, are listed inside the entity rectangle. Attributes which are

identifiers are underlined. Attribute names should be singular nouns.

cardinality of many is represented by a line ending in a crow's foot. If the crow's foot

is omitted, the cardinality is one.

existence is represented by placing a circle or a perpendicular bar on the line.

Mandatory existence is shown by the bar (looks like a 1) next to the entity for an

instance is required. Optional existence is shown by placing a circle next to the entity

that is optional

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PROJECT MODULES

Admin

Inventory Manager

Sales Person

Sales Manager

MODULE DESCRIPTION

Name of the module-1: Admin

Description: Can login to the system through the first page of the application and Can createnew user account for an employee and assign (if existing user) username and password.

Sub modules:

Add New Employee

Change Password

Change Price of Item

Add Category

Add New Employee:

In this submodule the administrator can login to his/her account. After logging into the

form, admin can add a new employee for the system

. Change Password:

In this sub module the administrator can login to his/her account. After logging into the

form, admin can change his/her password.

Change Price Of Item:

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form, admin can change the price of an Item that is in inventory.

Add Category:


form, admin can add new items/categories to the inventory (grape may be added to thecategory fruits or a new category such as vegetables may be added).

Name of the module-2: Inventory Manager:

Description: Can login to the system through the first page of the application and can do thefollowing sub module task.

Sub modules:

Check Status Of Item

Change Password

Generate Reports Price and Category wise

Graph For Item

Check Status Of Item:

In this sub module the Inventory manager can login to his/her account. After logging into

the form, he can find the status of item is nothing but whether the particular item is available

are not or how many items are there for a particular item.

. Change Password:

In this sub module the Inventory manager can login to his/her account. After logging into

the form, he can change his/her password.

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Generate Reports Price and Category wise:

In this sub module the inventory manager can login to his/her account. After logging into

the form, he can generate reports based on the price or category i.e. generates the reports in

ascending order of the price.

Graph For Item:

In this sub module the inventory manager can login to his/her account. After logging into

the form, he can generate graph based on the item.

Name of the module-3: Sales Person:

Description: Can login to the system through the first page of the application and can do the

following sub module task.

Sub modules:

Searching Item

Change Password

Produce Bill

Cancel The Produced Bill

Searching heck Status Of Item:

In this sub module the sales person can login to his/her account. After logging into the

form, he can search a particular item just by giving the initial letters of the item.

. Change Password:

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In this sub module the Sales Person can login to his/her account. After logging into the

form, he can change his/her password.

Produce Bill:


form, he can produce the bill for the Items that are selected by the customer.

Cancel Produced Bill:


form, he can cancel the produced bill, if there is any mistake in the produced bill .

Name of the module-4: Sales Manager:

Description: Can login to the system through the first page of the application and can do the

following sub module task.

Sub modules:

Total Money Transactions per day

Change Password

Bills Per Day

Returned Items Details

Total Money Transactions per Day:

In this sub module the sales manager can login to his/her account. After logging into the

form, he can see the details of the total money transactions per day.

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. Change Password:

In this sub module the Sales Manager can login to his/her account. After logging into the

form, he can change his/her password.

Bills per Day:


form, he can see the details of the total bill details per a day and also see how many bills are

produced for this day.

Returned Item Details:


form, he can see the details about the returned Items in particular week or day.

CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQS

The Java Packages

Eight packages comprise the standard Java development environment.

The Java Language Package

The Java language package, also known as java.lang, contains classes that are core to

the Java language. The classes in this package are grouped as follows:

Object

The granddaddy of all classes--the class from which all others inherit.

Data Type Wrappers

A collection of classes used to wrap variables of a primitive data type: Boolean,

Character, and Double, Float Integer and Long.

Strings

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Two classes that implement character data. The String and String Buffer Classes

is a thorough lesson on the use of both types of strings.

System and Runtime

These two classes provide let your programs use system resources. System provides a

system-independent programming interface to system resources and Runtime gives you direct

system-specific access to the runtime environment. Using System Resources Describes both

the System and Runtime classes and their methods.

Threads

The Thread, Thread Death and Thread Group classes supplement the multi-threading

capabilities so important to the Java language.

Classes

The Class provides a runtime description of a class and the Class Loader class allows you

to load classes into your program during runtime.

IMPLEMENTATION

ABOUT JAVA:

The Internet helped catapult Java to the forefront of programming, and Java, in

turn, has had a profound effect on the Internet. The reason for this is quite simple: Java

expands the universe of objects that can move about freely in the cyberspace. In a network,

two very broad categories of objects are transmitted between the server and our computer

passive information and dynamic, active programs.

As desirable as dynamic, networked programs are, they also present seriousproblems in the areas of security and portability. Java achieves this security or protection by

confining a Java program to the Java execution environment and not allowing it to access to

other parts of the computer. Many types of the computers and operating systems are in use

throughout the world and many are connected to the Internet. For programs to be dynamically

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download to all the various types of platforms connected to the Internet, some means of

generating portable executable code is needed.

Java was designed to be easy for the professional programmers to learn and use

efficiently. The object model of Java is simple and easy to extend, while simple types, such as

integers are kept as high-performance non-objects.

E-care is implemented using the Java language so as to make the programmers

(which includes super user, and Levels) and different corporate clients and corporate users to

handle e-Care easily without any difficulty.

The multi platformed environment of the web places extraordinarily demands on a

program, because the program must execute reliably in a variety of systems. Thus, the ability

to create robust programs was given a high priority in the design of Java. At the same time,

Java frees us from having to worry about many of the most common cause of programming

errors. Because Java is strictly typed language, it checks our code at the compile time and also

at run-time.

Java was designed to meet the real world requirements of creating

interactive,Networked programs. Java supports multithreaded programming, which allows us

to write programs that do many things simultaneously. A central issue for the Java designers

was that of code longevity and portability. Their goal was write once; run anywhere, any

time , forever .

Java enables the creation of the cross-platform programs by compiling into

intermediate representation called Java bytecode. This code can be interpreted on any system

that provides a java virtual machine. Java is designed for the distributed environment of theInternet, because it handles TCP/IP protocols. In fact, accessing a resource using a URL is not

much different from accessing a file. The original version of Java (OAK) included features

for intra-address-space messaging. Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of the

run-time type information that is used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run-time.

This makes it possible to dynamically link code in a safe and expedient manner.

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ABOUT INTERNET AND INTRANET

Technologically, the Internet is network of computers. Not just a few special

Computers, but over nine million of all kinds of computers. Similarly it is not just a network,

but a network of networks hence the name and using TCP/IP (transmission control protocol

and internet protocol).

Internet is the name for a vast, worldwide system consisting of people,

information and computers. Internet is global communication system of diverse, INTER

connected computer NETWORK for the exchange of information of virtually every

conceivable topic known to man.

Internet is not just one thing. It is a lot of things to lot of people. In todays world it

is one of the most importanommodity of life. The Internet is more important in what it

enables than what it is, more of a phenomenon than fact.

Intranet

The classical definition of Intranet is the application of the Internet technologies to the

internal business applications media most refer to the Intranet in terms of applying web

technologies to information systems in the organization.

ABOUT JDBC (JAVA DATA BASE CONNECTION)

It is a java data base connectivity having data base as a back-end of java as front end.

Database is a collectivity of related data. A data base management system (DBMS) controls

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the storage or retrieval of data in the database. The main use of this JDBC is the database

connectivity.

Using drivers we can get connection to the back-end:

1.which drive we are going to connect back-end.

2.create a data source name (dsn).

3.create a statement for connection.

The package we use here is import java. Sql. *

Interfaces of jdbc include driver, connection, and statement; prepare statement, callable

statement, Result Set, Result Set Meta data. Classes of JDBC are driver manages, driver

property information, date, time, and timestamp, type. The driver defined by the classJdbc

odbc driver in package sun.jdbc.odbc. Class sun.jdbc.odbc.jdbc odbc driver represents the

jdbc to odbc bridge driver.

ABOUT SERVLETS

Servlet is server side applet. It contains several advantages. They are:Performance is

significantly better. Servlets execute within the address space of the web server. Creating a

separate process to handle each client request isnt necessary.

Servlets are platform-independent, because they are written in Java. Several web servers,

from vendors such as sun, Netscape, and Microsoft, offer the servlet API

Programs developed for this API can be moved to any of these environments without

recompilation.

The java security manager on the server enforces a set of restrictions to protect the resources

on a server machine.

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The full functionality of the Java class libraries is available to a servlet. It can communicate

with applets, databases, or other software via the sockets and RMI mechanisms.

The Lifecycle of a servlet:

Three methods are central to the lifecycle of a servlet: init (), service( ), and destroy( ).

First, assume that a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to the web browser. The

web browser then generates an HTTP request for this URL and sends it to the appropriate

server. Second the web server receives this HTTP request. The server maps this request to

particular servlet The servlet is dynamically retrieved and loaded into the address space of the

server. Third, the server invokes the init( )

method of the servlet. This method is invoked only when the servlet is first loaded into the

memory. Fourth, the server invokes the servlet service( ) method , which is called to process

the HTTP request. The service( ) method is called for each HTTP request. Two packages are

required to build the servlet they are javax.servlet and javax.srevlet.http. They constitute of

servlet API. ServletRequest interface is used to read the data from a client0request and

servletResponse is used to write data to the client response. The javax.srevlet.http package

include interfaces like HttpServletRequest which enables servlets to read data fromHTTP request and HttpServletResponse which enables servlets to write data from

HTTP response.

Introduction to HTML

The hypertext markup language (HTML) is a simple markup language. Used to create a

hypertext documents that are portable from one platform to another HTML documents areSGML (Standard generalized mark up language) documents with generic semantics that are

appropriate for representing information from a wide range of applications. This specification

defines HTML version 3.2. HTML 3.2 aims to capture recommended practice as of early 96

and as such a replacement for HTML2.0 (RFC 1866).

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A set of instructions embedded in a document is called mark up language. These

instructions describe what the document text means and how it should look like in a display.

Hyper Text Mark Up language (HTML) is the language used to encode World Wide Web

documents.

WHY TO HTML?

Website is a collection of pages, publications, and documents that reside on web

server. While these pages publications and a document as a formatted in a single format, you

should use HTML for home page and all primary pages in the site. This will enable the

millions of web users can easily access and to take advantage of your website.

HTML is considered first for formatting any new material you plan to publish on the web.

HTML documents are platform independent, meaning that they dont confirm to any

standard. If they are created properly you can move home page to any server platform or you

can access them with any complaint www browser.

STRUCTURE OF HTML

HTML elements perform a defined task. HTML uses two types of elements

. Empty Tags

. Container Tags

These tags differ because of what they represent. Empty tags represent formatting

constricts such as line breaks and horizontal rules. Container tags define a section of text,

formats and dot all of the selected text. A container tag has both a beginning and an ending.

HTML LAYOUT:

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An HTML document consists of text, which comprises the content of the

document and tags, which, defines the structure, and appearance of the document. The

structure of an HTML document is simple, consists of outer.

tag enclosing the document header and body

the title of HTML document

This is where the actual HTML documents

Text lies, which is displayed in the browser

Each document has a head and body delimited by the and tag. The head

is where you give your HTML document a title and where you indicate other parameters the

browser may use when displaying the document. This includes the text for displaying the text.

Tag also references special and indicates the hot spots that link your document to other

documents.

HTML FORMS:

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Creating a form usually involves two independent steps: Creating the layout for the form

itself and then writing a script program on the server side to process the formation you get

back from a form.

To create a form, You use the tag. Inside the opening and closing FORM tags are

each of the individual form elements plus any other HTML content to create a layout for that

form.

The opening tag of the FORM element usually includes the attributes: METHOD and

ACTION. The METHOD attributes can be either GET or POST which determines how your

form data is sent to the script to process it.

The ACTION attribute is a pointer to the script that processes the form on the server side. The

ACTION can be included by a relative path or by a full URL to a script on your server or

somewhere else. For example, the following tag would call a script called form-

name in cgi-bin directory on serverwww.myservser.com

.

METHOD ATTRIBUTE:

The other required attribute for the tag sets the methods by which the browser

forms data to the server for processing. There are two ways: the POST method and GET

method. With POST method, the browser sends the data in two steps: the browser first

contacts the form-processing server specified in the action attributes, and once contact is

made, sends the data.

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The GET method in the other hand, contacts the form processing server and sends the

form data in a single transaction step: the browser appends the data to the forms action URL,

separated by the question mark (?) character.

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

CREATION OF JAVA:

Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank and

Mike Sheridan at SUN Microsystems Incorporation in the year 1991.It took 18 months to

develop the 1

st

working version. This language was initially called OAK, but was renamedJAVA in 1995, many more contributed to the design and evolution of the language.

JAVA OVERVIEW

Java is a powerful but lean object-oriented programming language. It has generated a lot

of excitement because it makes it possible to program for Internet by creating Applets.

Programs that can be embedded in web page. The context of an applet can be an animation

with sound, an interactive game or a ticker tape. With constantly updated stock prices.Applets can be just little decorations to liven up web page, or they can be serious applications

like Word processor or Spreadsheet.

But Java is more than a programming language for writing Applets. It is being used more

and more for writing standalone applications as well. It is becoming so popular that many

people believe it will become standard language for both general purpose and Internet

programming.

There are many buzzwords associated with Java, but because of its spectacular growth in

popularity, a new buzzword has appeared ubiquitous. Indeed, all indications are that it will

soon be everywhere.

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Java builds on the strength of C++. It has taken the best features of C++ and discarded

the more problematic and error prone parts. To this lean core, it has added garbage collection

(automatic memory management), multithreading (the capacity for one program to do more

than one thing at a time), security capabilities. This result is that Java is simple, elegant, and

powerful and easy-to-use.

Java is actually a platform consisting of 3 components:

Java Programming Language.

Java Library of Classes and Interfaces.

Java Virtual Machine

The following sections will say more about these components.

JAVA IS PORTABLE:

One of the biggest advantages Java offers is that it is portable. An application

written in Java will run on all the major platforms. Any computer with a Java-based browser

can run the applications or Applets written in the Java-Programming-Language. A

programmer no longer has to write one program to run on a Macintosh, another program to

run on a Windows-machine still another to run on a UNIX-machine and so on. In other

words, with Java developers write their programs only once.

The Virtual Machine is what gives Java is cross platform capabilities. Rather being

compiled into machine language, which is different for each OSs and computer architecture,

Java code is compiled into Byte codes.

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With other languages, the program code is compiled into a language that the

computer can understand. The problem is that other computers with different machine

instruction set cannot understand that language. Java code on the other hand is compiled into

Byte-Code rather than a machine language. These byte codes go to the JVM, which executes

them directly or translates them into the language that is understood by the machine running

it.

In summary, these means that with the JDBC API extending Java, a programmer

writing Java code can access all the major RDBMS on any platform that supports the JVM.

JAVA IS OBJECT-ORIENTED

The Java programming language is OBJECT-ORIENTED, which makes program design

focus on what you are dealing with, rather than on how your are going to do something. This

makes it more useful for programming in sophisticated projects, because one can break the

things into understandable components. A big benefit is that these components can then be

reused.

Object-Oriented Languages use the paradigm of classes. In simplest term, a class

includes both the data and the functions to operate on data. You can create an instance of a

class, also called an object, which will have all the data members and functionality of its

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class. Because of this, you can think of a class as being like template, with each object being a

specific instance of a particular type of class.

The class paradigm allows one to encapsulate data so that specific data values are those

using the data cannot see the function implementation. Encapsulation makes it possible to

make the changes in code without breaking other programs that use that code.

If for example, the implementation of a function is changed, the change is invisible to

any programmer who invokes that function, and does not affect his/her program, except

hopefully to improve it.

Java includes inheritance, or the ability to derive new classes from existing classes. The

derived class, is also called as Sub-Class, inherits all the data in the functions of the existing

class.

JAVA DEVOLPMENT EVNIRONMENT

To code, edit, debug and test the java programs, one needs to have a java development

environment. At the minimum this will consists of a java compiler interpreter and applet

viewer where applets can be testted.

Suns java development kit (JDK) latest version is 2.2 can be freely downloaded from

the Internet.

Java compiler is available on DOS, Win95, WINNT, Solaris and MAC etc.

Process :

Process objects represent the system process that is created when you use Runtime to

execute system commands. The java.lang Package defines and implements the generic The

compiler automatically imports this package for you. No other package Automatically

imported.

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The Java I/O Package:

The Java I/O Package (java.io) provides a set of input andOutput streams used to

read and write data to files or other input and output sources. The classes and interfaces

defined in java.io are covered fully in Input and Output Streams.

The Java Utility Package:

This Java package, java.util, contains a collection of utility classes. Among them

are several generic data structures (Dictionary, Stack, Vector, and Hash table) a useful object

for tokenizing a string and another for manipulating calendar dates.

The java.util package also contains the Observer interface and Observable class, which allow

objects to notify one another when they change. The java.util classes aren't covered separately

in this tutorial although some examples use these classes.

The Java Networking Package:

The java.net package contains classes and interface definitions that implement various

networking capabilities. The Classes in this package include a class that implement a URL, a

connection to a URL, a socket connection, and a datagram packet. You can use these classesto implement client-server applications and other networking communication

applications.Custom Networking and Security has several examples using these classes,

including a client-server example and an example that uses datagrams.

The Abstract Window Toolkit Packages

Three packages comprise the Abstract Window Toolkit:Java.awt, java.awt.image, and

java.awt.peer.

FEATURES OF JAVA

SYSTEM DESIGN:

Design of software involves conceiving, planning out and specifying the externally

observable characteristics of the software product. We have data design, architectural design

and user interface design in design process. The goal of design process is to provide blue

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print for implementation, testing, maintenance..

DATA DESIGN:

The primary activity during data design is to select logical representations of data

objects identified during requirement analysis and software analysis. A data dictionary

explicitly represents the relationships among data objects and the constrains on the elements

of the data structure. A data dictionary should be established and used to define both data and

program design.

Introduction to JavaScript

JavaScript:

JavaScript is a new scripting language for WebPages. Scripts written with java script can

be embedded into your HTML pages. With java script you have many possibilities for

enhancing your HTML page with interesting elements. For example you are able to respond

to user-initiated events quite easily. Some effects that are now possible with java script were

some time ago only possible with CGI. So you can create really sophisticated pages with thehelps of java script on the Internet.

Difference between java and Java Script

Although the names are almost the same Java is not the same as Java Script. These are two

different techniques for Internet programming. Java is programming language. JavaScript is a

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scripting language as the name implies. The difference is that we can create real programs

with java. But java script in not real programming. Java Script is meant to be easy to

understand and easy to use. JavaScript authors should not have to care too much about

programming. We could say that Java Script is rather an extension to HTML than a separate

computer language. Of course this is not the official definition but it makes it easier to

understand the difference between java and java script.

How can Java Script scripts run?

The first browser to support java script was the Netscape Navigator 2.0 of course the higher

versions do have java script as well. You might know that java does not run on all Netscape

Navigators 2.0 (or higher versions) versions. But this is not true for java script -although

there are some problems with the different versions.

The Mac version for example seems to have many bugs. In the near future there are going to

be some other browsers, which support java script. The Microsoft Internet explorer 3.0 is

going to support java script. JavaScript enabled browsers are going to spread soon - it is

worth learning this new technique now. You might realize that is really easy to write Java

Script scripts. We have to know is some basic techniques and some work-around forproblems you might encounter. Of course we need a basic. Understanding HTML before

reading this tutorial you can find many really good online resources about HTML. Best you

make an online search about html at yahoo if you want to get informed about HTML. Now

I want to show some small scripts so you can learn how they are implemented into HTML-

documents and to show which possibilities you have with the new scripting language. The

following is a very small script, which will only print a text into an HTML document.

My first JavaScript

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This is a normal HTML document

Document.write (this is a java script)

Backing HTML again

If you are using a java script enabled-browser at the moment then you will have the

possibility to see this script working. If your browser doesnt support Java Script then this

output might be some kind of strange

This is a normal HTML document

This is java script!

Back in HTML again.

Functions

Functions are bet declared between the tag of HTML page. Functions are called by

user-initiated events. Seems reasonable to keep the functions between the tags.

They are loaded first before a user can do anything that might call a function. Scripts can beplaced between inside comment fields to ensure that older browser do not display the script

itself.

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function pushbutton (){

alert (Hello!);

}

If we want to test this one immediately and you are using a Java Script enabled browser

then please go ahead and push the button.

This script will create a button and when you press it a window will pop up saying

hello!. In fact we have a lot of possibilities just by adding functions to our scripts.

The common browsers transmit the form information by either method: heres the

complete tag including the GET transmission method attribute for the previous form

Example

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Input elements.

Use the tag to define any one of a number of common form elements including text

fields multiple choice lists click able images and submission buttons. There are many

attributers for this tag only that types and name attributes are required for each element, each

type of input element uses only a subset of the followed attributes. Additional

attributes may be required based upon which type of the form element you specify.

Submit button:

The submit button ( ) does what its name implies, settings in motion the

forms submission to the server from the browser. We many have more than submit buttons

will be added to the parameter list the browser sends along to the server.

Example

< Input type =submit>

Reset button:

The reset button if firm button is nearly self- explanatory; it lets the user reset erase

or set to some default value all elements in the form. By default the browser displays a reset

button worth the label reset. We can change that by specifying a value attribute with tour

own button label.

INTRODUCTION TO JDBC

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JDBC (Java Database connectivity) is a front-end tool for connecting to a server to

ODBC in that respect, however JDBC can connect only java client and it uses ODBC for the

connectivity. JDBC is essentially a low-level API since any data manipulation, storage and

retrieval has to be done by the program itself. Some tools, which provide a higher-level

abstraction, are expected shortly.

The next question that needs to be answered is why we need JDBC, once we have ODBC on

hand. We can use the same ODBC to connect the entire database and ODBC is a proven

technology.

Problem for doing this is ODBC gives a c language API, which uses pointers extensively.

Since java does not have any pointes and is object-oriented sun Microsystems, inventor of

java developed to suit its needs.Requirements to use JDBC: To use JDBC you need a

basic knowledge of databases and SQL.A part from this you need the jdk1.1 (Java

Development Kit1.1 available javasofts website) or a version of Java since jdk1.1 and above

come bundled with JDBC software.

After that you need to have a back-end database engine for which a JDBC driver is

available. When JDBC drivers are not available JDBC-ODBC bridge drivers are used to

access the database through ODBC. Back-end is not needed when JDBC driver is capable of

storing and retrieving the data itself, or if JDBC-ODBC Bridge and the ODBC driver can be

used to store and retrieve the information.

DATABASE MODELS

JDBC and accessing the database through applets and JDBC API via an intermediate server

resulted server resulted in a new type of database model which is different from the client-

server model. Based on number of intermediate server through the request should go it is

named as single tire, two tire and multi tire architecture

Single Tier

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In a single tier the server and client are the same in the sense that a client program that

needs information (client) and the source of this type of architecture is also possible in java, in

case flat files are used to store the data. However this is useful only in case of small

applications. The advantage with this is the simplicity and portability of the application

developed.

Database

Two Tier (client-server)

In two tier architecture the database resides in one machine and client in different

machine they are connected through the network. In this type of architecture a database

management takes control of the database and provides access to clients in a network. This

software bundle is also called as the server. Software in different machines, requesting for

information are called as the clients.

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Database

Three Tier and N-Tier

In the three-tier architecture, any number servers can access the database that resides

on server. Which in turn serve clients in a network. For example, you want to access the

database using java applets, the applet running in some other machine, can send request only

to the server from which it is down loaded. For this reason we will need to have a

intermediate server which will accept the requests from applets and them to the actual

database server. This intermediate server acts as a two-way communication channel also. This

is the information or data from the database is passed on to the applet that is requesting it.

This can be extended to make n tiers of servers, each server carrying to specific type ofrequest from clients, however in practice only 3 tiers architecture is popular.

JDBC Driver Types:

The JDBC drivers that we are aware of at this time fit into one of four categories:

1. JDBC-ODBC BRIDGE PLUS ODBC DRIVER

The java soft bridge product provides JDBC access via ODBC drivers. Note that

ODBC binary code end in many cases database client code must be loaded on each client

machine that uses this driver. As a result, this kind of driver is most appropriate on a

corporate network where client installations are not major problem, or for application server

code written in java in a 3-tier architecture.

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2. NATIVE API PARTLY-JAVA DRIVER

This kind of driver converts JDBC calls into calls on the client API for MySQL

Sybase, Informix, DB2, or other DBMS. Note that, like the bridge driver, this style of driver

requires that some binary code be loaded on each client machine.

3. JDBC-NET ALL-JAVA DRIVER

This driver translates JDBC calls into a DBMS independent net protocol, which is then

translated, to a DBMS protocol by a server. This net server middle-ware is able to connect its

all java clients to many different databases. The Specific protocol used depends on the

vendor. In general, this most flexible JDBC alternative. It is likely that all vendors of this

solution will provide products suitable for intranet use. In order for these products to also

support Internet access, they must handle the additional requirements for security, access

through firewalls, etc that the web imposes. Several vendors are adding JDBC drivers to their

existing database middleware products.

NATIVE PROTOCOL ALL-JAVA DRIVER

This kind of driver converts JDBC calls into the network protocol used by DBMS

directory. This allows a direct call from the client machine to the DBMS server that is

practical solution for intranet access. Since many of these protocols are proprietary, the

database vendors themselves will be the primary source. Several database vendors have these

in progress. Eventually, we expect that driver categories 3 and 4 will be the preferred way to

access databases from JDBC. Driver categories one and two are interim solutions where

direct all java drivers are not yet available. Category 4 is in some sense the ideal; however,

there are many cases where category 3 may be preferable: eg: -where a thin DBMS-independent client is desired, or if a DBMS independent protocol is standardized and

implemented directly by many DBMS vendors.

Servlets

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Servlets provides a Java-Based solution used to address the problems currently associated

with doing server side programming, including inextensible scripting solutions, platform

specific APIs, and incomplete interfaces. Servlets are objects conform to a specific interface

that can be plugged into a Java-based server. Servlets are to the server-side what applets are to

the client-side-object byte codes that can be dynamically loaded off the net. They differ from

applets in that they are faceless objects (without graphics or a GUI component). They serve as

platform independent, dynamically loadable, plug gable helper byte code objects on the server

side that can be used to dynamically extend server-side functionality.

For example, an HTTP servlet can be used to generate dynamic HTML content. When

you use servlets to do dynamic content you get the following advantages:

1.Theyre faster and cleaner than CGI scripts.

2.They use a standard API (the Servlet API)

3.They provide all the advantages of Java (run on a variety of servers without needing to be

rewritten)

The attractions of Servlets

There are many features of servlets that make them easy and attractive to use. These include:

Easily configured using the GUI-based Admin Tool.

Can be loaded and invoked from a local disk or remotely across the network.

Can be linked together, or chained, so that one servlet can call another servlets, or several

servlets in sequence.

Can be called dynamically from within HTML pages, using server-side include tags

Invoking the servlet

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To invoke a servlet you call it by creating a URL with /servlet/ pretended to the

servlet name. Then enter this URL in your favorite browser to see the output of the Servlet.

Example:

After installing according to the directions above, access the HelloServlet by entering the

following URL in your favorite browser:

http://server-host-name:8080/servlet/hell

Internal Servlets

The Java Server servlet architecture is very flexible and the server takes advantage of

this by dividing up its work among several internal servlets.

They are

1.File Servlet

2.Invoker Servlet

3.Server side include servlet

4.Admin Servlet

5.CGI Servlet

6.Image map servlet

File Servlet

The file servlet provides the standard document serving capabilities of java server.

This servlet includes a caching mechanism to speed up response times of frequently accesses

files. In addition it recognizes files that are to be parsed for server side includes and passes

them on to the SSInclude Servlet.

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Servlets are an effective substitute for CGI scripts and provide a faster and cleaner

way to generate dynamic documents.

The java server is both flexible and extensible. Using the java server APIs you can

write your own servlet and incorporate it into the server. To do this follows these three steps

1. Write the servlet

2. Configure the servlet

3. Invoke the servlet

Writing the Servlet

Unless they are used with the http protocol, servlets subclass the servlet.

GenericServlet class and override the service (Servlet Request, ServletResponse) method.

Servlets use with the HTTP protocol should subclass the javax.servlet.HttpServlet

class override one or both of the doGet (HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse) and

doPost (HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse) methods

Servlets class may choose to override the default implementations of the servlet

lifecycle servlet methods, init (ServletConfig) and destroy ().

Configuring the Server:

The real beauty of the java server is that it is extensible. But, before you can use a Servlet to

add an extended functionality to the JavaServer. You have to use the Java Serveradministration applet to install the Servlet and specify the default parameters and arguments.

Display the Administration Applet by connecting to:

http://server_Host_Name:9090/index.html

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Are secure-even when downloading across the network, the servlets security model and the

Servlet sandbox to protect your system from unfriendly behavior.

The advantage of the Servlet API

One of the great advantages of the Servlet API is protocol independence. It assumes nothing

about:

The protocol being used to transmit on the net.

How it is loaded.The server environment it will be running in.

These qualities are important, because it allows the Servlet API to be embedded in many

different kinds of Servers. There are other advantages to the servlet API as well.

Servlet Features

The Java Server provides several important Servlet features. These include: Loading &Invoking Servlets.

Servlets can be loaded both locally and remotely.

Filters and Servlets change.

The Java Server uses MIME types to call Servlets sequentially.

Server size includes:

Servlets can be invoked from dynamic HTML documents using Server side include tags.

Replacing the CGI Scripts.

DATABASE TABLES:

O_LOGIN:

NAME NOT/NULL TYPE KEY

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USERID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(8) PRIMARY KEY

PASSWORD NOT NULL VARCHAR2(8) ------

AUTH NOT NULL NUMBER(2) --------

O_EMP:


ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(50) -------

ENO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(8) PRIMARY KEY

EEMAIL NOT NULL VARCHAR2(50) ---------

ELOCATION NOT NULL VARCHAR2(25) --------

EJDATE NOT NULL DATE --------

EROLL NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

O_ITEM_CATEGORY:


CATEGORY_CODE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY

CATEGORY_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)

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O_ITEM:


ITEM_CODE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15) PRIMARY KEY

ITEM_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(25) ---------

ITEM_PRICE NOT NULL NUMBER(10,2) ---------

ITEM_QUANTITY NOT NULL NUMBER(10) ----------

ITEM_QUALITY NUMBER(2) --------

ITEM_DISCRIPT VARCHAR2(50) --------

CATEGORY_CODE VARCHAR2(10) FOREIGN KEY

O_BILL:


BILL_ID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15) PRIMARY KEY

BILL_AMOUNT NOT NULL NUMBER(15,2) -------

BILL_STATUS NOT NULL NUMBER(1) --------

BILL_DATE ------- TIMESTAMP(6) -------

O_ITEM_BACKUP:

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ITEM_CODE NOTNULL VARCHAR2(15)

ITEM_PRICE NOT NULL NUMBER(10,2) --------

ITEM_QUANTITY NOT NULL NUMBER(10) ---------------

BILL_ID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15) FOREIGN KEY

FEASIBILITY STUDY:

Feasibility study is

conducted once the problem is clearly understood. Feasibility study is a high level capsule

version of the entire system analysis and design process. The objective is to determine

quickly at a minimum expense how to solve a problem. The purpose of feasibility is not to

solve the problem but to determine if the problem is worth solving.

The system has been tested for feasibility in the following points.

1. Technical Feasibility

2. Economical Feasibility

3. Operational Feasibility.

1. Technical Feasibility

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The project entitles "Courier Service System is technically feasibility because of

the below mentioned feature. The project was developed in Java which Graphical User

Interface.

It provides the high level of reliability, availability and compatibility. All these make

Java an appropriate language for this project. Thus the existing software Java is a powerful

language.

2. Economical Feasibility

The computerized system will help in automate the selection leading the

profits and details of the organization. With this software, the machine and manpower

utilization are expected to go up by 80-90% approximately. The costs incurred of not

creating the system are set to be great, because precious time can be wanted by manually.

3. Operational Feasibility

In this project, the management will know the details of

each project where he may be presented and the data will be maintained as decentralized and

if any inquires for that particular contract can be known as per their requirements and

necessaries.

Implementation:

Implementation is the stage where the theoretical design is turned into a working system.

The most crucial stage in achieving a new successful system and in giving confidence on the

new system for the users that it will work efficiently and effectively.

The system can be implemented only after thorough testing is done and if it is found to work

according to the specification.

It involves careful planning, investigation of the current system and its constraints on

implementation, design of methods to achieve the change over and an evaluation of change

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over methods a part from planning. Two major tasks of preparing the implementation are

education and training of the users and testing of the system.

The more complex the system being implemented, the more involved will be the systems

analysis and design effort required just for implementation.

The implementation phase comprises of several activities. The required hardware and

software acquisition is carried out. The system may require some software to be developed.

For this, programs are written and tested. The user then changes over to his new fully tested

system and the old system is discontinued.

TESTING:

The testing phase is an important part of software development. It is the puterized

system will help in automate process of finding errors and missing operations and also a

complete verification to determine whether the objectives are met and the user requirements

are satisfied.

Software testing is carried out in three steps:

1. The first includes unit testing, where in each module is tested to provide its

correctness, validity and also determine any missing operations and to verify whether the

objectives have been met. Errors are noted down and corrected immediately. Unit testing is

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the important and major part of the project. So errors are rectified easily in particular module

and program clarity is increased. In this project entire system is divided into several modules

and is developed individually. So unit testing is conducted to individual modules.

2. The second step includes Integration testing. It need not be the case, the

software whose modules when run individually and showing perfect results, will also show

perfect results when run as a whole. The individual modules are clipped under this major

module and tested again and verified the results. This is due to poor interfacing, which may

results in data being lost across an interface. A module can have inadvertent, adverse effect on

any other or on the global data structures, causing serious problems.

3. The final step involves validation and testing which determines which the

software functions as the user expected. Here also some modifications were. In the

completion of the project it is satisfied fully by the end user.

Maintenance and environment:

AS the number of computer based systems, grieve libraries of computer software began to

expand. In house developed projects produced tones of thousand soft program source

statements. Software products purchased from the outside added hundreds of thousands of

new statements. A dark cloud appeared on the horizon. All of these programs, all of those

source statements-had to be corrected when false were detected, modified as user

requirements changed, or adapted to new hardware that was purchased. These activities were

collectively called software Maintenance.

The maintenance phase focuses on change that is associated with error correction,

adaptations required as the software's environment evolves, and changes due to enhancements

brought about by changing customer requirements. Four types of changes are encountered

during the maintenance phase.

Correction

Adaptation

Enhancement

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Prevention

Correction:

Even with the best quality assurance activities is lightly that the customer willuncover defects in the software. Corrective maintenance changes the software to

correct defects.

Maintenance is a set of software Engineering activities that occur after softwarehas been delivered to the customer and put into operation. Software configuration

management is a set of tracking and control activities that began when a software

project begins and terminates only when the software is taken out of the operation.

We may define maintenance by describing four activities that are undertaken after a

program is released for use:

Corrective Maintenance

Adaptive MaintenancePerfective Maintenance or Enhancement

Preventive Maintenance or reengineering

Only about 20 percent of all maintenance work are spent "fixing mistakes". The

remaining 80 percent are spent adapting existing systems to changes in their external

environment, making enhancements requested by users, and reengineering anapplication for use.

ADAPTATION:

Over time, the original environment (E>G., CPU, operating system, business rules,

external product characteristics) for which the software was developed is likely to change.

Adaptive maintenance results in modification to the software to accommodate change to its

external environment.

ENHANCEMENT:

As software is used, the customer/user will recognize additional functions that will

provide benefit. Perceptive maintenance extends the software beyond its original function

requirements.

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PREVENTION :

Computer software deteriorates due to change, and because of this, preventive

maintenance, often called software re engineering, must be conducted to enable thesoftware to serve the needs of its end users. In essence, preventive maintenance makes

changes to computer programs so that they can be more easily corrected, adapted, and

enhanced. Software configuration management (SCM) is an umbrella activity that is

applied throughout the software process. SCM activities are developed to

INTRODUCTION TO JDBC

JDBC(Java Database connectivity) is a front-end tool for connecting to a server to ODBC

in that respect, However JDBC can connect only Java clients and it uses ODBC for the

connectivity. JDBC is essentially a low-level application programming interface. It is called a

low-level API since any data manipulation, storage and retrieval has to be done by the

program itself. Some tools which provide a higher level abstraction or expected shortly.

The next question that needs to be answered is why we need JDBC, once we have

ODBC on hand. We can use the same ODBC to connect all the databases and ODBC is

proven technology.

Problem for doing this is ODBC gives a C language API, which uses pointers

extensively. Since Java does not have pointers and is object oriented sun micro systems,

inventor of java developed to suit its needs.

Requirements to use JDBC:

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To use JDBC you need a basic knowledge of databases and SQL. Apart from this

you need jdk1.1 (Java Development Kit1.1 available Javasofts website) or a version of Java

since jdk1.1 and above come bundled with JDBC software.

After that you need to have a back-end database engine for which a JDBC driver is

available. When JDBC drivers are not available, JDBC-ODBC bridge drivers are used to

access the database through ODBC. Back-end is not needed when JDBC driver is capable of

storing and retrieving the data itself, or if JDBC-ODBC bridge and the ODBC driver can be

used to store and retrieve the information.

Database Models:

JDBC and accessing the database through applets, and JDBC API via an intermediate

server resulted in a new type of database model which is different from the client-server

model. Based on number of intermediate servers through which request should go it si named

as single tier, two tier and multi tier architecture.

Single Tier:

In a single tier the server and client are the same in the sense that a client program that

needs information (client) and the source of this type of architecture is also possible in Java,

in case flat filters are used to store the data. However this is useful only in case of small

appl

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