Occupational health & industrial hyeigen(paper 6)

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PAPER-6(OCCUPATIONAL & HYGINE) SHORT QUESTIONS 1. What is TLV & STEL & TWA? Ans-TLV/TWA(THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE)/(TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE) It is the max. conc. Of toxic materials which the worker can tolerate for 8hrs in a day, without any adverse effect to his health. unit:ppm/(mg/m3) for gas,liquid,solid,vapour mppcm for fine particles STEL (short term exposure limit) it is the conc. Of toxic materials which can be tolerated by a worker for 15 mins without causing any adverse effect to his health. Unit:ppm/(mg/m3) EXAMPLE: MATERIAL TLV STEL PPM MG/M3 PPM MG/M3 1.Ammonia o.25 18 35 27 2.benzene 10 20 25 75 3.methyl isocyanide 0.02 0.05 2. What is the TLV of impulsive / interprittent / impact sound? Ans: Permissible level in dB Impulse/day 140 100 135 315 130 1000 125 3160 120 10000 Noise greater than 140 dB not permitted at interprittent sound 2.ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION? The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines ‘Environmental Sanitation’ as “the control of all those factors in man’s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival.” WHO has been at the forefront of environmental sanitation and hygiene action over the past years and developed some key materials intended for policy-makers and technical people dealing with these issues. These materials include guidelines, best practice documents and promotion materials. Environmental sanitation/hygiene includes all the activities aimed at improving or maintaining the standard of basic environmental conditions affecting the well being of people. These conditions include: Clean and safe water supply Clean and safe ambient air Efficient and safe animal, human, and industrial waste disposal Protection of food from biological and chemical contaminants Adequate housing in clean and safe surroundings Statistics of environmental sanitation Poor hygiene, lack of sanitation facilities and inadequate quality and quantity of drinking water are the major reasons for the death of several poor people suffering from preventable diseases every year. Women and children are the main victims. Diarrhoeal diseases impact children most severely, killing more than 2 million young children a year in the developing world. Many more children are left underweight and malnourished, stunted mentally and physically and susceptible to several deadly diseases. If adequate global action is not taken then the sufferings of the poor are expected to worsen in the near future 3.White Finger Syndrome: OR Ray nard’s phenomenon? White Finger or Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome or Vibration White Finger is an industrial condition caused by exposure to hand transmitted vibration associated with the use of vibrating power tools, such as chainsaws, drills, concrete vibrators, jackhammers, sanders, compactors and even lawnmowers. The vibration caused the tiny capillaries in your fingers to "spasm" and shut down, reducing the flow of red oxygenated blood to the cells giving your fingers that ghastly white appearance. Effects: Tingling 'whiteness' or numbness in the fingers (blood vessels and nerves affected. Fingers change colour (blood vessels affected) Loss of manual dexterity (nerves and muscles affected) Prevention: Use of proper infrared therapy gloves(PPEs) Good practice in industrial health and safety management The effect of legislation on worker vibration limits This phenomenon is clinically characterized by a typical triphasic colour response which consists of INITIAL PALLOR, followed by CYANOSIS ( blue color of the periphery) and finally rubber ( REDNESS ) involving the affected extremity. There are three stages in vibration disease, The initial stage is characterized by SLIGHT IMPAIRED Micro- Circulation of the exposed hand and the arm and impaired sensitivity of the fingers ( PAIN, TOUCH, TEMPERATURE, & VIBRATION ). The first non- specific symptoms are ACRO-PARA ASTHESIAS { where the patient suffers sharp pains in the hands} or a feeling of NUMBNESS in the fingers during the work or shortly afterwards. 4.Carboxyl hemoglobin? The human effects of inhaling CO depends upon the following factors The concentration of CO in atmosphere The Duration of inhalation Individual susceptibility. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin that forms in red blood cells when carbon monoxide is inhaled or produced in normal metabolism. Large quantities of it hinder delivery of oxygen to the body. Tobacco smoking (through carbon monoxide inhalation) raises the blood levels of COHb by a factor of several times from its normal concentrations, there by body tissue suffer from anoxima. Hemoglobin has 200-300 times more affinity for CO than oxygen and hence combine carboxy-hemoglobin.It is bright, cherry red.


Effects: In large quantities, the effect of COHb is death - known medically as carboxyhemoglobinemia or carbon monoxide poisoning. However in smaller quantities COHb leads to oxygen deprivation of the body causing tiredness, dizziness and unconsciousness. COHb increases risk of blood clot. It is thought that through this mechanism smoking increases the risk of having an ischemic stroke. Pregnant smokers may give birth to babies of a lower birth mass. 5.What is heat syncope? A person with heat syncope suddenly faints or passes out during activities in a hot environment. Heat exhaustion is more common and is the result of water and/or salt depletion due to excessive sweating. Resulting in a state of circulatory deficiency (Heat syncope). Here body temp need not be abnormally high but raised. The patient complains of increasing thinst but raised. The patient complains of increasing thinst oliguria and weakness. The tongue and mouth are dry. Mental capacity and judgement may be dulled. Later there may be paraesthesia, incoondination of movement, hallucinations, delirium, coma and death. The pulse is rapid and sings of dehydration are present. Tachypnoea may lead to tetary. The cause of death is oligaemic shock. Unfit and unacclimatised individuals are particularly at risk. symptoms of heat syncope: Symptoms of heat syncope include fainting, dizziness, dry mouth, excessive thirst, excessive sweating, fatigue, headache, nausea, and vomiting. First-aid treatment: Treatment of heat syncope includes removing clothing, a tepid water bath or sponge bath, oral fluids, intravenous fluids, cardiac monitoring, and rest in a cool environment. Provide 6 to 8 liters of fluid in 24 hours until urine output is normal. 6.What is ouch-ouch or itai-itai disease? Itai-itai translated from Japanese is literally "ouch-ouch." It refers to a syndrome that principally consists of a painful skeletal condition resulting from weak and deformed bones. The disease is characterized initially by complaints of spinal and leg bone pain, and an increasingly waddling gait due to bone deformities. These symptoms can persist and typically progress for several years, until the patient is eventually unable to walk and becomes bedridden. The clinical symptoms then progress rapidly, with eventually severe debilitating pain, multiple bone fractures from even mild traumas such as coughing, severe skeletal deformities, anemia, and severe kidney problems, leading to death. It has long been suspected that one primary contributor to itai-itai disease was chronic cadmium poisoning. Cadmium is a relatively rare, tin-white, malleable, ductile. 7.First-aid for burns? Ans: -The first –aid care rendered to the burn victim largely depends on the cause of the burn and degree of the severity. Regardless of the severity of the burns, infection can be serious problem. Certain principle need to be kept in mind when dealing with any burns victim. 1. Remove the victim from burn source. 2. Maintain airway and monitor respiration. 3. Control any bleeding. 4. Treat for shock and maintain body heat. 5. Don’t try to clean the burn. 6. Apply cold water or tap water over the affected area. Keep the part dipped in the cold water or show it under the slowly running tap for at least ten minutes or till the pain is reduced. 7. Doesn’t prick puncture the blisters? 8.What is.LUNGS FUNCTION TEST? This is commonly known as pulmonary(PULL-mun-ary) function test. This test measures the amount of air taken in the lungs with a deep breath and how quickly it can be expelled. Lung function tests measure: 1.How much air you can take into your lungs. This amount is compared to that of other people your age, height, and ex. This allows your doctor to see whether you're in the normal range. 2.How much air you can blow out of your lungs and how fast you can do it. 3.How well your lungs deliver oxygen to your blood. 4.The strength of your breathing muscles. The main lung function tests are: (1) Spirometry ((22)) Lung Transfer Test Using CO ((33)) Maximum Voluntary Ventilation ((44)) Lung Volumes. Spirometry (spi-ROM-eh-tre). This test measures how much air you can breathe in and out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out. Lung volume measurement. This test, in addition to spirometry, measures how much air remains in your lungs after you breathe out fully. Lung diffusion capacity. This test measures how well oxygen passes from your lungs to your bloodstream. 9. What is Dosimeter? Ans-Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to ionizing radiation such as X-rays, alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays in the environment — particularly to a hazard inflicting cumulative impact over long periods of time, or over a lifetime.it is of two types: (1) personal monitoring instrument (2) Portable survey instrument Personal monitoring instrument a. Pocket Dosimeter b. Pocket Dosimeter (with Audible warning) c. Film badge Dosimeter d. MOSFET Dosimeter Portable Survey Instrument a) Ionizing Chamber – G3 b) Geiger Muller Survey Meter c) Survey meter for Alpha and Beta Particles 10.what is audiometry? Audiometry (from the Latin audīre, "to hear" and metria, “to measure”) is the science of measuring hearing acuity for variations in sound intensity and pitch and for tonal purity, involving thresholds and differing frequencies.Typically, audiometric tests determine a subject's hearing levels with the help of an audiometer, but may also measure ability to discriminate between different sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguished speech from background noise. Acoustic reflex and otoacoustic emissions may also be measured. Results of audiometric tests are used to diagnose hearing loss or diseases of the ear, and often make use of an Audiogram. The most commonly used assessment of hearing is the determination of the threshold of audibility, i.e. the level of sound required to be just audible. This level can vary for an individual over a range of up to 5 dB from day to day and from determination to determination, but it provides an additional and useful tool in monitoring the potential ill effects of exposure to noise. Types: Subjective Audiometry o 1. Pure tone audiometry


o 2. Speech audiometry o 3. Bekesy audiometry Objective Audiometry o 4. Acoustic impedance audiometry/ Tympanometry o 5. Evoked response audiometry 11.WHAT IS Lux meter: The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. 13. What is radiation half-life? Ans: -Radiation of half-life means the rate of decay of radioisotopes according to the time it takes than to loss half their strength (intensity). Half-lives range from fraction of seconds to billions of years. Cobalt-60, for example, has a half-life of 5.3 years. A radioactive material loses half its strength when its age is equal to its half-life. 14.WHAT IS EDTA? Ans: EDTA stands for Ethyl Di-amine Tetra Acetic-acid. It has important emino poly carboxyl acid. It is a weak acid for which PKA value is increases with increasing concentration. The 4 carboxyl group & 2 nitrogen act as a legend sides. Its solubility in water is very low & therefore its disodium salt is used in access of the stoichimetric amount. Unlike cyanide poisoning that enzyme inhibition cannot be reverse in heavy metal poisoning. Instead of chemical that can bind strongly like heavy metal atom is aided to complete with anzine protein for these atoms are widely used as anti dote for heavy metal poisoning. 15.Biological monitoring. This is a method of identification & quantification of a substance. This means the measurement of level of substance inside one’s body. It could be the measurement of actual substance or its metabolites or if enzyme effected by its blood, urine, hair, nail etc. Biological monitoring system actually monitors the pre clinical changes inside the body before the development of sign & symptoms of a disease process. The objectives of biological monitoring test is to detect the earliest changes at a stage when it is reversible. The following points are required in carrying out biological test. a. The range of normal value. b. Quality control of the test. Whole body vibration: - Whole body vibration exposure on which the whole body mass is subjected to mechanical vibration such as vibration from tractor seats, any other heavy mobile equipment. Mechanical vibration between 4and 11 Hz will cause the body to resonate it can cause predisposition to back pain and changes in lumbar and thoracic vertebrate. 16. Pre-employment/placement Medical Examination? Ans- Pre-employment / Placement examination is the foundation of an occupational health service. It is done at the time of employment and includes the workers medical, family, occupational and social history. A though physical examination and a battery of biological and radiological examinations, e.g. Chest X Ray, Electro-Cardiogram, (ECG) Vision Testing, Urine & Blood Examinations Special Tests For Endemic Diseases. A Fresh, recruit may either be totally rejected or given or job suited to his physical and mental abilities. The purpose of placement examination is to place the right man in the right job, so that the worker can perform his duties efficiently without detriment to his health. This is ergonomics. 17.what is the necessity of replacement of medical examination? Ans-. As per Section 87c of Factories Act 1948, every worker including contactor workers must undergo periodic medical examination. The frequency and contents of it depends upon the type of occupational exposure. Ordinarily workers are examined once in a year but in certain cases like lead, toxic dyes, radium etc. Monthly examinations are needed. Sometimes daily examination is also recommended for chemicals like Dichromate. The periodic medical exams to be done are: 1. BP 2.Blood test 3. LFT 4. Heart 5. Eye 6. Ear 18 -What is anti dot for lead poisoning? Ans:-Intravenous calcium gluconate administration may give satisfactory for lead related abdominal colic. Chelating agents –calcium EDTA.Pencillamine are most commonly in the treatment of lead poisoning. 19.How chromium enters the human body and what is its effect? Ans: - Chromium enters the body mostly through inhalation. Inhalation of chromium fines and chromium acid mist. Drinking water containing chromium salt to another way (ingestion) contact with chromium hexavalent mist leads to dermatitis (skin) EFFECTS:-It effects skin and lead to dermatitis. 20.Silicosis? Ans: -Silicosis is defined as a disease due to breathing air containing silica characterized anatomically by generalized fibrous changes and the development of military nodulation in both junges and clinically by shortness of breath, decreased chest expansion, lessened capacity for work, absence of fever, increased susceptibility to tuberculosis of which symptoms may be present by characteristics X-RAY finding the Silicosis is well known in industries where crystal line free silica dust is present ,such as foundries ,glass manufacturing ,granite cutting ,mining and tunneling in quartz rock. 21.CO, EDTA? Ans: -(Cobalt Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid): - It is an amino-polycarbixilic acid. It is tetrapholic acid and is represented as H4Y. It is used an antidot for the heavy metal poisoning like Pb, cadmium. Chelation therapy with Co-EDTA has been successfully tried to some patients with acute poisoning. Co salt of EDTA is injected into the blood stream. The Co atom is replaced by heavy metal irons. Co [EDTA]2 + ph2+ pb [EDTA + Co3+]. The resulting heavy metal EDTA in such as Pb [EDTA] 2 is exerted in the urine treatment must occur very son after the poisoning. 22.Dermatitis? Ans: -inflammation of the skin from any cause is called dermatitis. Those diseases induced or aggravated by work related exposures include a wide variety of conditions, those that develop as the result of contact of certain substances and those that develop from the harmful effects such substances may have pre-existing skin diseases. 23. What do you mean by target organ? What are the target organs with respect of Pb, Hg, CO, silica dust? Ans: 1. It is a systemic, chronic or acute problem occurs in a particular part of our body. 2. Every chemical/poison attacks a particular part of the body as a target organ. Ex:-Chemicals Target organ Lead poison Central nervous system. Benzene Blood and blood forming organs. Carbon tetrachloride lever.


Hg Brain & nervous system & kidney & bladder CO circulatory system Silica dust lungs 24. Duties of industrial hygienist? 1. Directs the industrial hygiene programme. 2. Studies work operation sand process to get full details of the nature of the work, materials and equipments used, products and by products, number and sex of the employees. 3. Interprets results of the examination of the work environment and environs in the terms of ability to impair health. Nature of health impairment, workers efficiency and community nuisance and /or damage, and presence specific conclusion to appropriate interested parties such as management and health official. 25.What do by mean by engineering control of noise? Ans: -modification of noise source (such as fitting mufflers to air exhaust nozzles). The noise path (such as placing sound blocking enclosures around equipments) or the receiver (such as constructing and enclosures around the employees work stations). Worker input is often needed in designing such modification to ensure that they are practical and will not interfere with his or her tasks. Obviously hazardous employee noise exposure should be reduce or eliminated by the means of engineering noise control when ever practical and feasible. 26.What are the effects of segmental vibration? Ans: -segmental vibration may be encountered in work with pneumatic tools such as drills and hammers. After some months or years of exposure, the fine blood vessels of the finger may become increasing sensitive to spasm (white finger). Exposure to vibration may also produce injury of the joint of the hands, elbows and shoulders. 27.What you mean by administrative control of noise? Ans: -administrative noise control include replacement of old equipments with quieter new models, adherence to equipments maintenance programmes related to noise control, and changes in employee work schedules to reduce noise doses by limiting exposure time when practical and technically advisable. Planning and designing to achieve non-hazardous noise level when new production facilities are brought on line is an administrative control, which can eliminate the need for an HCP. 28.CPR? Ans: - It means Cardio pulmonary resuscitation. It is most effective from of active resuscitation that available today and is used universally, by first-aid providers and medical personal alike. The technique is used to buy time in resuscitation of victim, in cardio arrest. Effective CPR can sustain a casualty, until more expert medical treatment is available. If the patient breaths himself often giving mouth to mouth breathing for 1-2 minutes, than heart may bring to contract. If it does not beat give a sharp blow at the middle part of the breastbone, which may cause breathing of the heart. It these tails apply external cardiac compression quickly. 29.First aid for bleeding for nose? Ans: -1-Make the patient lie down comfortable with the leg and slightly raised. 2-Keep the body in such a position so that more blood does not aculeate in the cavities. 3. Transfer him immediately to the hospital in laying down position. 30.Work environment monitoring? Ans:-It is a process of measurement and evaluation of hazardous material and processes. Measurement of “EXPOSURE” in terms of “dust level”, chemical fumes noise, fumes, vibration heat, radiation etc. is the basic of environmental monitoring. Primary objective of environmental monitoring is to identify and evaluate any potential hazards to the employees. The steps involved are 1. A study of materials and process to decide the scope and extend of study. 2. Selecting location, timing and methods for environmental measurements. 3. Measurements 4. Analysis of data collected and interpretation of results 31.What is radiation half-life? Ans: -Radiation of half-life means the rate of decay of radioisotopes according to the time it takes than to loss half their strength (intensity). Half-lives range from fraction of seconds to billions of years. Cobalt-60, for example, has a half-life of 5.3 years. A radioactive material loses half its strength when its age is equal to its half-life. 32: -What is anti dot for lead poisoning? Ans:-Intravenous calcium gluconate administration may give satisfactory for lead related abdominal colic. Chelating agents –calcium EDTA.Pencillamine are most commonly in the treatment of lead poisoning. 33.How chromium enters the human body and what is its effect? Ans: - Chromium enters the body mostly through inhalation. Inhalation of chromium fines and chromium acid mist. Drinking water containing chromium salt to another way (ingestion) contact with chromium hexavalent mist leads to dermatitis (skin) EFFECTS:-It effects skin and lead to dermatitis. 34.Carcinogenic? Ans: - Carcinogenic are the cancer producing elements. When Carcinogenic materials coming with contact with the skin it produces dermatitis, tumors, cancer etc. occupational tumors tends to occur on the skin surface most exposed to the Carcinogenic and develop from percutaneous lesion EXAMPLE: - Carcinogenic materials are 1.benzene 2.toluene etc 35.Respirable dust? Ans: -The dust size 0.5 micron to 5 micron size are breathed in whole working come out of the respiratory passage when more and more dust particles or deposited in the lungs, reaction take place inside the body formed disease like pnecemoconiosis. 36.NIHL? Ans: - The terminology used to refer to the slowly progressive inner ear hear loss that results from exposure to continuous noise over a long period of time as contrasted to a caustic trauma or physical injury to the ear. There are two basic types of NIHL: NIHL caused by acoustic trauma and gradually developing NIHL. Acoustic trauma NIHL caused by acoustic trauma refers to permanent cochlear damage from a one-time exposure to excessive sound pressure. This form of NIHL commonly results from exposure to high-intensity sounds such as explosions, gunfire, a large drum hit loudly and firecrackers. Gradually developing NIHL Gradually developing NIHL Can be caused by multiple exposures to any source of excessive volume, such as home and vehicle stereos, concerts, nightclubs, excessive noise in the workplace, and personal media players.


Symptoms: The sounds a person hears may become distorted or muffled, and it may be difficult for the person to understand speech. Effect: Exposure to harmful sounds causes damage to the hair cells as well as the auditory, or hearing, nerve (see figure). Impulse sound can result in immediate hearing loss that may be permanent. This kind of hearing loss may be accompanied by tinnitus—a ringing, buzzing, or roaring in the ears or head—which may subside over time. 37.Splint? Ans: - Use splint to support, immobilizes and protect parts with injuries such as known or suspected fractures, dislocations or severe sprains. When in doubt, treat the injury as a fracture and splint it. Many types of splints are available commercially. Easily applied and quickly inflated plastic splints give support to injured limbs. Improvised splints may be made from pieces of wood, broom handles, newspapers, heavy cardboard, boards, magazines or similar firm materials. Use inflatable splints to immobilize fractures of the lower leg or forearm. It is rigid support provided to the fractured victims to avoid dislocation of bone. It is a first process provided to the victim before shift to the hospital. Sometimes body parts are also used as splint. 38. mental health? Ans: - mental health depends up on the many factors these include: - 1. Status of mental health while joining and heredity. 2. The social background and living condition. 3. Social factors with in the working groups 4. Adjustment between the man and the job 5. Adjustment of the rural worker with urban working living conditions 6. Human needs and difference between expectation and satisfaction levels 39. Minor nystagmas? Ans: - Nystamas, vertigo, photophobia, headache, insomnia and blepharospasm are the common symptoms. The vertigo may be so sever as to be displaying but in cases where this is so, there appears to be a considerable functional overlay. Detective vision is some times reported. This condition results from poor lighting conditions underground. But due to advanced technology in underground lighting miner’s nystagmas practically doesn’t exist. 40.Glare? Ans: - Glare is produced by excessive light stimuli i.e., excessive luminance in the field of vision which disturb the adoption process of the retina. Discomfort glare is caused by too much contract of brightness between on object and its background and is due to poorly designed lighting ex-direct glare of automobile headlight in night drive. 41. What is asbestosis? Ans: Asbestos is the commercial name given to certain types of fibrous materials. The fine dust of asbestos enters the body by inhalation & deposited in the lungs causing respiratory insufficiency, which may leads to death is called asbestosis. This disease appears only by long exposure in asbestos industries. Carcinoma also caused due to long exposure to asbestos dusts. 42. How will you eliminate NIHL (Noise)? Ans: NIHL can be eliminated by following methods. Identification of noise sources & eliminate timely with engineering control. Measurement of noise level including personal exposure periodically. Periodic check hearing capacity by AUDIOMETRY test. Using proper PPEs. 43. What are the precautions against vibration? Ans: following methods can eliminate the effect of vibration. Control at the source Use special vibrating equipments with vibration absorbing spring, seats. Use standard types of PPEs. Reducing the exposure by job rotation. Regular medical examination. 44. What is the health effect of poor illumination Ans: Minor nystagmas, vertigo, photophobia, headache, insomnia are the common health hazards results from poor illumination. Rapid movement of eye ball are also presently seen due to poor illumination. 45. What are the method of controlling dust? Ans: The dust hazard can be controlled by Substitution Ventilation / Exhaustion Isolation Engineering control Administrative control By using of PPEs. 46. Which dust are more dangerous? Ans: Coal dust, iron dust, asbestos, silica dust, cotton fiber dust, sugar cane dust are more dangerous dust regarding health hazard. 47. What is the effect of CO on human body? Ans: CO enters to the body by inhalation. CO combined with hemoglobin in human body forms carboxy hemoglobin & high concentration of carboxy hemoglobin in blood leads to death. The initial symptom of effect of CO includes giddiness, headache, and unconsciousness. 48. What are the hazards associated with mercury? Ans: The hazards associated with exposure to mercury are serious effects on nervous system, renal functioning, behaviour changes, excessive salivation, dis-colourisation of gums, teeth, fall of teeth, tremour in nimbs, irritation, ulser in the skin etc. 49. What PPEs are used for eye & ear protection? Ans: Anti scratched & single or double lense, UV proof goggles are used for eye protection. Ear plug & ear muff are used foe ear protection. 50. what are the levels of noise permissible as per factory act 1948? Ans: As per factory act 1948 the permissible levels of noise vary depending upon the time of exposure. Exposure time Permissible level 8 hrs. --------- 90 dBA


6 hrs. --------- 92 dBA 4 hrs. --------- 95 dBA 2 hrs. --------- 100 dBA 1 hr. --------- 105 dBA ½ hr. --------- 110 dBA ¼ hr. --------- 115 dBA More than 115 dBA is not allowed. 51. What are the effects of high temperature on human body? Ans: The effects of high temperature on human body are Systematic effect like: - Heat stroke, heat cramp, heat exhaustion, and dehydration. Skin effect like:- prickly heat, skin cancer, rodent ulser etc. Psychoneurotic effect like:- Hear fatigue, loss of emotional control. 52. Why first aid training is necessary? Ans: First aid training is necessary to give the casualty immediate, appropriate & adequate treatment to preserve life, prevent further worsening of injury & to promote recovery of the casualty. 53. What effect on human body while working in confined space? Ans: The minimum oxygen level for safe entry in to confined space is 18%. Once the level falls below this, a person working in the confined space is like to develop serious symptoms of oxygen starvation. Generally symptoms are headache, difficulty in breathing, ringing in the ears, loss of muscle control & feeling of Euphorbia and often oxygen starvation leads to death. 54. What are the target organs with respect of Pb, Hg, CO, silica dust? Ans: Target organs for Pb brain & nervous system Hg Brain & nervous system & kidney & bladder CO circulatory system Silica dust lungs 55.Whole body vibration: - Whole body vibration exposure on which the whole body mass is subjected to mechanical vibration such as vibration from tractor seats, any other heavy mobile equipment. Mechanical vibration between 4and 11 Hz will cause the body to resonate it can cause predisposition to back pain and changes in lumbar and thoracic vertebrate. 56. WHAT IS COAL MINORS LUNG This is also known as Pneumoconiosis. It is caused due to long time exposure in dusty industry where coal is used. Due to long time exposure and due to deposited of coal dust in lungs, the lungs become black in appear and bad effect on the lungs. 57. WHAT IS BYSINOSIS. Bysinosis is due to inhalation of cotton fiber dust over long period of time. The symptoms are chronic cough & progressive dyspnoea, ending in chronic pronchits & emphysema. Incidence of bysinosis is reported to be 7 to 8 % in large textile industries of India workers. 58. PMF (Progressive massive Fibrosis) Ans: This is the second step of anthracosis. This causes severe respiratory disability & frequently results premature death. Once a back ground of simple pneumoconiosis has been attended in the coal workers a PMF may develop out of it with out further exposure to it. 59. Occupational Germatidies Ans: Occupational germatidies is a big health problem in many industries. The causes may be physical, chemical, biological & plant products. Physical Cold, heat, moisture, friction, pressure, X-rays & others. Chemical : Solvent, chlorinated phenol, grease, coaltar etc Biological: Living agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi & parasites. Plant Products Leaves, vegetables, fruits etc. 60. Incubation Period/ Ans: From the entry of exogenous agent in the body of the human host to till the manifestation of disease symptom is known as incubation period. During this period the germs are reproduced & multiplied then manifest the diseased symptoms. The incubation period is different for different diseases. 61. What do you mean by “Roentgen?” Ans: It is an unit of radiation exposure dose of quantity defined as that amount of X-ray or - radiations which produces one electrostatic unit of charge of either size in 1 M3 of air at standard temperature & pressure or the intensity of radiation or those rate at any moment , at any point is measured in “Roentgen / hour” Radiations are measured because of their properties of intensity i.;e. producing pairs of + ve & - ve electrical charges as they pass through the air. The unit of measurement is called “ Roentgen” 62. Toxic effect of organic lead (Pb) compound? Ans: The toxic effect of the organic compound is mostly on the central nervous system, which also causes insomnia, headache, mental confusion, delirium etc. 63.Function of the bandage? Ans:- The use of the bandage is very common even in our day today injuries. A function of bandages are a) To keep the injured part at rest and support its weight by means of a sling . B) To secure a limb to a splint to the trunk or its fellow c) To control bleeding .d) To keep dressing in place. d) To protect wound from exposure sepsis. 64.Do’s and Don’t in burn injury? Do’s: Make sure you stop the burning process Try to calm down the victim Plunge or run the water on the burnt surface till the victim is comfortable Cover the area which is burnt with sterile and moist cloth Always lift up the affected area above the level of heart Very badly burnt victims should be laid on a neat surface by giving leg rise. Lay the victim sideways in cases of inhalational burns like gasping patient. Seek for medical advice or care immediately Don’ts: Make sure you don’t cover the victim with a blanket or thick cloth, except while putting off the flames.


Do not remove the dressings that support the burnt surface Do not use ice cool water to cool down the burnt area. The temperature of water should be 15°C. Avoid using home remedies or any unregistered products to apply on the burnt area. Never feed orally in spite of severe thirst to a severely burnt victim .

65. Role of Nine/ Do’s & Don’t burn injury? Ans- In this rule the whole body is divided into 12 parts. 11 nos. of parts considers as 9 % each and twelve no of parts i.e. (private part) constituting 1 % . => 11 x 9 % + 1 % = 100 %. The skin area involved in a burn case is more important then the depth. Even a superficial burn involving more than 5 % of the body surface is serious. By following rule of nine the percentage of skin area involved can be calculated roughly. The body surface is divided into following percentages area. Head and Neck- 9 %, Front of each leg- 9 %, Chest- 9 %, back of each leg- 9 %, Abdomen- 9 %, Each hand- 9 %, Back- 18 % and Genital- 1 %. 66. LD-50? Ans- If a number of animals are exposed to a toxic substance, when the concentration reaches a certain level , some , but not all of these animals will be killed. Result of such studies are used to calculate the Lethal Dose (LD) of toxic substance. The LD 50 is the concentration that kills half of the exposed animals , but it does not mean that the other half are in good condition of health. They may almost die and they may or may not recover- that is a separate consideration. 67. LC-50? Ans- When considering inhalation exposures, LD 50 is not too much useful,- the dose by inhalation is needed. A similar designation, Lethal Concentration (LC) is used for air borne materials . An LC 50 might be 500 pars per million (ppm) , which means that when a defined experimental animal population is exposed to calculated concentration of a substance . for example :- a concentration of 500 ppm , that concentration of the substance is expected to cause the death of 50 % of the animals in a stated length of time. 68.WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ERGONOMICS? It is also called human factor engineering, studies the physical and behavioral inter action between humans and there environments on and off the job. When workers and their environment are mismatched, injury levels rise, production is inefficient and other incidents occur that detract from organizational efficiency and worker well fair. The objective to design a system in which the work place layout, work methods, machines and equipments and work environment (such as noise and illumination) are computable with the physical and behavioral limitations of the worker. 69.DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF TOXICOLOGIST IN AN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CENTRE. Toxicologist is the type of specialist who will take the sample of the concerned target organ of the occupational disease to which the worker is exposed at the time of shift starts and also again at the end of the shift. Then he will analyse both the samples and compares the analysis to get a result that much a particular worker is exposed to that particular disease with in eight hours of duty. 70.WHAT TYPE OF TESTS DONE DURING PERIODICAL MEDICAL EXAMINATION? According to section 87 (c) of Factories Act 1948 every employee has to be under go periodic medical examination at a duration of one year except the special cases. The tests conducted during periodic medical examination are as Form 31 as follows: -(1) Sl No. (2) Dept/Works. (3) Name of work. (4) Sex. (5) Age.(as last birth day). (6) Date of employment. (7) Date of leaving or transfer to other work with reasons for discharge or transfer. (8) Nature of job/occupation. (9) Raw materials, products or bi products likely to be exposed to. (10) Date. (11) Results. (12) Signs & symptoms observed during examination. (13) Nature of tests & results there off. (14) If declared un fit for work state period of suspension with reasons in details. (15) Whether certificate of unfit issued to the worker. (16) Recertified fit to resume duty on. (17) Signature of the certifying surgeon with date. 71.WHAT IS THE TLV OF CONTINUOUS NOISE AS PER FACTORIES ACT? Total Time of Exposure (continuous or a sound pressure level in dBA number of short term exposure). Per days in hour according to modern rules xxiv of factories 1948 are as follows: -

Hours/day Permissible Sound level in dBA

8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 3/2 102 1 105 ¾ 107 ½ 110 ¼ 115

Note: - No exposure, in excess of 115dBA is to be permitted. 72.WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENVIROMENTAL & BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING?

Environmental Monitoring Biological Sampling It is a process of measurement and evaluation of hazardous materials and process. Measurement of exposure in terms of dust level, chemical fumes, noise vibration, heat, radiation is the basis if environmental monitoring. These include grab sampling, fixed point monitoring, continuous 8 hours monitoring and personal monitoring.

This is a method of identification and quantification of a substance means the measurement of level of substance in side one’s body. It could be the measurement of actual substance or its metabolites or if enzyme affected by its blood, urine, hair and nail. It actually monitors the pre clinical changes in the body before the development of sign and symptoms of a disease. The points required for it are: - (1) the range of normal value. (2) Quality control of the test.

73-What are the effect of non ionizing radiation? The following are the health effect of non ionizing radiation: - (1) Head ache. (2) Increased susceptibility to fatigue. (3) Diminished intellectual capabilities. (4) Dullness. (5) Partial loss of memory. (6) Decreased sexual ability. (7) Irritability. (8) Sleeplessness. (9) Emotional instability. (10) Chest pain. (11) Hypertension. (12) Sinus Arrhythmias. (13) Bradycardia. (14) Cardio vascular problem. 74.Write any two occupational diseases as per factory Act ?


Ans: - According to factory Act 1987(Amend) in Third schedule two occupational diseases are Lead poisoning, including poisoning by any preparation of compound of lead or their sequelae) Phosphorous poisoning or its sequelae. 75.Health hazard of heat.? Ans: the common physical hazard due to heat. The direct effects of heat exposure are burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke and heat cramps. The indirect effects are decrease efficiency, increased fatigue and enhanced accident rates. Many industries have local hotspots- ovens and furnaces, which radiate heat. Radiant heat is the main problem in foundry, glass and steel industries, while heat stagnation is the principal problem in jute and cotton textile industries. High temperatures are also found in mines area. Physical work under high temperature areas is very stressful and impairs the health and efficiency of the workers. For gainful work involving sustained and repeated work, a reasonable temperature must be maintained in each work areas. FIRST-AID:- Immediate rapid cooling by ice bath r warp in wet bed sheet/blanket. Fan it with coolers. Call doctor or shift him to medical. 76- What is Heat Exhaustion? Ans- Weakness, fatigue, headache loss of appetite, vomiting temp normal of body, cold, moist skin, heavy sweating, weak pulse, shallow respiration. What to do?:- Move to a cool place and lie down in a well ventilated room. Give cool drinking water. 77. What is Heat syncope? Ans:- Fainting while standing in hot environment, lack of acclimatization occur after exercise. What to do?:- Move to a cool place and lie down, give water. 78- What is personal sampler? Ans: - A small battery operated instrument, which can be carried on the person, exposed which helps measure the time weighted concentration to which a person is exposed in 8 hours. LFT This is commonly known as pulmonary function test. This test measures the amount of air taken in the lungs with a deep breath and how quickly it can be expelled. The main lung function tests are:((11)) Spirometry ((22)) Lung Transfer Test Using CO ((33)) Maximum Voluntary Ventilation ((44)) Lung Volumes. 79 . What is Serveillance? Ans Serveillance means to watch over with great attention ,authority and often with suspicion. It is based on collation and interpretation of data collected from monitoring programs and from any other available sources, with a view to the detection of changes in health status of populations.

80. What is B.A.L? Ans- it is used as of physiological anti-dot in arsenic, bismuth, mercury, copper, gold and other heavy metals .Many heavy metals have a great affinity for (SH) medicines and combines with them in tissues and deprive the body of the use of respiratory enzyme of tissue cell . Dimercaprol has two unsaturated ( SH)groups ,which combine with the metal and this prevent union of arsenic with the SH group of the respiratory system. 81. What is impulsive noise?and its TLV? Ans: If the noise level involves maximum at intervals of more than 1 (one) second than it is called impulse noise. Permissible level in dB Impulse/day 140 100 135 315 130 1000 125 3160 120 10000 Noise greater than 140 dB not permitted at interprittent sound 82. what is the necessity of replacement of medical examination? Ans. As per Section 87c of Factories Act 1948, every worker including contactor workers must undergo periodic medical examination. The frequency and contents of it depends upon the type of occupational exposure. Ordinarily workers are examined once in a year but in certain cases like lead, toxic dyes, radium etc. Monthly examinations are needed. Sometimes daily examination is also recommended for chemicals like Dichromate. The periodic medical exams to be done are: 1. BP 2. Blood test 3. LFT 4. heart 5. Eye 6. Ear 83. What is Heat sinkoff. Ans: - Heat exhaustion is more common and is the result of water and/or salt depletion due to excessive sweating. Resulting in a state of circulatory deficiency (Heat syncope). Here body temp need not be abnormally high but raised. The patient complains of increasing thinst but raised. The patient complains of increasing thinst oliguria and weakness. The tongue and mouth are dry. Mental capacity and judgement may be dulled. Later there may be paraesthesia, incoondination of movement, hallucinations, delirium, coma and death. The pulse is rapid and sings of dehydration are present. Tachypnoea may lead to tetary. The cause of death is oligaemic shock. Unfit and unacclimatised individuals are particularly at risk. The treatment includes rest in cool room and administration of 6 to 8 liters of fluid in 24 hours until urine out put is normal. Inravenous drip of 5% dextrose is ideal when the patient is unable to take oral fluids. 84. What is Miners Nistagmus? Ans: - Nystaman, ventigo, Photophobia, Headache insomia and blepharspasm are the common symptoms. The vertigo may be so sever as to be displaying but in case where this is so, their appears to be a considerable functional overlay. Detective vision in comes time reported. This condition underground. But due to advance technology in under ground lighting miner’s nystagmas practically dies not exits. 85. What is SOUND LEVEL METER? Ans-It is battery operated electronics equipment used for the measurement of sound level in the high noise areas. It needs calibration checks periodically for efficient operation. 86. Describe the role of toxicologist in an occupational health service centre. Ans-Toxicologist is the type of specialist who will take the sample of the concerned target organ of the occupational disease to which the worker is exposed at the time of shift starts and also again at the end of the shift. Then he will analyse both the samples and compares the analysis to get a result that much a particular worker is exposed to that particular disease with in eight hours of duty.


87. What are the Role of ergonomics in office work? Ans It is also called human factor engineering, studies the physical and behavioral inter action between humans and there environments on and off the job. When workers and their environment are mismatched, injury levels rise, production is inefficient and other incidents occur that detract from organizational efficiency and worker well fair. The objective to design a system in which the work place layout, work methods, machines and equipments and work environment (such as noise And illumination) are computable with the physical and behavioral limitations of the worker. 88. PHENUMOCONIOSIS It is an occupational disease due to air pollution. The inhalation of dust, fumes or other noxious substances may give rise to specific pathological changes in the lungs. Dust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 microns is a health hazard producing after a variable period of exposure lung disease named pneumoconiosis, which may cripple a man by reducing his working capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications. 89.CO MONITER It is a battery operated electronics devices to detect the % of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Co is a slow poison having TLV 50 ppm and STEL 400ppm it is very essential to detect CO in atmosphere. 90. BARIOR CREAM While handling petroleum products, a carboxylic acid derivative there is a chance of skin infection or dermatitis. To avoid this barrier cream is a boon for workers. 91. PERSONAL HYGIENE This includes washing of hands before taking food, keeping clothing neat and clean, good house keeping at work place as well as at home, good ventilated and clean sanitary arrangements at industry and at home, using spittoons. 92. Arsenic Poisoning? Ans- Defn: - Arsenic poisoning in industries is a disease due to inhalation of arsenic compounds & its characterized by scheme changes inflammation of nerves anemia & diarrhea. Causative agent: - Arsenic and its compounds. Occupations involved:- Sulphuric acid makers. Painters. Insecticide makers. 92. Welder’s flash? Occupational exposure to UV radiation occurs mainly in arc-welding .Radiation mainly affect the eyes leading to intense conjunctivitis called as Welder Flash. Symptoms: Redness of eyes & pain ,disappear within the few days but has no permanent effect on vision or deeper structures of eye.

5 MARK QUESTIONS 93. What are the causes of electrical accidents & hazards involved? First-aid in case of electrical shock. Ans: causes of electrical accidents are :- 1. Unqualified / Unauthorized person operating , testing, repairing or installing electrical equipments. 2. Lack of adequate work place around and electrically equipments. 3. Defective insulation. 4. Broken, burned, wet or damaged parts. 5. Inadequate guarding of exposed energized parts. 6. Use of defective tools. 7. Use of tools in unsafe place & unsafe manner. 8. Failure of the work man to de-energized equipments. 9. Failure to use proper PPEs. 10. Working in a unsafe work environment. 11. Insulation failure. 94. Decompression sickness? Ans: - when the workers are engaged in high-pressure environment like under water and compressed air chamber, body get acclimatized. The gases like oxygen dissolve increasing the concentration in blood. As long as they are kept under such environment without reducing the pressure, they seem to be maintaining better health status. But when they suddenly brought surface from under water on the compressed chamber air is released the following health effects may result. 1. Itching all over the body. 2. Sever pain in joints. 3. Difficulty in breathings. 4. Paralysis in limbs. 5. Small tears in lungs. 95. Periodical Medical Examination? Ans- Many diseases of occupational origin require months or even years for their development. Their slow development, very often, lead to their non-recognition in the early stages and this is harmful to the workers. This is the reason why a periodical medical checkup of workers is very necessary when they handle toxic or poisonous substances. The frequency and contents of periodical medical examinations will depend upon the type of occupational exposure. Ordinarily workers are examined once in a year. But in certain occupational exposure (eg. Leda, Toxidyes radium) monthly examinations are indicated. Sometimes, even daily examinations may be needed such as when irritant chemicals like dichromate’s are handled. The periodical examination may be supplemented where necessary by biological and radiological examinations. Particular care should be given to workers returning from medical leave to assess the nature and degree of any disability and to assess suitability or other wise of returning to the same job.


96-What do you mean by Heat Stress ?discuss heat disorder ,its preventive measures & treatment ? Ans-Our body is capable of maintaining its temperature with in 36oc-38oc by generating or loosing heat as necessary. Skin plays a major role. It produces a lot of sweat by its evaporation the body loose its excess heat. Heat stress results from a combination of environmental factors, such a temp, humidity, solar, load, duration of exposure, work rest pouse, type of work, age, health status obesity, type of clothing and acclimatisation (adjustment) Failure of body to adjust the heat stress produces disorders a) Depletion of self due to produce sweating, b) Rise in body temperature due to failure of lthermal regulatory mechanism. Disorders are:- I) systematic like:- heat stroke, heat exhaustio, heat syncope, heat cramp and dehydration.ii):- Prickly heat, cancer, rodent ulcer etc. iii) Psychoneurotic:- Heat fatigue, loss of emotional control. Heat stroke happens at body temp> 40.5oc. Heat exhaustion is caused by simultaneous excessive fluit and salt from the body. Prevention and control of heat stress.:- Adequate in take of fluid and salt (ASS):- salt sugar solution. Proper protective clothing. Safe exposure time adjustment. Engineering control of environment heat/ ventilation. Medical control ( Training and education, work rest pouse) Acclimatisation ( acquainted) of the workers. Heat stroke:- Headache, vomiting dizziness, weakness, hot dry skin, no sweating. High temp, rapid strong pulse, rapid, deep respiration, loss of consciousness, coma, convulsion. 98.What is ESP (Electro static precipitator) and how it helps in reducing dust pollution. ? Ans -The principal component of ESP are two sets of electrodes insulated from each other. The first set is composed of rows electrically grounded vertically parallel plate, called the collection electrodes between which the dust laden gas flows. The sound set of electrodes consists of wires called the discharge of emitting electrodes that centrally located between each pair of parallel plates. The wires carry a unidirectional, non-uniform of electric field whose magnitude is greatest near the discharge electrodes. Process to reduce dust pollution: Electrostatic smoke precipitators work by forcing dirty flue gas (the gas escaping from a smokestack) past two electrodes (electrical terminals), which take the form of metal wires, bars, or plates inside a pipe or smokestack. The first electrode is charged to a very high negative voltage. As the dirt particles move past it, they pick up a negative charge. Higher up the pipe (or further along, if it's a horizontal pipe), there's a second electrode consisting of metal plates charged to a high positive voltage. Since unlike charges attract, the negatively charged soot particles are attracted to the positively charged plates and stick there. From time to time, the collecting plates have to be shaken to empty away the soot; that can be done either manually (by someone brushing them clean) or automatically (by some kind of automated shaking or brushing mechanism in a process called rapping). Illustration: Electrostatic smoke precipitators use static electricity to remove the soot from smoke. Dirty air moves past negatively charged wires (shown as −ve) so the soot particles pick up a negative charge. The negatively charged particles of soot then stick to positively charged plates (shown as +ve) further along the pipe. Much cleaner air emerges from the pipe as a result. Most precipitators also have simple fabric filters at each end of the pipe (shown by the orange bars) to remove larger soot particles.

99. What are the steps of noise control & give a check list for a noisy work place? Ans: Following are the steps of noise control. Redesign noise source or use other process. Maintain & modify existing source Block the noise transmission path. Enclose the workers, reduce noise dose & allow limit nos. of workers to expose. Use of proper PPEs. Check list for noisy work place:- Do your ears ring at the end of the days work? Do you have to talk very loudly? Do your machine make a lot of noise? Does the sound of bus, car, radio or the people taking seem quieter after the shift then before? Do your family members complain of you, shouting after the days work? Do you have difficulty in hearing people when others are also speaking? Are older workers in your work place excessively hard of hearing?


100-What Do You Mean By Hearing Conservation Program? Ans-An effective hearing conservation programme should be under taken where exposure to industrial noise is capable of producing hearing loss. The object is to insure that an employee’s hearing is not affected during his working life to an extent greater than that usually occurring with age and to preserve it a level sufficient for normal speech reception Conservation program is needed in situation where the hearing loss, as measured by audiometry, is more than 10dB at 400Hz.it also indicated when the sound levels in the working environments more than 90dB and there is difficulty to communicate by speech. The program consists of: - Noise exposure analysis Engineering control noise Protection of hearing and ear defenders where necessary, and Measurement of hearing by audiometry. 101-Why hearing conservation is necessary? It is understood that noise damages the hearing either temporarily or permanently. It creates physical, mental stress and causes accidents due to poor communication at work place. Hearing is priceless for every individual. Without a good hearing one cannot enjoy or even lead a normal life. Impaired hearing may affect job performance. It affects health, wellbeing and some times even loss of employment. It is statutorily necessary to protect the hearing of the workers exposed to excess noise it is the responsibility of the occupier of the factory and agent of the mines. 102-What are the principles behind HCP? Every industry should have a hearing conservation policy. A trained and responsible person preferably from OHS should supervise the programme. A complete noise survey of the entire work place should be conducted with the help of a sound level meter, octave band analyzer and noisy areas are to be identified Areas where noise level exceeds 85 dB (critical level) noise control programme should be implemented. Workplace noise survey should be repeated every year to exclude or exclude areas where noise level has been brought below the critical level and new areas where noise level gone beyond the critical level respectively. HCP is important for all employees and not for those employees exposed to high noise. Awareness programme should be organized to convince every one that this programme is organized medically and its objective is to prevent hearing loss among the employees. The audiometric test should be performed among all employees before recruitment, on transfer to noisy jobs at periodic intervals and before superannuation. Interpretation of the audiogram should be done by an audiologist/otologist/ENT specialist/occupational physician. At least opinion of two of them should be considered while making the diagnosis. All audiograms are to be preserved till the retirement of the employee. Noise dose received by each exposed employee during 8 hours of work should be computed by using noise dosimeter and an individual noise exposure card to be maintained. Noise control and hearing protection programme should go simultaneously. Hearing protectors should be made available free of cost to all employees. HCP is a team work. It becomes successful if employees, management, trade unions and OHS center work together. HCP therefore is not only restricted to performing noise measurement at the workplace or audiometry of exposed workers or supplying ear protectors to the individuals it is rather some thing beyond this. 103-What are the components of HCP? Noise measurement and control. Hearing protection Audiometric testing of employees Education about HCP Record keeping Rehabilitation of employees with hearing impairment. 104.first-aid training Ans: - First aid: - it is the prompt treatment assistance given to accident victim or to person incase of sudden illness before the medical aid is available. The person who is trained to give such assistance is called a first-aider. The sufferer is called victim or casualty. The medical aid is the treatment given to the sufferer by the doctor or any other trained medical staff, either on the spot, in the home, or in the hospitals. Principle: -The principles of the first-aid are based on the practical knowledge of medicine and surgery. The treatment given by first aider no way replaces medical treatment. The duties of a first-aider stops when medical help or aid become available. Aim of the first aid: -The main aim of first-aid is to To save life To prevent the condition becoming worse. 105-What is Bassymosis? Cause and its control, preventive measures? Ans-Bassymosis is the name given to an occupational disease of the lung caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar cane dust. India has a large no of cane sugar industry. Bassymosis has been shown to be due to thermo philic actenomycete for which the name THERMO Actino-mycetes was suggested by S.Achary.The symptoms consists of breathlessness, cough, Heamoptysis , and slight fever .Initialy there is acute diffuse bronchitis .Skia gram may show motting in fungs or shadows .There is a impairment of pulmonary function.if treated early there is a resolution of the acute inflammatory condition of the lung .If left untreated there is diffuse fibrosis, emphysema and bronchietasis. Preventive measure Dust control –easure for the prevention and suppression of dust such as wet process , enclosed a apparatus ,exhaust ventilation etc.should be used. Personal protection:- Personal protective equipments (masks or respirators with mechanical filters or with oxygen or air supply) may be necessary. Medical control :- Initial medical examination and periodical redical checkups of workers are indicated. Bagasse controle :-


By keeping the moisture content below 20 percent and spraying the bagasse with 2 percetnage prop ionic acid,a widely used fungicide.bagasse can be rendered safe for manufacturing use. 106. What is Tertiary Prevention? Ans - Tertiary prevention generally consists of the prevention of disease progression and attendant suffering after it is clinically obvious and a diagnosis established. This activity also includes the rehabilitation of disabling conditions. Examples include eliminating offending allergens from asthmatic patients; routine screening for and management of early renal, eye, and foot problems among diabetics; and preventing reoccurrence of heart attack with anti clotting medications and physical modalities to regain function among stroke patients. For many common chronic illnesses, protocols to promote tertiary preventive interventions have been developed, often called "disease management." Disease treatments are not usually included, but the boundary with tertiary prevention is not always clear. 107. What is Sickness benefit? Sickness benefit consists of cash payment for maximum period of 91 days. The daily rate of sickness benefit is calculated at half of average daily wages. The insured worker who is getting sickness benefit should be under the medical treatment at a dispensary or hospital maintained by the corporation. It is not payable for more than 91 days in the aggregate in any continuous period of 365 days. This benefit is useful to a worker who is unable to attend his work due to sickness. Insured persons suffering from long term diseases are entitled to get extended sickness benefit up to an additional 309 days and the rate of payment in such cases is about 63% of the wages. 108.What are the effects of Ionizing radiation on health? Ans I)RADIATION SICKNESS / MALAISE This is caused by the damage to Gastro Intestinal tract. It may develop with in a few hours to 24 hours depending upon the dose received. It may last for 2-3 days usually radiation sickness occur at dose of 150r and above. The earlier symptoms are Fatigue, Nausea, Indigestion, Loss of appetite, which may develop to vomiting , diarrhoea, may be with blood etc. with higher doses. II)DELAYED EFFECTS : The delayed effects like loss of body hair with appearance of blood spots due to haemorrhages under the skin, which occur after about four weeks or so, then the blood forming system is injured by radiation and destroys body natural immunization against diseases of Respiratory function and Gastro Intestinal Diseases. III) LONG TERM EFFECTS / OR INJURIES. These are Anaemia , Blood Cancer, Bone Or Tissue Cancer and Tumours, which usually develop many years after exposure. Premature aging loss of vigour may occur. These dangers are not imminent below a dose of 100r. IV) GENETIC DAMAGE When the radioactive organs and germ cells which transmit the habitability to future generations, affect the Gene & , genetic damages are caused. The damage caused by radiation is directly propositional to total dose received by the population, i.e. whether a few get high doses or a large number get lesser doses. Young persons should be avoided to work only above 35 years allowed to work as 30-80r doubled Gene mutation and 100r gives defective child birth. 109. What is understood by “Substitution” in Industrial Hygiene? Substitution is a method of control of hazard. Substitution means replacement of raw materials used. Substitution of material can be a very effective way of controlling hazardous exposure. A classical example is using Red Phosphorous in place of White Phosphorous which eradicated the serious occupational disease known as ‘Phossy Jaw’; common among match workers. Substitution can take place in three forms: 1. Substitution of Materials 2. Substitution of Process. 3. Substitution of Equipments. 110.What is the need of PPE and why suitable PPE’s are required? In industry it may be possible to substitute a dangerous substance with another substance to isolate the process and to have automatic and mechanical handling of the substances or to have controlled ventilation of the process or to plan and arrange operation such that Personal Protective Devices are not required; but sometimes it may not be possible to introduce such measures or there might be a breakdown in the plant or in the control measure. Under such circumstances it will become necessary to use Personal Protective Equipment. It must be borne in mind that Personal Protective Equipments do not eliminate hazards. These devices are designed to interpose an effective barrier between a person and harmful objects, substances or radiations etc. Suitable PPE’s are required for:- 1. Adequate protection against the hazards to which the worker will be exposed. 2. Eliminating the injury or reducing the severity of the injury. 3. It effectively avoids the contact of dangerous substances including chemicals. 111-What is Occupational dermatitis? Inflammation of the skin from any cause is called dermatitis. Those diseases induced or aggravated by work related exposures include a wide variety of conditions, those that develop as the result of contact of certain substances and those that develop from the harmful effects such substances may have pre-existing skin diseases. Occupational dermatitis is a major problem in many industries. The cause may be due to the effect of physical, chemical, biological and or plant products. Physical: - cold, heat, moisture, friction, pressure, X – ray & others. Chemical: - solvents, chlorinated phenol, grease, coal tar etc. Biological: - living agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi & parasites. Plant products: - leaves, vegetables, fruits etc. 112- What are the effects of noise on human health? Exposure to noise may produce non-auditory adverse effects on the human system and cause various health disorders unrelated directly to the noise. SSppeeeecchh IInntteerrffeerreennccee:: Interference with speech is very common in noisy area and ability to communicate by speech is most important. Usually noise, which are hazardous to hearing also interfere with speech PPhhyyssiioollooggiiccaall EEffffeeccttss Sleep disturbance and stress reaction has been the main effects leading to various types of aliments. Studies carried out has shown beyond doubt that stress reaction causes 1. Variation in blood pressure 2. Variation in respiration 3. Dilatation of pupils 4. Other disease like peripheral vascular disturbance, hypo cholesterol heart disease, vascular neuropathy, psychological tension, irritability, myopathy, mysculoskelatal disorders. BBeehhaavviioorraall EEffffeeccttss Excessive noisily conditions can cause mental disturbances and reduce the output and efficiency by adversely the moral however it is also said to precipitate the latent neurosis.


113. what are the targeted organ for co gas and how this gas affects human being? Ans:- Co is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon compounds. As many of the gases used I industry contain Co in varying proportion, there is an ever present hazard where ever their used. The exhaust gases of petrol and diesel engines also produce Co and dangerous quantities may be generated in confined spaces. GAS Co Co2 CH4 H2 N2 Coal gas16% 02% 20% 55% Trace Producer 30% 10% Trace 10% 50% Water 40% 05% Trace 50% 03% Blast fur27% 15% Trace 02% 55% Coke oven09%03% 25% 55% 06% Even in mines Co is dangerous constituents of after damp, the gas produce during underground explosion from methane and coal dust. Co is colourless, odorless and the early science of intoxication is insidious (dangerous) factors, which combined to make it especially dangerous. The initial symptoms include giddiness and headache and even the patient looses the power in his legs and becomes unconscious. Concentration of 3500 ppm is immediately hazardous to life. Co has greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen and combines with it to form carboxy hemoglobin. The symptoms of intoxication can be correlated with the carboxy hemoglobin concentration. Death occurs when the blood is 60% to 80% saturated with carboxy-haemoglobin. 114- What is Ear plug and Ear muff? Ans-Noise level above 90dBA is hazardous for an employee more than 8 hours per day or 48 hours a week. So mainly 2 types of ear protector or PPEs is used. Such as - 1) Earplug: - Earplug is made of plastic, rubber or polythene foam. Ear plug are ear protectors that is inserted in the external ear canal the various types are:-a) glass down b) Moulded ear plugs made of soft flexible materials which should be chemically insert and cab be easily cleaned. C) Universal ear plug which fits all outer ear. D) Amplitude selective ear plugs. e) Self fitting ear plugs. 2) Ear muff: - it is made of sponge materials which covers external ear and provides better than ear plug. Usually designed for very high land dangerous noise levels. Attention is better than that of ear plugs. Ear muffs are devices that fit around the ears and are supported either from a hard hat or from a head bend that connects the individual muffs. 115. How Vibration In Industries Reduced? The vibration in an industry can be reduced as follows: Tools which are light to handle and have reduced vibration level to be used. Old excessive vibrating machine parts to be replaced. Inspection, adjustment and oiling of machine and equipments to be done regularly. All the machine parts to be suitably tightened. Use of automated and remote control machines to be introduced. Before begging work always self massage your arms legs and worm of. PPEs like hand gloves to be used. Short rest breaks in between work to be taken. All work site to be equipped with hot water taps and hot drinks. Regular medical examination of workers. 116. What is heat cramp? Ans: - Excruciating pain in the limbs, abdominal muscles after exposure to heat is common in certain groups of workers. It is due to sodium salt (NaCl) depletion in the sweat and failure to replace the same. The condition may get relieved by removing the victim to a cool atmosphere and administrating salted drink 117.What is explosive meter? Ans: - A sample of the atomosphere to be tested is drawn over a heated catalytic filament which from the part of the balance electrical circuit, combustibles in the sample burn on the filament so raising its temperature and increasing n its resistance. The resulting in balance of the circuit causes a deflection in the meter, which is roughly proportional to the concentration of combustible vapour in the sample. The scale graduation represents the percentage of the lower explosive limit. Thus a deflection of the meter pointer between 0 and 100% shows how closely the atomosphere being tested approaches the minimum concentration required for explosion. 118.BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING The most frequently used toxicity testing is Acute oral LD50 Acute dermal toxicity this test gives the effects of skin absorption following a single applicator Acute or primary irritator this concerns the immediate effects of a chemical on skin, eyes or mucous membranes. Acute inhalation Sub acute and chronic skin absorption. Sub acute and chronic inhalation Such toxicity testing, obviously, cannot be carried out or human beings. There- fore all biological sampling and testing is mostly carried out by or experimentation on rates mice, guinea, pigs or other laboratory animals. LD100 and LC100 require 100 %of the sample group. LD50 or LC50 requires 50% death in sample groups .to determine such lethal limits for the protection of human health, biological sampling and testing on other animals has become a scientific need. Therefore biological sampling and testing are continuously varied out at the work place. 119. What is glare? How to minimize it ? Ans- It is defined as the excess brightness in the field of vision which causes discomfort, interference or eye fatigue. It reduces efficiency of the eye as it disturbs the adoption process of the retina of eye. Glare is two types- (a) Direct glare, (b) Reflected glare. To minimize the direct glare:- Decreasing the brightness of the light source. By positioning the light source so that it will not fall within the field of vision. Increasing the brightness of the area, of the surrounding glare against which it is seen. To minimize the reflected glare:- Decreasing the brightness of the light source, Positioning the light source, Increasing the level of illumination by increasing the number of light source, Changing the character of the offending surface to illuminate the reflection.


120.First-aid for chemical burns? Ans: -The first –aid care rendered to the burn victim largely depends on the cause of the burn and degree of the severity. Regardless of the severity of the burns, infection can be serious problem. Certain principle need to be kept in mind when dealing with any burns victim. 8. Remove the victim from burn source. 9. Maintain airway and monitor respiration. 10. Control any bleeding. 11. Treat for shock and maintain body heat. 12. Don’t try to clean the burn. 13. Apply cold water or tap water over the affected area. Keep the part dipped in the cold water or show it under the slowly running tap for at least ten minutes or till the pain is reduced. 14. Don’t prick puncture the blisters. 121. Environmental monitoring It is a process of measurement & evaluation of hazardous material & process. Measurement of exposure in terms of dust level, chemical fume, noise, vibration, heat, radiation etc. is the basis of environmental monitoring. The fundamental goal of any occupational health programme should be the reduction of occupational disease by the elimination of exposure to toxic substances and hazard physical agent or by their control to levels to be safe. Criteria for good environmental monitoring programme:- The programme should be start with stated aims to identify levels of hazard. All results generated by programme should be available to worker. There must be clear cut action plan formulated before hand based on which control mechanism would be applied in monitoring reveals hazardous condition in the work environment. The action level should be jointly before hand. Fixation of significant level should be taken into consideration the maximum possible errors associated with the techniques employed for initial determination. Sampling & monitoring Techniques: 1. Grab sampling:- Taking air sample for analysis important points to note when & from which area the samples were taken, whether the sample taken falls nearer the breathing zone. 2. Fixed point monitoring: - This shows total exposure but at various through out the day. 3. Continuous 8 hrs monitoring:- This gives total exposure for a day as well as variation of concentration during a day. 4. Personal monitoring:- This is probably the best method of environmental monitoring where monitoring is done on the person. Personal monitor is fitted on the person so that it could give a true picture of exposure. 122. Biological monitoring. This is a method of identification & quantification of a substance. This means the measurement of level of substance inside one’s body. It could be the measurement of actual substance or its metabolites or if enzyme effected by its blood, urine, hair, nail etc. Biological monitoring system actually monitors the pre clinical changes inside the body before the development of sign & symptoms of a disease process. The objectives of biological monitoring test is to detect the earliest changes at a stage when it is reversible. The following points are required in carrying out biological test. a. The range of normal value. b. Quality control of the test. 123. Air supply type respirator. Ans:- Air supply type of respirator are divided in to two parts. i) Air supplied form separate source ii) Self content breathing apparatus i) Air supplied from separate sources:- It is divided 3 types: -a) Air line respirator b) Suction hose type c) pressure hose mask type ii) Self content breathing apparatus:- It is divided into 2 types:- a) open circuit b) close circuit a. Air line respirator:- It consists of a full mask face piece or a loose fitting hood on helmet or which are is supplied to a small diameter hose. (i) Continuous flow type respirator:- In continuous flow type air is supplied continuously to the face piece ad excess air ente4ring it and the exhaled air escape in to the surrounding atmosphere. (ii) Demand type airline Respirator:- It provides automatic respiratory control by responding to breathing requirement of the user. b. Suction hose mask:- It consist of a full face piece connected to a large diameter (30 to 40) flexible non kinking hose. c. Pressure hose mask:- This hose mask is similar to the suction hose mask except that the air is fed in the hose by a hand or motor operated blower. Self contained breathing apparatus SCBA OR BA sets:- Limitation of hose mask is trailing hose which may result in entanglement and user must return by tracing his route in lthe contaminated area SCBA is self sufficient breathing apparatus which permits freedom of movement as the user carried the supply of breathable air. Its of two types. A) compressed oxygen type. B) compressed air type. SCBA has be classified as demand compressed O2 or air breathing apparatus. compressed O2 recirculating breathing apparatus. O2 regenerating type breathing apparatus. Demand type self content breathing apparatus. This apparatus in which the user gets respirable oxygen or air from compressed cylinder which is an integral part of the apparatus and enable the user to breathe independently. Compressed oxygen re-circulating type breathing apparatus: In this type, high-pressure oxygen passes through a pressure reducing and regulating valve in to a breathing bag. Oxygen regenerating type breathing apparatus: In this apparatus moisture content from the users exhaled breathe reacts with ganular chemical in a canister to liberate oxygen. Also the exhaled Co2 is absorbed by the chemical in the canister. This oxygen enters a breathing bag from which the user in-hales.


123. Chemical cartridge type respirator: - This type of respirator is usually consist of a half mask provided with one or two cartridge like canister the cartridge are filled of with appropriate chemicals for a specific contaminant. It is a non-emergency respirator and it should not be used in oxygen deficiency atmosphere. It is recommended that it should not be used in atmosphere containing more than 0.1% contaminant by volume. Under IS 8522 – 1977 specification for chemical cartridge respirator have been described. 124. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning? Ans:- Co is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon compounds. As many ofl the gases used I industry contain Co in varying proportion, there is an ever present hazard where ever their used. The exhaust gases of petrol and diesel engines also produce Co and dangerous quantities may be generated in confined spaces. GAS Co Co2 CH4 H2 N2 Coal gas 16% 02% 20% 55% Trace Producer gas 30% 10% Trace 10% 50% Water gas 40% 05% Trace 50% 03% Blast furnace gas 27% 15% Trace 02% 55% Coke oven gas 09% 03% 25% 55% 06% Even in mines Co is dangerous constituents of after damp, the gas produce during underground explosion from methane and coal dust. Co is colourless, odorless and the early science of intoxication is insidious (dangerous) factors, which combined to make it especially dangerous. The initial symptoms include giddiness and headache and even the patient looses the power in his legs and becomes unconscious. Concentration of 3500 ppm is immediately hazardous to life. Co has greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen and combines with it to form carboxy hemoglobin. The symptoms of intoxication can be correlated with the carboxy hemoglobin concentration. Death occurs when the blood is 60% to 80% saturated with carboxy-haemoglobin. Carboxy hemoglobin symptoms of intoxication concentration in blood. Less than 20% No except, slightly breathlessness 20-30% Flushing, slight headache, Nausea ,vomiting, irritability and impared judgment. 40-50% Symptoms as above but not severe fainting exertion. 50-60% Loss of consciousness. More than 60% Depression of respiratory center leading to death. After recovery from Co poisoning the patient may experienced severe headache. If asphyxiation has been prolonged, organic brain damage may result death. Co is not a cumulative poisoning. 125. Health hazard of heat. Ans:- Our body is capable of maintaining its temperature with in 36oc-38oc by generating or loosing heat as necessary. Skin plays a major role. It produces a lot of sweat by its evaporation the body loose its excess heat. Heat stress results from a combination of environmental factors, such a temp, humidity, solar, load, duration of exposure, work rest pouse, type of work, age, health status obesity, type of clothing and acclimatisation (adjustment) Failure of body to adjust the heat stress produces disorders a) Depletion of self due to produce sweating, b) Rise in body temperature due to failure of lthermal regulatory mechanism. Disorders are:- I) systematic like:- heat stroke, heat exhaustio, heat syncope, heat cramp and dehydration.ii):- Prickly heat, cancer, rodent ulcer etc. iii) Psychoneurotic:- Heat fatigue, loss of emotional control. Heat stroke happens at body temp> 40.5oc. Heat exhaustion is caused by simultaneous excessive fluit and salt from the body. Prevention and control of heat stress.:- i) Adequate in take of fluid and salt (ASS):- salt sugar solution. ii) Proper protective clothing. iii) Safe exposure time adjustment. iv) Engineering control of environment heat/ ventilation. v) Medical control ( Training and education, work rest pouse) vi) Acclimatisation ( acquainted) of the workers. Heat stroke:- Headache, vomiting dizziness, weakness, hot dry skin, no sweating. High temp, rapid strong pulse, rapid, deep respiration, loss of consciousness, coma, convulsion. What to do?:- Immediate rapid cooling by ice bath r warp in wet bed sheet/blanket. Fan it with coolers. Call doctor or shift him to medical. Heat Exhaustion:- Weakness, fatigue, headache loss of appetite, vomiting temp normal of body, cold, moist skin, heavy sweating, weak pulse, shallow respiration. What to do?:- Move to a cool place and lie down in a well ventilated room. Give cool drinking water. Heat cramps:- Painful spasm of arm, leg or abdominal muscles during or after work, heavy sweating. What to do ? :- Move to a cool place. Give salted fluid. Heat syncope:- Fainting while standing in hot environment, lack of acclimatization occur after exercise. What to do?:- Move to a cool place and lie down, give water. Prickly heat:- Painful, itchy, red rash occur during sweating due to humid heat. What to do? :- Move to a cool place, apply calamine lotion or cool wet cloth. Heat Fatigue:- Weariness, irritability, loss of skill for fine or precision work, decrease in ability to concentrate, lack of acclimatization, other emotional and psychological stress. Responsibilities of occupational health physician. Ans:-Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. 126. What are the causes of electrical accidents & hazards involved? First-aid in case of electrical shock. Ans: causes of electrical accidents are :- 1. Unqualified / Unauthorized person operating , testing, repairing or installing electrical equipments. 2. lack of adequate work place around and electrically equipments. 3. defective insulation. 4. Broken, burned, wet or damaged parts. 5. inadequate guarding of exposed energized parts. 6. Use of defective tools.


7. use of tools in unsafe place & unsafe manner. 8. Failure of the work man to de-energized equipments. 9. failure to use proper PPEs. 10. Working in a unsafe work environment. 11. insulation failure. 127. CO poisoning? Ans- Co poisoning is the most common of all poisoning in industry today. It is colorless & odorless and therefore, gives no warming of its presence under any circumstances. The mechanisms of toxicity are (a) It has 200 to 300 times more affinity towards haemoglobin than oxygen and produces carboxy haemoglobin. (b) It inhibites cytochrome A3 Oxitase (Cytochrom-monoxide binding) at the cellular level. The acute effects are : faintness, giddiness, tightness of chest, weakness in the legs, pink complexion (cherry red lips) etc. The chronic effects are headache, nausea, occasional breathlessness, cough, ischemia of heart, muscle weakness, dizziness, confusion, stupor & unconsciousness, poor memory, paralysis, parkinsonism etc. Mercury Poisoning: The clinical pictures of mercury poisoning are like – Gingivitis, excess salivation, glositis, gastritis, tremors, speech defect, kidney damage (Nephritic syndrome), features of psychosis i.e. extreme irritability, sudden outburst of temper, loss of memory etc., hemorrhage on the lens (Mercuria Lentis), Minamata Disease etc. Arsenic Poisoning: Toxicity may be acute when there is ingestion of arsenic. It causes acute diarrhoea, shock and death. The chronic toxicity may be like – hyperpigmentation, eczematous dermatitis, ulceration of skin, skin cancer, loss of vibration sense, difficulty in walking, pain and burning sensation of calf muscles, hepatic cirrhosis, anaemia, painless perforation of nasal septa, bronchitis, pneumonitis, broad wide strip type of line under the nailbed called Mess Line. Arsine Gas is the gaseous form of arsenic which is very toxic. It is the commonest cause of occupational jaundice. 128. What are the different causes of burn injury? Ans- Causes of burn injury are:- Dry heat such as fire, hot or molten metal, flash and ignited petrol. Electricity or lightening. Corrosive chemicals like strong acids/ alkalies. Burns are classified according to the degree of injury to body tissues- In first degree the outer skin is reddened and welted or slightly swollen. In second degree the under skin is affected and blisters are formed. But in third degree the skin is destroyed and tissues underneath are damaged. Perhaps the most common kind of burn is sun burn. Chemical burns are occurred due to contact with strong and corrosive acids like, H2SO4, HCL etc. Electric burns are caused by unguarded electric outlets. Low tension & A.C. supplies are very dangerous as electric currents passes through the tissues. Powder burns are generally occurred by fire crackers and blank pistols. 129. What is Harvard Physical Fitness? Ans- For physical fitness, food & nutrition is necessary to provide- Energy in form of heat for mechanical work. Growth (body building), repair and reproduction. Maintenance and regulation of tissue functions. Maintenance of body temp. Build resistance against infections of the body. Due to intestinal parasites and infections some nutritional diseases are occurred. Obesity disease one of them. To know about obesity there is a calculation procedure i.e. Body Mass Index (BMI) Test- According to Broca index, BMI= Height in cm – 100= weight in Kg. According to Quetlet’s index, BMI= weight in Kg/ height in mtr2 If the result is in between 20-25 that is normal, if BMI is more than 25 or 30, then it is obesity. 130. How to eliminate NIHL? Ans- NIHL means Noise Induced Hearing Loss. It can be eliminated by prevention and controlled method:-- Reduce noise at source by silencing devices. There should be use of sound absorbing material in machinery. Factories with more than 100dB noise must provided ear protection equipment to its workers. In general ear plugs or ear muffs should be used by the workers. Growth of residential areas around loud noise producing factories should be discouraged. No worker should ever penetrate in to an area where the sound level exceeds 140dB(A). Common use of loud speakers should be restricted. This is one of the commonest noise nuisance of present era. Homes on road sides should have sound proof walls. 131. Medical Surveilance? Ans- Periodic inspection of working environment provides information of primary importance in the prevention of occupational disabilities. The physician should pay frequent visits to the factory in order to acquaint himself with various aspects of the working environment such as temperature, lighting, ventilation, humidity, noise cubic space, air pollution and sanitation which have an important bearing on the health and welfare of the workers. He should be acquainted with the raw materials, processes and products manufactured. He should also study the various aspects of occupational physiology such as occurrence of fatigue, night work, shift work, weight carried by the workers and render advice to the factory management on all maters connected with the health and welfare of the workers. For studies of this kind the physician should enlist the co-operation of safety Engineers, Industrial Hygienists and Psychologists. 132. Safety procedure for confined space entry ? a. Treat every confined space as hazardous until you are sure it is safe. b. Find out potential hazard you may face, what safety equipments are required & what to do in an emergency c. Ventilate confined area completely with normal air, using recommended procedure even if no hazard was decided by testing d. If possible remove residue, sludge etc which can release harmful gases. Before entering filled with water. e. Obtain a “work permit”. This authorizes you to enter confined space & indicate precaution to be taken.


f. Test for each potential hazard by inserting test proof to vent in access. If hazardous gases are detected, ventilate & clean this places & test again. g. Isolate the confined space, prevent all potential danger material for entering. Ensure that no one else can open valves while others are inside. h. Arrange required respirator, tools, lifeline etc before entering. i. Never enter a confined space without rescue items & a observer stand by. j. Where all appropriate, required protection & safety devices even if the exposure time is less. k. Maintain continuous communication with observer. l. Test intermittently especially where solvents are used. Test before every new entry. m. Use right tools & equipments. n. Ventilate entire area. Make sure ventilation is adequate. 133. What are the steps of noise control & give a check list for a noisy work place? Ans: Following are the steps of noise control. Redesign noise source or use other process. Maintain & modify existing source Block the noise transmission path. Enclose the workers, reduce noise dose & allow limit nos. of workers to expose. Use of proper PPEs. Check list for noisy work place:- Do your ears ring at the end of the days work? Do you have to talk very loudly? Do your machine make a lot of noise? Does the sound of bus, car, radio or the people taking seem quieter after the shift then before? Do your family members complain of you, shouting after the days work? Do you have difficulty in hearing people when others are also speaking? Are older workers in your work place excessively hard of hearing? 134. Carboxyl hemoglobin. Ans: -CO enters to the body by inhalation. Co combine with hemoglobin in human body forms carboxyl hemoglobin and high concentration of carboxyl hemoglobin in bloods to death. The initial symptom of effect of CO includes giddiness headache and unconsciousness. Concentration of 3500 PPM is immediately hazardous to life. Co has greater affinity for hemoglobin has oxygen and combines with if to form carboxyl hemoglobin. The Symptoms of intoxication can be calculated with the carboxyl hemoglobin concentration death occurs when the bloods is 60% to 80% saturated with carboxyl hemoglobin.

Carboxyl Hemoglobin Concentration in blood

Symptoms of intoxication

Less than 20% No except, sightly breathlessness

20%-30% Flushing, Slightly headache, nausea vomiting, irritability and impared judgment

40%-50% Symptoms as above but not severe tainting exertion.

50%-60% Loss of consciousness.

More than 60% Depression of respiratory center leading to death.

After recovery from Co poisoning the patient may experience severe headache. If asphyxiation has been prolonged. Organic brain damage may result death. Co is not a cumulative poisoning LONG QUESTIONS 135. What is Impulsive/Impact noise? What are the noise control methods available? Ans-If the noise level involves maximum at intervals of more than 1 (one) second than it is called impulse noise. Impulse noise is often defined as noise consisting of single bursts with duration of less than one second with peak levels 15 dB higher than background noise. Impulse noise differs from steady state noise by the properties in the time domain. Impulse noise contains rapid sound pressure transients. The physical properties of impulse noise are characterised by peak level, rise and decay time, duration and number of impulses, spectral content, and level distribution. The criteria presented for impulse noise are based on the repetition rate of peaks of sound pressures. The procedures for hygienic evaluation of impulse noise are not uniform, due to the uncertainty of the existing knowledge. Prevention and control 1. Reduce noise at source by silencing devices. 2. There should be use of sound absorbing material in machinery. 3. Factories with more than 100 dB noise must provided ear protection equipment to its workers. In general Ear Plugs or Ear Muffs should be used by the workers. 4. Increase the number of NO HORN zones for vehicles and its repeated use, especially those music horns at nights, should be discouraged rather banned . 5. Common use of loudspeakers should be restricted . This is one of the commonest noise nuisance of present era. 6. Homes on road sides should have sound proof walls. 7. Heavy vehicular traffic in residential areas should not be allowed.


8. Growth of residential areas around loud noise producing factories should be discouraged . 9. Plantation reduces noise by 8 – 19 dB. 10. No worker should be permitted to enter, for any period of time what so ever into an area where the sound level is equal to or exceeds 115 dB (A) “ Impulse” or 120 dB (A) “fast” response, personal hearing protection equipment should be worn. 11. No worker should ever penetrate in to an area where the sound level exceeds 140 dB (A). 135.SCBA? Ans: -limitation of hose mask is the trailing hose which may result in entangle bead and user must return by returacking his roof in the contaminated atmosphere SCBA is a self sufficient breathing apparatus, which permits freedom of movement as the wearer carries the supply of breathable air. OPEN CIRCUIT TYPE:-( Demand type compressed oxygen/compressed air) This is a birthing apparatus in which the user gets repairable air or oxygen from cylinder which is an integral part of the apparatus and enables wearer to breathe independently in the surrounding atmosphere in a demand type SCBA air or oxygen is admitted to the face piece through a two stage prenure reducing mechanism and air is addimited in the face piece only when the user inhale .Air admitted in the face piece is regulated to suit his rate of breathing automatically. In other words he gets air/oxygen according to his demand apparatus designed for oxygen ca not be used for compressed air or vice-versa. Duration of time the user can remain in irrespirable atmosphere is dependent on the rating of apparatus and there is an audio signal provided beside of prenure gauge to warn the user to leave the area. The exhaled air passed through a non-return valve to the atmosphere this apparatus is called open circuit type breathing apparatus. CLOSED CIRCUIT TYPE: - (a) Compressed oxygen recirculating breathing apparatus: -In this type of breathing apparatus high tenure oxygen passes through a prenure regulating and reducing valve into the breathing bag. The user inhales this oxygen through a one way breathing valve and exhaled breath passes into a canister containing chemical to absorb exhaled CO2 and moisture passes through a coiler and then into the same inlet breathing pipe .the oxygen enters the breathing pipe from supplying cylinder only when the volume of the gas in the bag has decreased sufficiently to allow the supply valve to open. Oxygen regenerating type breathing apparatus: - In this apparatus moisture contain from the user exhale breath react with granules or granular chemical I a canister to liberate the oxygen. Also the exhaled carbon dioxide is absorbed by the chemical in the canister. This oxygen enters the breathing bag from which the user inhales through a corrugated breathing tube connecting the bag to the face piece. 135.Write the advantages and disadvantages of SCBA? Ans: -Advantage: - 1. It can be used in all respiratory hazards as air is supplied from a source carried by the user. 2. Closed circuit divided that purify removing CO2 and restoring oxygen (compressed oxygen cylinder) 3. Some SCBA combine chemicals with carbon dioxide and moisture from breath to make oxygen (oxygen generating type) 4. Airflow only when the wearer breathes hence utilizing the oxygen only when required. 5. Open circuits devices supply clean compressed air from a backpack cylinder and expel the stale inhaled air. Disadvantage: - 1. It is very costly. 2. It can be used for limited period as limited air supply and cannot be used for extent period at a stretch. 3. The bulky heavy apparatus can awkward and tiring to work. 4. ]If air supply is not continuous both closed and open circuit devices may allow contaminated air into the face piece. 5. Compressed air or oxygen cylinder need frequent replacement. 6. While using SCBA smoking and open flame is not permitted because of fire risk. 136.Selection of respirator? Ans: - In choosing a breathing apparatus to be used for respiratory protection in any given situation, the following factor should be considered. 1.Nature of the hazard: -The user should determine whether or not the atmosphere is deficient in oxygen, and whether the contaminant is gaseous or particulate or a combination of the two. 2.Severity of the hazards: - The user should first determine whether or not the atmosphere is immediately dangerous to life. If so this factor alone will determine the choice of protection needed. When it is not possible to determine, particularly in emergency situation the nature of the hazards or severity of the hazard, the situation should be considered as immediately dangerious to life and protection provided on that basis. 3.Type of contaminant: -Gaseous and vapours: The user should determine whether it is an acid gas, an organic vapour, ammonia, carbon monoxide or mixture of two more gaseous contaminants as this information is essential for choice of appropriate canister or chemical cartridge 4.Concentration of contaminants:-In the case of gaseous contaminant it is necessary the concetration as it is necessary for the selection of chemical filters and in the case of particulate contaminant, if the concetration is high, frequent changing of mechanical filter may prompt the use of an air line respirators. 5.Period required respiratory protection: -This has considerable bearing on a decision as to which type of breathing apparatus to use in a given situation. 6.Locations of contaminated area with respect to source of repairable air: -This is necessary to ascertain that the breathing apparatus which the person using will afford protection for a period adequate for him top reach fresh air, taking into the possible delays. 7.Activity of the wearer:-If the wearer is doing heavy work, his requirement of breathable air or oxygen will increase and appropriate breathing apparatus will have to be selected. 8.Operating characteristics and limitation of the breathing apparatus itself: -For proving guidance in selecting respiratory protective equipment, the environmental classification is given as per IS9623-1980, which is reproduced below 137.What do you mean by vibration and what are its effects? Ans: - Vibration means a back and fro motion of a matter. It is the transmission of the energy to the human body usually by the contact with surface on system that is oscillatory motion. This motion can be harmonic and extremely complex. The oscillation may be periodic or completely random (continuous or intermittent). Whole body vibration Vibration may be two types Segmental (mechanical vibration) Whole body vibration: - Whole body vibration exposure on which the whole body mass is subjected to mechanical vibration such as vibration from tractor seats, any other heavy mobile equipment.mechanical vibration between 4and 11 Hz will cause the body to resonate it can cause predisposition to back pain and changes in lumbar and thoracis verlebrate. Segmental vibration: - Segmental vibration is exposure in which only a part of the body is in directly contact with the vibrating medium and bulk of body rest on stationary platform. It may be encountered in work with pneumatic tools such drills and hammer. After some month of


exposure the fine blood vessels of the fingers may become increasing sensitive to spasm (white finger) exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joint of the hands, elbows and shoulders. 137. Hearing conservation programmes? Ans: -An effective hearing conservation programme should be under taken where exposure to industrial noise is capable of producing hearing loss. The object is to insure that an employee’s hearing is not affected during his working life to an extent greater than that usually occuring with age and to preserve it a level sufficient for normal speech reception Conservation program is needed in situation where the hearing loss, as measured by audiometry , is more than 10dB at 400Hz.it also indicated when the sound levels in the working environments more than 90dB and there is difficulty to communicate by speech. Scope:- It should be undertaken where exposure to industrial noise incapable of producing hearing loss. The need for conservation efforts become more urgent when the sound level exceeds 90 dBA. The programme consists of: - Noise Exposure analysis:- Noise level at the work place should be measured and analysed frequently to know whether they are with in the permissible limit or not. If more than the permissible limit value, necessary measure should be taken immediately to bring the noise level within the permissible level by engineering control, use of PPEs & medical control. Audiometry:- This should be done at pre employment & periodical examination levels. Audiometry is used for detection of hearing impairment at an early stage, evaluation of the ear defends & evaluation of other control measure. 138.What is ESP and how it helps to reducing dust pollution? Ans: -The principal component of ESP are two sets of electrodes insulated fro each other. The first set is composed of rows electrically grounded vertically parallel plate, called the collection electrodes between which the dust-laden gas flows. The sound set of electrodes consists of wires called the discharge of emitting electrodes that are centrally located between each pair of parallel paltes.the wires carry a unidirectional. Negatively changed high voltage between 20-10KV current from an external DC source. The applied high voltage generates a unidirectional, non-uniform of electric field whose magnitude is greatest near the discharge electrodes. When that voltage is high enough, a blue luminous glow called a corona is produce around them. Electrical forces in the corona accelerate the free electrons present in the gas so that they ionized the gas molecules thus forming more electrons and positive gas ions. The new electrons react against more free electrons and ions, which result a chain reaction, The positive ions travel the negative charged wire electrodes .the electrons follow the electrical field towards the grounded electrodes but their velocity clearness as they more away from the corona region armed the wire electrodes towards the grounded plates. The gas molecules capture low velocity electrons and becomes negative ions. As these ions moves to the collection electrodes they collide with fly ash particles in the gas stream and given them negative charge the negatively charged fly ash are drive to the collecting plate by the force which is proportion to the project of this charge and the strength of the electric field When the particles collected in the grounded plate they lose their charge on the ground. The electrical receptivity of the particles, however cause only partial discharging and the retained charged tends to hold the particles to the plate. High resistivity causes retention of most of the charge, which increases the forces holding the particles to the plate and makes removed more difficult. This can be rectified either by operating at high gas temperature or by superimposing a high voltage pulse on the base voltage to enhance ESP performance during operation under high resistivity condition 139.Design a three days basic first-aid training programme? Ans: - First aid: - it is the prompt treatment assistance given to accident victim or to person incase of sudden illness before the medical aid is available. The person who is trained to give such assistance is called a first-aider. The sufferer is called victim or casualty. The medical aid is the treatment given to the sufferer by the doctor or any other trained medical staff, either on the spot, in the home, or in the hospitals. Principle: -The principles of the first-aid are based on the practical knowledge of medicine and surgery. The treatment given by first aider no way replaces medical treatment. The duties of a first-aider stops when medical help or aid become available. Aim of the first aid: -The main aim of first-aid is to To save life To prevent the condition becoming worse. To make the patient comfortable. A SAMPLE PROGRAMME SHEDULE FOR A THREE-DAY TRAINING ON FIRST-AID DAY-1 DAY-2 DAY-3 First session: - First Session 1st Session: - 1.Registration. 1.Introduction to basic first-aid 1.GeneralFirst-aid techniques for: 2.Inauguration and welcome. & its application. A. Poisoning. 3.Introduction. 2.General first-aid techniques b. Snake bite. 4.Importance of first-aid training Recognition of symptoms and 2. Maintenance and upkeepment in factories. Treatment for: - of first aid records and provision of LUNCH BREAK A. Wound and bleeding first-aid boxes. B.fracture, dislocation and sprain LUNCH BREAK 2ND SESSION: C.Burn and scald 2nd Session: 5.Discussions on factory’s Act LUNCH BREAK 3.Examination for test of competency 1948 (Act-63), Section-45 2nd Session: of first-aiders TEA BREAK General first-aid techniques TEA BREAK 6.Discussion on Orissa Factory’ recognition of symptoms and treatment for: - 4.Discussions. Rules 1950 (Rule-64 and 64A) 5.Closing ceremony. Its provision and Implementation A. Shock B Uncosiousness & asphyxia. TEA BREAK C.Artificial respiration. D.Heart arrest As per the above-mentioned programmes a first-aider training programme is designed to suit the employees of a factory or a manufacturing industry.


The employees were first welcomed for registraion. Then inaugural ceremony will be started with the presence of all the guest, speakers, doctors, safety officers and trainees at a suitable auditorium or conference hall. Then after the introduction, the various aspects and legal provisions of Factory’s Act 1948(Act-63), session-45 and Orissa factory’s Rules 1950 (Rule-63 &63A) are discussed briefly. Here much emphasis were put on the training of employees, provison of safety appliances, first aid boxes, ambulances and occupational health centers in the present industrial scenario. In Day second and third the need of the basic first aid training, its application and techniques are discussed. At last on the third day of the training programme an examination is being conducted to know the competency of the first aiders. After the announcement of results the qualified trainees were declared as competent first-aiders and were given valid firstaider’s certificate. Then the programme concludes with opinion of speakers and trainees with their valuable suggestion and comments. 140.What do you mean by mechanical ventilation discuss with sketch? Ans: When natural ventilation is not sufficient to keep thermal environment with the limits specified in by dry and wet bulb schedule under the factories rules, where the span of work room exceeds 18 meters or where any work place is more than 9 away form a ventilation opening, mechanical ventilation (Exhaust, positive or their combination) shall be provided and in case of positive, air shall be cleaned and cooled before sending into the work room. EXHAUST VENTILATION: -Exhaust fans are provided in walls on one side of the building or in the attic and roofs to draw large volumes of air through building. These fans are generally propeller type .The window and other openings near the fans should be kept closed to avoid short circulating of air. Adequate inlets openings shall be provided on opposite side of the building to limit inlet velocitiees. When fans are centrally located on an attic or arrange to draw from exhaust appliances with ducting they should be centrifugal or axial types to overcome dust resistances .The total inlet area should be at least 3 times the total disc area of the fan .The exhaust fans should have wind shields on outside of the wall so that wind pressure may not decrease their efficiency .The fans discharge should be diverted into large ducts carried vertically upwards with; rain water cap at the top. POSITIVE VENTILATION; - Plenums is provided by centrally locate supply fans having a wide range of capacity adequate operation .Air tight ducts increase the advantage. Unit ventilators should be provided for individual rooms and may be placed against outside wall near the central line of the room. Evaporative cooling coils can be incorporated for cooling purpose. Plenum ventilation is useful for large workroom where exhaust ventilation is normally not effective .Its air movement and regulations are more than that by exhaust ventilation. Better dilution of contamination is also possible. The air velocities should not be excessive to disturb manufacturing process. Good distribution can be achieved by using diffusers or swivel type ejector nozzles at high velocity at inlets. Excessive draughts can be avoided by the nozzles discharging air horizontally at a height a little above the heads of the worker s .For positive ventilation the volume of air is given by the, Q=AV, where Q= air volume in m3/min, A= free area of intake opening of ducts in m2 and V= average velocity of air in m /min COMBIND VENTILATION:- It is the combination of positive and negative (exhaust) ventilation with the advantages of batter air distribution over the entire area of a large building. By supplying proper vol. of air in at suitable velocities at the required areas through duct work and by extracting the air in the returned ducts and recirculating the air after proper cleaning and mixing it with cool fresh air to obtained good result. MECHANICAL ROOF VENTILATION:- it is used for augmenting natural ventilation in building with large width or where the load is very heavy. Exhaust fans exercise very little influence beyond avelocity counter at about 15m/min which is a short distance from a fan. The vol. of air required in removal of sensible heat load is very heavy. The vol. of air requiredin removal of sensible heat gain(Kcal/hr) can be calculated from the formula Q= Kcal/hr.o.557/temp.rise in C, where Q is the vol. of air m3/min. COMFORT VENTILATION: - It is the method by which the interior of room is heated or cooled or humidity altered for process control or comfort conditions. At refrigeration is very expensive evaporative cooling may be adopted with advantage where summers are dry with low wet bulb temperatures. The quantity of air required for ventilation could be reduced if the outside air is cooled before the air is discharged into the building. Although the; relative humidity of supply of air will be increased but due to the large sensible heat loads, the resultant relative humidity in the workroom will be lowered after mixing with the inside air to produce body cooling. Water spray chamber and a fan to supply outside air into the work room through a distribution; duct is preferable to spray head system which on humidifies the air where cooling capacity of the air is not much improved and not air is removed from the building. PROCESS VENTILATION ;- 1-Local exhaust ventilation: -is applied at the release points of contaminants (dust, fumes particles etc) to produce their concentration 141.Write any one type of metal poison and its control Ans:-OCCURANCE: -mercury is generated in various industries such as Acetaldehyde and acetylene Acetic acid Agricultural and industrial poisons Antifouling paint Artificial silk Barometers Chlorine Electrical apparatus incandescent bulbs Amalgams manufactures Mercury vapour tubes Rectifier batteries Silver wires Textiles Thermometers Treatment of gold Vacuum pumps X-RAY tubes and mercury arc treatment SIGN AND SYMPTOMS: - Gingivitis, metallic or bitter taste in mouth, bluish line on gums, slate gray pigmentation on vestibular side of gums or on the plates or inside of the cheeks, gastritis, possible dermatitis, cough, breathlessness bronchitis, pneumonitis, psychiceuphoria and erithisim. Nervous invovement on two lines. A. Fine intension tremors resembling that in multiple sclerosis.


B. Parkinsonism with tremors at rest and reduced motor function, this may occur without gastro –intestinal symptoms, unsteady staggering gait, mask like faces, absence of balance, recovery reflexes, tremor beings with suitable trembling of fingers. Eyes-radish-gray discoloration of crystalline lens DIAGNOSIS, SPECIAL TESTS: - 1. Occupational history 2. Mercury in urine should not exceed 50 micro-gm/liter 3. Mercury in blood should not exceed 3 micro-gm/liter 4. Examination for presence of tremors at rest or with movement BIOLOGICAL ASSESMENT: - the best method of assessing exposure to mercury vapours and inorganic or aryl compounds or mercury is the determination of mercury quantitatively in the urine by atomic absorption spectrometric or diphisone colorimetry. After which the ratio between exposure level of mercury in air and excretion level in urine of the exposed person is found out. Normally the average air concentration of mercury of 50 micro-gm/m3 corresponds 100-150 micro-gm per liter. So if any abnormality is marked then medical treatment should be carried out as quick as possible. HEALTH EXAMINATION: - Replacement examination: -Replacement examination should include a medical history and a physical examination, with special attention to the oral cavity, nerves system and mental health. A sample of handwriting should be taken and file for future reference. Periodic examination: -in medical terms the periodic examination is same as the replacement one. Depending on the level of exposure it may be carried out at intervals of 6-12 months. If the exposure is very high it may be necessary to repeat the examination at even shorter interval 142.Detail the effects of carbon mono-oxide in various concentrations? Ans: -CO is the most important of the aliphatic oxide PROPERTIES: -CO is a colour less, taste less, almost odourless, insiaious gas with a density of 0.967 as compare with air .it can be compressed into lipid or solid. It burns with a blue flame. It originates from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS: -most common sources are electric furnace, blast furnace, charcoal oven, and kilns and coalmines etc. PATHOLOGY: -CO enters blood strim and immediately combines with hemoglobin displacing the O2 HBO2+CO HBCO+O2 This reaction is reversiable. The RBC which carries CO is not injured in the process. CO has greater affinity for HB than O2.this affinity being estimated at approximately 300:1 .CO poisoning is particularly dangerous to those with preveriosly damaged heart. Unconsciousness occurs when nearly half the hemoglobin is bound by CO. Acc-uela of acute poisoning: - 1. Severe poisoning (but not lethal), with short exposures rapid recovery with in few hours or at a for few hours per a day or two at the most with out residual symptoms or signs 2. Severe poisoning with prolong exposure bur not lethal – (A) Recovery with in few days with no evidence of subsequent damage. (B) Sign and symptoms may be noted upon the patient emerging fro the initial coma, these may persist for several days, several months before clearing up, or may persist been varying degrees for the duration of the victim life. Effect of liver, spleen, kidney and lungs Pneumonia may be a complication. Glycosuria is frequently present in acute poisoning cases. Disappears with in a few days. Normal liver function is resumed. Albumin in urine. Clears of with out damage to kidney .two systems now mentioned so far deserve more detail consideration. These are nervous and circulatory systems C.N.S. -It is the most susceptible to anoxia, sustains the greatest injury due to CO poisoning and is injured most frequently. In the brain, vascular stasis is pronounced .the vessels are dilated and pacted with RBCS. Petechial hemorrhages are often numerous and scattered. Odema results following vascular congestion. Rise in intororanial pressure due to congestion and odema. Results in disseminated encephalitis, bilaera softening of the lengicular nucleus, ventricular hydrocephalus or a combination of these lesions. HEART (C.V.S.): - no cardiac damage persists. E.C.C may show abnormality I the T. waves or in the level of the S-T segment. These are transitory changes. 143. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning? Ans:- Co is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon compounds. As many ofl the gases used I industry contain Co in varying proportion, there is an ever present hazard where ever their used. The exhaust gases of petrol and diesel engines also produce Co and dangerous quantities may be generated in confined spaces. GAS Co Co2 CH4 H2 N2 Coal gas 16% 02% 20% 55% Trace Producer gas 30% 10% Trace 10% 50% Water gas 40% 05% Trace 50% 03% Blast furnace gas 27% 15% Trace 02% 55% Coke oven gas 09% 03% 25% 55% 06% Even in mines Co is dangerous constituents of after damp, the gas produce during underground explosion from methane and coal dust. Co is colourless, odorless and the early science of intoxication is insidious (dangerous) factors, which combined to make it especially dangerous. The initial symptoms include giddiness and headache and even the patient looses the power in his legs and becomes unconscious. Concentration of 3500 ppm is immediately hazardous to life. Co has greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen and combines with it to form carboxy hemoglobin. The symptoms of intoxication can be correlated with the carboxy hemoglobin concentration. Death occurs when the blood is 60% to 80% saturated with carboxy-haemoglobin. Carboxy hemoglobin symptoms of intoxication concentration in blood. Less than 20% No except, slightly breathlessness 20-30% Flushing, slight headache, Nausea ,vomiting, irritability and impared judgment. 40-50% Symptoms as above but not severe fainting exertion. 50-60% Loss of consciousness. More than 60% Depression of respiratory center leading to death.


After recovery from Co poisoning the patient may experienced severe headache. If asphyxiation has been prolonged, organic brain damage may result death. Co is not a cumulative poisoning. 144. Health hazard of heat. Ans:- Our body is capable of maintaining its temperature with in 36oc-38oc by generating or loosing heat as necessary. Skin plays a major role. It produces a lot of sweat by its evaporation the body loose its excess heat. Heat stress results from a combination of environmental factors, such a temp, humidity, solar, load, duration of exposure, work rest pouse, type of work, age, health status obesity, type of clothing and acclimatisation (adjustment) Failure of body to adjust the heat stress produces disorders a) Depletion of self due to produce sweating, b) Rise in body temperature due to failure of lthermal regulatory mechanism. Disorders are:- I) systematic like:- heat stroke, heat exhaustio, heat syncope, heat cramp and dehydration.ii):- Prickly heat, cancer, rodent ulcer etc. iii) Psychoneurotic:- Heat fatigue, loss of emotional control. Heat stroke happens at body temp> 40.5oc. Heat exhaustion is caused by simultaneous excessive fluit and salt from the body. Prevention and control of heat stress.:- vii) Adequate in take of fluid and salt (ASS):- salt sugar solution. viii) Proper protective clothing. ix) Safe exposure time adjustment. x) Engineering control of environment heat/ ventilation. xi) Medical control ( Training and education, work rest pouse) xii) Acclimatisation ( acquainted) of the workers. Heat stroke:- Headache, vomiting dizziness, weakness, hot dry skin, no sweating. High temp, rapid strong pulse, rapid, deep respiration, loss of consciousness, coma, convulsion. What to do?:- Immediate rapid cooling by ice bath r warp in wet bed sheet/blanket. Fan it with coolers. Call doctor or shift him to medical. Heat Exhaustion:- Weakness, fatigue, headache loss of appetite, vomiting temp normal of body, cold, moist skin, heavy sweating, weak pulse, shallow respiration. What to do?:- Move to a cool place and lie down in a well ventilated room. Give cool drinking water. Heat cramps:- Painful spasm of arm, leg or abdominal muscles during or after work, heavy sweating. What to do ? :- Move to a cool place. Give salted fluid. Heat syncope:- Fainting while standing in hot environment, lack of acclimatization occur after exercise. What to do?:- Move to a cool place and lie down, give water. Prickly heat:- Painful, itchy, red rash occur during sweating due to humid heat. What to do? :- Move to a cool place, apply calamine lotion or cool wet cloth. Heat Fatigue:- Weariness, irritability, loss of skill for fine or precision work, decrease in ability to concentrate, lack of acclimatization, other emotional and psychological stress. 145. NEED AND SELECTION OF PPES Ans:- It is suitably proved that 20 to 30% of total accidents can be protected by using personal protective equipments. We generally know PPEs are the last line of defence measure but it becomes the most important of safety or defence mechanism where engg. Control fails. The need of PPEs exist because. NEED OF PPEs:- i. Chances of failure of engineering control material process, equipments & safety devices cannot be denied. ii. It can act as a barrier between human & hazard from the accidental injury. iii. Where engineering or other control methods can not applicable of so effective iv.It protects from most of the atmospheric contaminats & toxic chemicals where engineering control is in efficient. v. It is a statutory as well as moral duty to prove suitable ppes. The need of ppe’s can depend on the results came out of:- i. Accident experiences. ii. Report of safety committee. iii. Safety audit, surveys & job safety analysis. iv.Report of the factory inspector. v. Record of the material department. After it is decided the PPEs is needed then the most important practices are:- i. Select proper type of equipment or ppe’s ii. Proper use of PPEs should be monitored. iii. Proper storage & Maintenance of PPEs should be carried out CLASSIFICATION OF PPEs & SELECTION:- Selection of ppe’s depends on the :- i. Nature, severity & type of hazard/ ii. Size, weight& efficiency of ppe’s required iii. Level of comfortness that is required. iv.Work environment conditions like temperature, pressure & humidities etc. v. Required Indian standard. vi.Their availability & cost effectiveness. vii. Portability of the ppe’s & period for which it will be used viii. Material of construction & design of the equipment. ix.Nature & Activities of the wearer. REQUIRED FEATURE OF PPEs:- i. They should give adequate protection against hazards. ii. They should hare minimum cost, compatible & good looking. iii. They should be portable & flexible attached to the body parts. iv.They themselves should be cause any hazard. v. They should be durable & long lasting. vi.They should be easy to use, clean, store & maintained. vii. They should be required material of construction, design & quality meeting the Indian standards. viii. The parts or pieces should be easily available. Above criterias should be considered when ordering the PPEs to get a good & quality personal protective equipment.


CLASSIFICATION OF PPE’S PPES:---(A)Non-Respiratory-----It protect toe to head except Respiratory system such as:- Head protection, face protection, eye, neck, ear protection, body, foot, hand protection, fall protection (safety belt) , radiation protection. ( B) Respiratory----- It protect only the respiratory system. RESPIRATORY PPE’S further divided into 3 catagories. i. supply air type ii.Air purifying type iii. other type i.supply air type is further divided into 2 categories. A. Air supplied from separate source. (B)-SCBA type (A)I-Air line respiratory ii-Suction hose type iii-pressure Pressure hose mask type. (A)I- a. Continuous flow type, b. Demand type. (B) a. Open circuit type, b. Close circuit type. B. a. 1. Compressed air type. 2. compressed oxygen B. b. 1. compressed oxygen, 2. oxygen regenerating type. 146. Objectives & function of Occupational Health service? Ans : The following arte the objectives of accupational health service. 1. Pre employment medical examination 2. First aid & emergency service 3. Supervision of work environment for the control of dangerous substances in the work environment. 4. Special periodic examination particularly for the workers in the dangerous operation. 5. Health education for disseminating information on specific hazards and risk in the work environment. It is necessary that occupational health service should serve the objective if being “preventive” rather than “creative”. The real purpose of OHS is initially preventive & the company will have to develop their services. Function of OHS:- The following are the functions of OHS. 1. Employment of medical officer or industrial physician. 2. Special examination of health of women & children. 3. medical & health care including emergency & first aid treatment. 4. Placing duties for the employees surveillance for monitoring both medical & engineering in the work environment, consolation with the workers for occupational health & safety service. 5. Supervision over sanitation, hygiene & canteen facilities 6. Maintenance of medical records for medical check up & follow up for monitoring health standards and to evaluate the improvement made in the health of the workers. 7. Advising the management for improving working condition. 8. Education & training in occupational health. 9. Co-operation with the safety committee wherever set up. 10. OHS may be entrusted where ever possible, with other applied activities such as nutrition programme, family planning, social services, recreation etc, concerning to the health & welfare of the workers. 147. Occupational Cancer Ans: cancer is the word given to abnormal changes in tissue growth i.e. basic changes in the genetic structure of cells. According to WHO carcinogen which induces cancer in men & women as a result of their occupation is called as a “Occupational Cancer”. The various types of cancer based on the body parts are given below. 1. Skin Cancer 2. Lung cancer 3. Liver cancer 4. cancer of eyes 5. cancer of bladder 6. cancer of blood forming organs. Most of the occupational cancer are caused due to the prolonged exposure to various carcinogenic substances. The routs of entry of carcinogens in to the body may be by a. Inhalation, b. Ingestion, c. skin absorption. Occupational cancer does not differ clinically & histo pathologically from other cancers. Information on occupational cancer is received from the 3 sources. a. Environmental monitoring b. Animal experiment c. Lab experiment. Cancer remains latent in the body for a long period & some time it takes as long as 20 to 40 years to detect external symptoms. Once it is detected full cure is many times difficult. It involves a. Operation & removal of the external parts. b. Radiography at the point of effect. c. Chemotherapy to the patient. 148.. SCBA? Write the advantages and disadvantages of SCBA? Ans: SCBA is self sufficient breathing apparatus which permits freedom of movements as the user carried the supply of breathable air. It is of 2 types. i. Compressed oxygen type ii. Compressed air type. SCBA has been classified as a. Demand compressed O2 or air breathing apparatus. b. Compressed O2 re-circulating & regenerating type breathing apparatus. Demand type SCBA This apparatus in which the user gets respirable o2 or air from compressed cylinder which is an integral part of the apparatus and enable the user to breath independently. In demand type SCBA air or O2 is admitted to the face piece through a two step pressure reducing mechanism & air or O2 is admitted only when the user inhales. Air or o2 admitted in the face piece is regulated to suit his rate of breathing automatically. It must be born in mind, apparatus design for air can not be used with oxygen cylinder & vice versa. Duration of time the user can remain irrespirable atmosphere is depended on the rating of apparatus & there is an audioble signal provided beside the pressure gauge to the work, the user when to leave the area. This apparatus is also called open circuit type breathing apparatus. Compressed O2 recirculating type & regenerating type BA


In this recirculating type, high pressure O2 passes through a pressure reducing & regulating valve in to a breathing bag. The user inhales the O2 through a one way breathing valve & his exhaled breath passes in to a canister containing chemical to absorb CO2 & moisture & passes through a cooler & in to the same breathing bag. O2 enters the breathing bag supply cylinder only when the volume of gas in the bag has decreased sufficiently to allow the supply valve to open. But in the regenerating type BA moisture content from the user exhaled breath reacts with granular chemical in canister to liberate O2. Also the chemical in the canister absorbs the exhaled CO2. This O2 enters a breathing bag from which the user inhales. -Advantage: - 6. It can be used in all respiratory hazards as air is supplied from a source carried by the user. 7. Closed circuit divided that purify removing CO2 and restoring oxygen (compressed oxygen cylinder) 8. Some SCBA combine chemicals with carbon dioxide and moisture from breath to make oxygen (oxygen generating type) 9. Airflow only when the wearer breathes hence utilizing the oxygen only when required. 10. Open circuits devices supply clean compressed air from a backpack cylinder and expel the stale inhaled air. Disadvantage: - 7. It is very costly. 8. It can be used for limited period as limited air supply and cannot be used for extent period at a stretch. 9. The bulky heavy apparatus can awkward and tiring to work. 10. ]If air supply is not continuous both closed and open circuit devices may allow contaminated air into the face piece. 11. Compressed air or oxygen cylinder need frequent replacement. 12. While using SCBA smoking and open flame is not permitted because of fire risk. 149.Sickness benefit : - It consist of periodical cash payment to the injured person incase of sickness. If his sickness is dully certificate by an insurance medical officer. The benefit is pays for a maximum period of 365 days. The daily rate being about 7/12 of the average daily wages. A person receiving sickness benefit is required to remain under medical treatment provided under this Act. Extended sickness benefit- In addition to 56 days of sickness benefit, insured person suffering from certain long term disease are entitled to extended sickness benefit as follows. Gr-A – Diseases for which external sickness benefit payable for 309 days are as follows. 1- T.B., 2- LEPROXY,3-MENTAL DISEASE, 4- MALLIGANT DISEASES, 5. HEMPLOGIA, 6. PARAPLAGIA, 7.CHRONIC, CHNGESTIVE FAILURE, 8. IMATURE CONTRACTS WITH VISION 6/60. 150. What is Ergonomics? What are its components? How it help in Safety & Health in Industry? Ans- The study of people’s efficiency in their working environment is known as “Ergonomics”. Ergonomics derived from two Greek words i.e. Ergonomics= “Ergon”+”nomos”. Ergon means work and Nomos means natural laws. Ergonomics is work, in a natural process i.e. a right man to be a right job. It is also called human factor engineering. It Studies the physical and behavioral interaction between human and the environment on and off the job. Injury levels rise, production is inefficient and other incidents occur which detract from organizational efficiency and worker well fair when worker and the environment are mismatched. The objective of ergonomics is to design a system in which the work place layout, work methods, machines and equipment and work environment (such as noise and illumination & proper ventilation) are computable with the physical and behavioral limitations of the worker. Its Components:- Anatomy- Anthropometry & Bio-mechanics are the discipline that establish the principle of standard for the design of equipment, work space and motion pattern for different operations to bring them in to harmony with the size, space, mobility and structure of the body. Physiology- Analysis the responses of human organism to physical activity and to different stresses occur during work. It measures the physiological cost of different work method. Psychology- It consists of skill of design making, skill of development to training method which will be helpful to work adaption. Engineering- It is the process of simplification or tasks, time and motions study. Work Study- The direction towards the study of industrial problems. Application of knowledge- The knowledge overall analysis the specific situations contributed to the enhancement or enrichment of the knowledge, which is applicable. Aim of Ergonomics: Experiment or research and design (R & D) Models Application of solution Validation of solution Practical Application The knowledge of engineering discipline helps to design & construct equipments, gazettes etc. taking due account of the human factors involved in the same. The physiologist contribute towards the supply of data regarding energy requirements of various tasks. Ergonomics Application:- The harmful stimuli associated with temp. changes (high or low), illumination (over bright or glaring) uncomfortable work positions leading to eventual orthopedics effects that leads to stress. It helps to solve the problems related to stress, work tolerance, design of tools and machineries, work benches & harmful noise levels Ergonomics have several applications in industry./advantages a) Human performance can be increased remarkable by the implementation of ergonomics suggestion in the working environment. b) By the proper ergonomics, way of accident analysis one can get an idea of the hazard of an industry. c) Accident can be prevented easily by the use of ergonomically designed protective devices. d) The ergonomically modify designed of the machine can improve the productivity of a factory. e) An Ergonomist can improve the working capacity of the workers of a particular workplace by improving physical & psychological condition of that workplace. f) In future through designs the productivity can be boosted up and sustained scientifically. g) When ergonomics is applied to stress & stairs that leads to work injury are less likely to occur. Jobs become more interesting & rewarding. Ergonomics is such a subject which has some direct relationship with man, machine and environment. So with the aid of ergonomic solution one can also increase the productivity of a system. Application of ergonomics in industry to improve productivity. There are several applications of ergonomics in industry. Design of a work place. A work place has a great effect on human performance. Due to a poor work place individual productivity will be decreased. An ergonomist can improve the working capacity of workers of a particular work place by improving physical and psychological condition of that work place.


Physical condition of a work place has some positive effect on the working capacity of its workers. A physical condition means the environmental conditions of the work place. i.e. thermal, illumination and acoustic condition of the work place. An ergonomist must maintain these parameters in such an optimum condition so that workers activity will not be decreased.Psychological condition of the work place color of the work place or machine, placement of tables, chairs and machines in working place have some effect on the mind of the workers and their individual productivity. Only by changing the color and replacement of furniture and machines ergonomically can improve the productivity of that concern. On the need: the ‘on’ position maybe up, right, forward, clockwise or pull and the ‘off’ position should be the reverse of these for easy operability. Dials and gauges: these should be simply designed easy to read, clearly labeled, placed according to their function, frequency and sequencing of use. If night operation is desired, it should be properly lit/illuminated. Cabin Space: Operators cabin should provide adequate space for operator comfort. Height, width, access dimension, angle of visibility and easy accessibility to controls should form the guidelines while designing the cabin ergonomically. Comfort Factor: While designing the work station standards for operator, exposure to noise, vibration, temperature, illumination and ventilation etc should be included in ergonomic design. In our country, application of ergonomics in industry is far from expectation. Considering the rapid industrial progress and hi-tech methods to be adopted during this decade as we already entered progressively into the 21st century. The ergonomics has to be accepted and applied in every sphere of life. 151. What are the different types of dust in industries and its control method? Ans- The different types of dust in industries are a) Inorganic dust:- Inorganic dust are – Coal dust (Anthracosis) Silica dust (Silicosis) Asbestos dust (Asbestosis) Iron dust (Siderosis) b) Organic vegetable dust:- Cane fiber dust (Bagassosis) Cotton fiber dust (Byssionosis) Tobaco dust (Tobacosis) Grain dust (Farmer’s Lung) Dust control method:- a) Rigorous dust control measure i.e. substitution, isolation, good housekeeping, personal protective measures etc. Substitution:- possible compound should be substituted by less toxic materials. Isolation:- All process which give rise to harmful concentration of dust or fumes should be enclosed and segregated. Good housekeeping:- Good housekeeping is essential where dust is present. Floors, benches, machines should be kept clean by wet sweeping. Personal protective measure:- Worker should be protected by approved respirators. b) Local exhaust ventilation:- There should be adequate local exhaust ventilation system to remove fumes and dust promptly. c) Use of safer types of asbestos i.e. chysolite & amosite. d) Substitution of other insulates i.e. glass, fiber, plastic forms etc. e) Periodic biological monitoring. f) Continuing research. g) Other measures for the prevention & suppression of dust such as wet process, enclosed apparatus, complete enclosure, hydroblasting etc. 152. Discuss the role of industrial hygienist with occupational physician?or DESCRIBE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE? Ans- Industrial Hygiene has been defined as that “Science and Art, devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental factors, or stresses, arising in, or from the work place, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being, or significant discomfort for in-efficiency amongst workers. The Occupational Health is a team work, which requires co-ordination with the Occupational Physician, the Industrial Hygienist, the Safety Professionals, the Occupational Nurse, the Industrial Toxicologist, the Health Physicists and supported by the ancillary health and safety workers. The Industrial Hygienist provides information’s to the Industrial Physician on the hazards present in the working environment, which may cause fatal injuries or sickness to the working people. They are:- 1) Determine employee response to work environment, 2) Co-relate employee complaints with potential hazard areas, 3) Undertake special Bio-chemical tests to determine if normal bodily functions have been impaired. 4) Provide the medical guidance to the employees on general health problems in relation to the Physical requirements of the job. 5) Through Physical Examinations, select workers for job assignments, where pre- existing conditions will not be aggravated nor will the workers presence endanger the health and safety of others. 6) To assist management in formulating an organization policy with the aim to protect and improve the physical and mental health of all working people and to implement in the respective areas. 7) To explain and discuss matters relating to the interaction between work and health with individuals, management and unions. 8) To identify, assess and advise management on the control of any health hazards affecting the employees or the public which may arise from the organizations activities. 9) To advise on the effect of ill health on the working capacity of all staff at the stages of recruitment, period of employment and on retirement. 10) To provide with in the agreed limits, an individual service to each person in the organization for initial and follow up treatment of illness and injury. 11) To keep confidential of the medical information in the interest of individual employee and the organization. 153. What are benefits available in ESI Act? Ans- E.S.I. Act passed in 1948 (Amended in 1975 and further) in an important measure of social security and health Insurance in this country. It provides for certain cash and medical benefits to Industrial Employees incase of sickness, maternity and employment injury. B E N E F I T S : The Act has made provision for the following benefits to insured persons or as the case may be, to other dependents. A. Medical benefit: It consists of full medical care including hospitalization free of cost in case of sickness, employment injury & maternity. Medical treatment and attendance to insured person and his family member.


B. Sickness benefit: It is periodic payment to an insured person incase of his sickness certified by duly appointed medical practitioner. It is 34 days wef.1.1.2000. C. Maternity benefit: It is a periodic payment to an insured woman incase of confinement or miscarriage out of pregnancy or pre-matured birth of child, being certified to be illegible for such payment by an authority as specified. This is 12 weeks- 6weeks- 30days. D. Disablement benefit: A periodic payment to an insured person suffering from disablement as a result of an employment injury duly certified to be eligible for such payment by an authority as specified. This is 85% of the wage. E. Dependants benefit: periodic payment such dependant of an insured person who dies as a result of an employment injury. This is 40% limited to 14/-. F. Funeral benefit: Payment to the eldest surviving member of the family of an insured person who has died towards the expenditure of the funeral or where the insured person has no family to person who actually incur the expenditure. This benefit is Rs. 2500/-. 154. How chemical enter in to human body? Discuss in details? Ans- Chemical enters in to the human body through the route of Inhalation, Ingestion, and Absorption. INHALATION:- Most cases of industrial poisoning is caused by inhalation, of the chemical compounds in a gaseous and vaporous form. It usually involves a Volatile substance, like, Gas, Dust, Smoke, or Aerosol. Volatile solvents, such as, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Acetone , Methyl- chloride, Methyl –chloroform , and Carbon Tetra Chloride may be encountered in individual exposures , solvents sniffing among adolescents or accidents in the home, gasses such as CO, Hydrogen sulphide and Methane in industries. Smokes and dusts of industrial origin may involve LEAD,MERCURY, SILICON, ASBESTOS & BERYLLIM. Inhalation, as a route of entry, is particularly important, because of rapidity with which a toxic material can be absorbed in the lungs, pass in to the blood stream, and reach the brain. Hence inhalation is the major route of entry for hazardous chemicals in the work environment. I N J E S T I O N: - In the work place people can unknowingly eat or drink harmful chemicals, toxic compounds, which are capable of being absorbed from the gastro-intestine tract, in to the blood, for example, Lead oxide can cause serious problems, if workmen are allowed to take their meals or drink or allowed to smoke in these area.Injection in to the blood vessels, i.e. Intra-venous, and in the injury of the muscles, subcutaneous, and intra-dermal and may be ingested by food or drink .A B S O R P T I O N: - Intact skin gives a good barrier, and protects from chemicals. Unfortunately, there are some chemicals can cause harm, which is absorb3d in the skin. Absorption through the skin can occur quite rapidly if the skin is cut or abraded. Some substances are absorbed by way of the openings of hair follicles and others dissolved in the fat and oils of the skin. Such as organic lead compounds, many nitro-compounds and organic phosphate, pesticides, compounds of xylene and toluene are good solvents, which absorbs through the skin. Many organic c0mpounds such as TNT, Cyanides, most aromatic amines, amides, & Phenols and its derivatives, can produce systemic poisoning by direct contact with the skin. Application to unbroken skin, for example, Organic Phosphates, Nicotine, Insecticides, some Organic Solvents and Lewisite gas penetrates to the skin and produce intoxication and death. Other substances which are absorbed through the skin are Sandrine, Methyl Salicylate, Mercury, Tetra-Ethyl Lead, and Alkyled compounds, Hormones, such as Estrogens,, Progesterone, Testosterone and Desoxy-Corticasteron, Vitamins –D and K, etc. To sum up absorption the following points are considered vital:- 1. Application on the wound, 2. Application on the serous surface, 3. Application to the Bronco-Tracheal mucus membrane 4. Introduction to the stomach, 5. Introduction to the natural orifices, e. g. Eye, Rectum, Vagina, Urethra, etc. as some times some drugs can be given by rectal route to produce a systemic effect , e. g. Aspirin, Barbiturates, Chloral Hydrate, Chlorpromazine, etc. 155. How personal hygiene & good house keeping has role in protection of health of the workers in industry? Ans- Both have an important role in the protection of the health of people at work. Laid down procedure as necessary for preventing the spread of contamination for example the immediately cleaning of spillage, safe disposal of waste and regular cleaning of work stations etc. The provision & use of adequate washing & eating facilities with instruction for workers on the hygiene measures they should take to prevent the spread of contamination are also required. The use of lead at work is an example of where this is particularly important. Example of such practices- Cleaning up of spills before they have a chance to evaporate in the work room. Adequate and immediate disposal of solvents- soaked rages as well as empty containers and backs likely to contain reduces of chemicals. Periodic cleaning of work place (with water or vacuum) in order to avoid accumulation of dust on beams, machinery window sills etc. Keeping all containers with volatile chemicals tightly closed. Provision to enable to practice the above. Smooth surfaces (wall & floor)- porous surface & cracks are to be avoided. Facilities for adequate cleaning (water, vacuum). Dust never blown with compressed air or removed with dry sweeping. Slightly inclined floors with canalization. Facilities for waste disposal. It is impossible to get the satisfactory result if the workers are not educated regarding the need & methods of achieving these principles. The design of a new plant or process is the ideal stage to incorporate hazard prevention and control features. Example- limiting the quantities of toxic material handled the provision of remote handling facilities, using noise control features in the design and layout of new machinery etc. 156. Define Occupational Health. Write in detail about the different measure that can be under taken for the prevention of Occupational diseases in industry? Ans- Occupational Health should aim at the promotion and Maintenance of the, highest degree of, Physical, Mental and social Well-being of workers of departures from Health, caused by their working conditions. The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health, the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational Environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and to summarize, the adoption of work to man and of each man to his job. Measures for Prevention of occupational diseases:- Principles are the guiding factors of our actions and are based on sound judgment regarding the hazards involved in various job situations, expects us to form certain procedures by which we can reduce the risk factors to the health of the workers. All safety measures should be taken to save the workers from exposure to- a)Physical, b) Chemical, c) Mechanical, d)Biological, e)Radiological factors etc. First Aid and fire fighting equipments should be readily available at the work place.


Workers and managers should have full knowledge of the use of various tools and machines employed. They must have complete knowledge of hazards involved in work being carried out and preventive steps required while working. Tools and machines should be checked before used, worn out instruments should be replaced promptly. Medical fitness and professional competence of a worker should be checked, before employing and putting him in to job. Such procedure helps in better out put and quality things. Periodically medical check up should be done regularly for detection of occupational diseases. Suitable machines should be installed to carry on heavy work. Safety devices and other health saving materials should be provided by the management, like PPEs. Inspection by supervisory staff should be done sincerely in regular intervals and follow up action should be prompted. All the legislative provisions regarding the workplace and working conditions of men employed should be followed strictly. 157. What do you know about disability limitation? In what way safety professionals can limit the disability. Ans- The last two levels of prevention, e,g disability limitation and rehabilitation are referred to as “ tertiary prevention. When the patient report late in the pathogenesis period, the level of application is disability limitation. The object is to stop the disease process by instituting adequate treatment and thereby to limit the disability, prevent further complications and if possible prevent or postpone death. Once there is disability limitation, the best way to limit it is through rehabilitation. REHABILITATION:-Rehabilitation is an integral part of medical care and defined as, “the combined and co-ordinate use of Medical, Social Educational and Vocational measures for training or retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability” (WHO 1969)”. Rehabilitation medicine has emerged in recent years as a medical specialty. It involves disciplines such as Physical Medicine or Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy Speech Therapy Audiology Psychology, Education, Social Work Vocational guidance and Placement service. The following areas of concern in rehabilitation have been identified. a) Medical Rehabilitation – restoration of function. b) Vocational Rehabilitation - restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihood. c) Social Rehabilitation – restoration of family and social relationships. d) Psychological Rehabilitation – restoration of personal dignity and confidence. Rehabilitation is no longer looked upon as extra curricular activities, of a doctor. The current view is that the responsibility of the doctor does not end when the “temperature is normal and stitches are removed”. The patient must be restored and retrained “to live and work within the limits of his disability but to the hilt of his capacity”. As such medical rehabilitation should start very early in the process of medical treatment. For Example: Establishing Schools for the Blind Provision of aid for the crippled Reconstructive Surgery in Leprosy Muscle re-education & Grade Exercise in Neurological Disorders like – Polio-myelitis Change of profession for a more suitable one Modification of Life in general in the case of Tuberculosis, Cardiac Patients and others. These types of Patients should be given opportunity so that they can prove their ability than better worker of their able-bodied colleagues. Milton was blind, Louis Pasteur had a stroke, when he was 40, Roosevelt was on wheel – chair after an attack of poliomyelitis. Their contribution to literature, science, and politics would have been lost to the world it they, as disabled people, were considered unfit for gainful employment. Rehabilitation makes “productive people out of non-productive people”. 158. Explain the principle of operation of SCBA with a neat sketch? Ans- Limitation of hose mask is the trailing hose which may result in entangle bead and user must return by retracing his roof in the contaminated atmosphere. SCBA is a self contained breathing apparatus, which permits freedom of movement as the wearer carries the supply of breathable air. Open circuit type: - (Demand type compressed oxygen/compressed air) This is a birthing apparatus in which the user gets irrespirable air or oxygen from a cylinder which is an integral part of the apparatus and enables wearer to breathe independently in the surrounding atmosphere. In a demand type SCBA air or oxygen is admitted to the face piece through a two stage prenure reducing mechanism and air is admitted in the face piece only when the user inhale, which is regulated to suit his rate of breathing automatically. In other words he gets air/oxygen according to his demand. Apparatus designed for oxygen can not be used for compressed air or vice-versa. Duration of time the user can remain in irrespirable atmosphere is dependent on the rating of apparatus and there is an audio signal provided beside of prenure gauge to warn the user to leave the area. The exhaled air passed through a non-return valve to the atmosphere. This apparatus is called open circuit type breathing apparatus. Closed circuit type: - (a) compressed oxygen recirculating breathing apparatus: -In this type of breathing apparatus high tenure oxygen passes through a prenure regulating and reducing valve into the breathing bag. The user inhales this oxygen through a one way breathing valve and exhaled breath passes into a canister containing chemical to absorb exhaled CO2 and moisture passes through a coiler and then into the same inlet breathing pipe .the oxygen enters the breathing pipe from supplying cylinder only when the volume of the gas in the bag has decreased sufficiently to allow the supply valve to open. (b). Oxygen regenerating type breathing apparatus: - In this apparatus moisture contain from the user exhale breath react with granules or granular chemical. A canister to liberate the oxygen. Also the exhaled CO2 is absorbed by the chemical in the canister. This oxygen enters the breathing bag from which the user inhales through a corrugated breathing tube connecting the bag to the face piece. Advantage: - It can be used in all respiratory hazards as air is supplied from a source carried by the user. Closed circuit divided that purify removing CO2 and restoring oxygen (compressed oxygen cylinder) Some SCBA combine chemicals with CO2 and moisture from breath to make O2 (O2 generating type) Airflow only when the wearer breathes hence utilizing the O2 only when required. Open circuits’ devices supply clean compressed air from a backpack cylinder and expel the stale inhaled air. Disadvantage It is very costly. It can be used for limited period as limited air supply and cannot be used for extent period at a stretch. The bulky heavy apparatus can awkward and tiring to work. If air supply is not continuous both closed and open circuit devices may allow contaminated air into the face piece. Compressed air or oxygen cylinder need frequent replacement. While using SCBA smoking and open flame is not permitted because of fire risk. 159. What are the types of radiation & their effects on health and how ionization radiation is controlled?


Ans- Radiation is a type of energy. It moves through space or air in the form of waves or particles. All forms of radiation are not visible except white light (the colour spectrum). Some forms of radiation can be felt as heat. Types of radiation:- (A) Ionizing radiation (B) Non-ionizing radiation (A) Ionizing radiation: Ionizing radiation has enough energy to split / ionize atoms in biological matter. Radio active materials emit ionizing radiation of three types. a) ALPHA The nuclei of atoms of the element helium. These don’t penetrate the skin. It is hazardous if swallowed or breathed into the body or they enter the body through wounds. b) BETA These have greater penetrating power than alpha; can be stopped by glass / metal. c) GAMMA Electromagnetic radiations similar to light and radio waves, with high energy. These can penetrate great thickness of matter before they are observed. It can be screened by sufficient thickness of lead, concrete or water. (B) Non-ionizing radiation: It does not have enough energy to ionize but it vibrates and rotates tissue molecules and thereby heats the tissue that it strikes. It is classified by frequency and wavelength. Like – ultra violate, infrared, radio frequency waves, etc. The most common source of ultra violate radiation is “SUN”. Other sources are incandescent, fluorescent light source, welding operation. Radiation has two type of effect

i. Initial Radiation (quick response ) ii. Residual Radiation (Slow response , dead cell replacement ).

The biological effects of radiation of whole body may become apparent in four successive phases. They are :- Radiation Sickness / Malaise, Delayed Effects, Long Term Effects / or Injuries, Genetic Damage Effects on health:- a) ALPHA, BITA, GAMA, X-RAY radiation- Process of cell division Production of enzymes and hormones affected Unregulated cell division may lead to cancer or leukemia Embryo or fetus are vulnerable and child may born with congenital malformations Aging process may hasten Lowering resistance to diseases and precipitating psychological stress Health effects get transferred to future generations Damage to sex chromosome lead to sterility, miscarriage, spontaneous abortions Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis Schizophrenia X – Ray causes Skin burns. Burns are carcinogenic High intensity X – Ray cause genetic damage, birth defects, menstrual irregularity, short life expectancy, premature aging and chronic dermatitis. b) Radiation frequency microwave radiation- Microwaves penetrate the skin easily and enter deep into the body. It heats up the internal organs and body tissues. It changes chemicals of peripherial blood. Functional disturbance of endocrine gland and nervous system and lead to HEAT STRESS, cause damage to the lens of the eye, to the tests and germ cells and cause genetic disorder. The whole set of symptoms called “TELEGRAPHER’S DISEASE” or “MICROWAVE DISEASE”. Symptoms are headache, nervous excitability, auditory sensation, lack of appetite, impotence and menstrual irregularities. c) Ultra violate radiation:- Cause skin burn, keratosis (skin cancer), damage conjunctiva and cornea of eye, popularly known as “WELDERS FLESH BURN”, pregnancy and birth problems. d) Visible radiation :- Very dangerous to eye, causes fatigue, nausea, irritability and changes body chemistry. e) Infrared radiation :- Cause damage to eye, face worker may develop heat cataract, glass workers / blowers cataract. CONTROL OF IONIZATION RADIATION:- Shield the source. Maintain distance from the source. Completely avoid exposure. Isolate the ray by thick lead shield (for X-Ray). Use glass screens for ultra violate radiations. Use P.P.Es, like ground shields, protective suits, wire netting helmets, protective goggles, eye glass with mineral oxides. 160. Discuss in detail about the health problems due to industrialization. To solve these problems, what is your suggestion? Ans- Human needs are never ending. Discovery of new products and production of the needed luxuries, to suit the changing life style are accomplished by the process of industrialization. Occupational Environment is meant the sum of external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the working population. The Industrial worker today is placed in a highly complicated environment which is getting more complicated day by day as man is becoming more ingenious. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment, which are caused health problems to human- 1. Environmental Factors:- Water, Air, Climate, Latitude, Longitude, Rainfall, Soil, Housing, Methods of disposal of Wastes, Insects , Rodents, Animals. A) Physical Agents :- The physical factors in the working environment which may be adverse to Health Are Heat, Cold, Humidity, Air Movement, Head Radiation, Light, Noise, Vibrations, and Ionizing radiations. These factors act in different ways on the health and efficiency of the workers, singly or in different combinations. The amount of working and breathing space, toilet, washing and bathing facilities are also important factors in an Occupational Environment. B) Chemical Agents:- (Endogenous & Exogenous Substances ) These comprise a large number of chemicals, toxic dusts and gases , which are potential hazards to the health of the workers . Some chemical agents cause disabling respiratory illness, some cause injury to skin, and some may have a deleterious effect on the blood & other organs of the body (eg)diabetes, Acidosis, uremia. C) Biological Agents : The workers may be exposed to viruses rickettisial, bacterial and parasitic agents, like, Fungi, Protozoa, Metazoan etc., which may result from close contact with animals or their products, contaminated water, soil or food.


2. Man & Machine:- (Mechanical Hazards ) An industry or factory implies the use of the machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, and lack of safety measures are the cause of accidents which is a major problem in industries. Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, Backache, diseases of joints and muscles, and impairment of worker’s health and efficiency. 3. Man & Man : ( Psychological Hazard ) There are numerous psychological factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships, amongst the workers themselves on the one hand and those in authority over them on the other. The worker takes his worries home, and brings disturbances to his work which arise in his domestic environment. Stress at work may disturb his sleep, just as stress at home may affect his work. Severe prolonged stress no matter where it has been aroused may produce serious physical and mental symptoms, which do not allow man to work efficiently. To solve these health problems, all people/ employees should be made aware of keeping good health. Any conditions which can spoil health of employees should be corrected/ eliminated. All employees/ people should be subjected to medical tests periodically to check their health. Creating awareness of health will ultimately benefit industry because employees will remain alert and contribute their best to industry. It will be right according to my opinion that is first control the pollution. The pollutants can either be isolated at the point of release or its production, or converted for another purpose- thus keeping it within restricted area. There should apply surveillance and diagnostic method to prevent health problem of human being due to industrialization. 161. Describe various items of On-site emergency plan? Ans- On Site Emergency plan should contain the following information’s:--- 1. Emergency Organization:- Selecting person In Charge/ Alternates Specifying the functions of each key individual and group Plant risk evaluation Details of hazardous materials Location of hazardous materials. Special fire fighting procedures (if any) 2. Medical facilities:- The firm must have access to clinic/ hospital/ nursing home served by a fulltime nurse and doctor. Beds, stretchers, oxygen and other medical equipment are the usual requirements. The list of nearby hospitals, number of bed available at each hospital, telephone number etc. should be displayed in the emergency center at a prominent location. 3. Emergency equipment and facilities:- Fire fighting equipment. Emergency medical supplies. Self contain breathing apparatus. Safety goggles, boots, rubber gloves, helmets and other PPEs. 4. Conveyance system:- During an emergency, supplies and equipment may require to be transported to the scene of the accident. Upon the declaration of an emergency, these vehicles may be made available for emergency operations. 5. Notification & communication procedures:- This element of emergency planning deals with the equipment and methods, and procedures required for effective communication during an emergency. Like— Raising alarm/warning system. Making the emergency known within the establishment. Notifying external agencies, wherever required. Communication equipment, like- radio, hotlines etc. Emergency control/ sub control center. 6. Safety training:- Induction training for new employees. Operating procedures like starting, shut down procedure etc. Procedure for reporting emergencies. Knowledge of alarm systems. Permit procedures. Use of fire fighting equipment. Evacuation procedures. First aid training is another area which requires special attention in safety training. Drills & exercises constitute the second basic component of disaster management. The objectives of this are to- Provide hands-on experience with the procedures to be implemented during an emergency, Test the validity of the plan and procedures, maintain disaster management. After the drill or exercise is concluded, the evaluators should review it to determine the effectiveness of- The overall plan structure Prompt notification to external agencies The response personnel preparedness Evacuation or sheltering procedures. One or more meetings should be held to critique the results. A written report should be prepared pointing out: Suggestion for improving the effectiveness of the plan and/ or procedures. Suggestion for the acquisition of additional materials and equipment. Areas where additional training is recommended. Testing & evaluation is an integral part of emergency preparedness. Its main objectives are to- Assess of effectiveness of the plan and its response. Test knowledge and skill of participating personnel. Identify training needs of response personnel..


Test the communication network and co-operative response skills. 162. Tabulate the cause of difference hazards? I.DISEASES DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENTS. II. DISEASES DUE TO CHEMICAL AGENTS 1)GASES (Causes Gas poisoning)- CO2, CO HCN, CS2 NH3, N2, H2S, HCL, SO2 2) DUSTS (Causes Pneumoconiosis) I) In organic Dusts :- a) Coal Dust -Anthracosis b) Silica -Silicosis c) Asbestos -Asbestosis, Cancer of Lungs d) Iron -Siderosis II) Organic Vegetable Dust / Mineral Dusts a) Cane Fiber - Bagassosis b) Cotton Dust - Byssinosis c) Tobacco - Tobacossis d) Hay or Grain Dust - Farmer’s Lung. 3) METALS & THEIR COMPOUNDS Toxic hazards from :- Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Manganese, Beryllium, Arsenic, Chromium etc. 4)CHEMICALS:-Acids,Alkalies, Pesticides 5)SOLVENTS :-Carbon–Bi-sulphate, Benzene, Trichloro – ethylene Chloroform, etc. III) DISEASES DUE TO BIOLOGICAL AGENTS :

Brucellosis, Leptospirosis Anthrax Actinomycosis Hydatidosis, Psittacosis

sTetanus, Encephalitis Fungal Infs, etc. IV) OCCUPATIONAL CANCER Cancer of the Skin, Lungs, Bladder etc. V) OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS Dermatitis, Eczema VI) DISEASES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN : Industrial Neurosis, Hypertension, Peptic Ulcer etc. 163.WHAT IS HEAVY METAL POISONING? DISCUSS WITH EXAMPLES. OCCURANCE: Mercury is generated in various industries such as Acetaldehyde and Acetylene Acetic Acid Agricultural and industrial poisons Antifouling Paint Artificial Silk Barometers Chlorine Electrical apparatus incandescent bulbs Amalgams manufactures Mercury vapour tubes Rectifier batteries Silver wires Textiles Thermometers Treatment of gold Vacuum pumps X-RAY tubes and mercury arc treatment SSIIGGNN AANNDD SSYYMMPPTTOOMMSS Gingivitis, metallic or bitter taste in mouth, bluish line on gums, slate gray pigmentation on vestibular side of gums or on the plates or inside of the cheeks, gastritis, possible dermatitis, cough, breathlessness bronchitis, pneumonitis, psychiceuphoria and erithisim. Nervous involvement on two lines. Fine intension tremors resembling that in multiple sclerosis. Parkinsonism with tremors at rest and reduced motor function, this may occur without gastro –intestinal symptoms, unsteady staggering gait, mask like faces, absence of balance, recovery reflexes, tremor beings with suitable trembling of fingers. Eyes-radish-gray discoloration of crystalline lens DDIIAAGGNNOOSSIISS,, SSPPEECCIIAALL TTEESSTTSS Occupational history Mercury in urine should not exceed 50 micro-gm/liter Mercury in blood should not exceed 3 micro-gm/liter Examination for presence of tremors at rest or with movement BBIIOOLLOOGGIICCAALL AASSSSEESSMMEENNTT The best method of assessing exposure to mercury vapour and inorganic or aryl compounds or mercury is the determination of mercury quantitatively in the urine by atomic absorption spectrometric or diphisone colorimetry. After which the ratio between exposure level of mercury in air and excretion level in urine of the exposed person is found out. Normally the average air concentration of mercury of 50 micro-gm/m3 corresponds 100-150 micro-gm per liter. So if any abnormality is marked then medical treatment should be carried out as quickly as possible. HHEEAALLTTHH EEXXAAMMIINNAATTIIOONN

1. Heat Heat hyper pyrexia, Heat Exhaustion Heat Syncope , Heat Cramps, Burns and local affects such as prickly heat.

2. Cold Trench Foot, Frost Bite Chilblains

3. Light Occupational Cataract, Miner’s- Nystagmus

4. Pressure Caisson disease, Air embolism, blast (Explosion)

5. Noise Occupational Deafness

6. Radiation Cancer, Leukemia, Aplastic Anemia, Pancytopenia.

7. Mechanical Factors

Injuries & Accidents.

8. Electricity Burns


RReeppllaacceemmeenntt EExxaammiinnaattiioonn:: Replacement examination should include a medical history and a physical examination, with special attention to the oral cavity, nerves system and mental health. A sample of handwriting should be taken and file for future reference. PPeerriiooddiicc eexxaammiinnaattiioonn:: IIn medical terms the periodic examination is same as the replacement one. Depending on the level of exposure it may be carried out at intervals of 6-12 months. If the exposure is very high it may be necessary to repeat the examination at even shorter interval 164.PREPARE A TRAINING PROGRAM ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF THREE DAYS DURATION FOR A STEEL INDUSTRY The hazards present in a steel industry with respect to occupational health are as follows: -

HAZARDS ORIGIN/ LOCATION Dust Coal handling plant, sintering plant, blast furnace, steel melting shop, coke

oven, Foundry etc. Noise

Power plant, By products plant, Hot rolling mills, Foundry, Blooming & Slabbing mills & the machineries producing >90dB sound.

Vibration

All drilling machines, Grinding machines, Vibrators, Heavy earth movers etc.

Radiation

Welding/gas cutting fumes, “X” ray radiation

Heat

Near boiler, Steel melting shop, Blast furnace, Foundry, Coke oven, Sintering plant, Hot rolling mills etc

Abnormal air pr. Oxygen plant, Compressor house, Blast furnace etc the training program of two days duration to prevent the workers from the above occupational health hazard in a steel industry is as followsay DAY-1 Day-2

Sl. No

Time Topic Faculty Remarks

1 9.00AM to 10.30AM Abnormal air pressure HOD, Mech Maint.

2 10.30AM to 11.30AM Dangers of welding fumes Safety Officer 3 11.30AM to 12.00PM Tea break 4 12.00PM to 1.00PM Heat effect on human body OHC Doctor 5 1.00PM to 2.30PM Lunch break 6 2.30PM to 3.30PM Video Film on the above subjects Operator Trg.

Center

7 3.30PM to 4.00PM Tea break 8 4.00PM to 5.00PM Valediction Safety Mgr.

Day-3

Sl no Time Topic Faculty Remarks

1 9.00 AM to 9.30AM

Inauguration of the program. Training Officer

2 9.30 AM to 10.30 AM

Dust prevention Mgr. Coal handling plant

3 !0.30 AM to 11.00 AM

Tea break

4 11.00 AM to 12.30 PM

Health effect of vibration Safety officer

5 12.30 PM to 2.00 PM

Lunch break

6

2.00 PM to 3.30 PM

NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss)

OHC Doctor

7 3.30PM to 4.00PM

Tea break

8 4.00PM to 5.00PM

Video Film on the above subjects

Operator Trg. Center

SI NO

1 10 AM TO 11AM Speech about steel industry growth and globalization.

2 11 AM TO 12 AM Prize given to safety professional And valuable workers

3 12 PM TO 1 PM Certificate given to different safety and other delegates who achieve zero accident.

4 1 PM TO 2PM lunch 5 2 PM TO 3PM Video on safety awareness 6 3 PM TO 4PM Drama on safety incidents 7 4 pm to 5pm Drama on safety accidents 8 5 pm to 6pm Snacks and tea and closing of

training programme


165.DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL PHYSISIAN FOR PREVENTION OF DISEASE. Following are the role of an occupational physician for prevention of diseases: - To assist management in formulating an organization policy with the aim to protect and improve the physical and mental health of all working people and to implement in the respective areas. To explain and discuss matters relating to the interaction between work and health with individuals, management and unions. To identify, assess and advise management on the control of any health hazards affecting the employees or the public which may arise from the organizations activities. To advise on the effect of ill health on the working capacity of all staff at the stages of recruitment, period of employment and on retirement. To provide with in the agreed limits, an individual service to each person in the organization for initial and follow up treatment of illness and injury. To keep confidential of the medical information in the interest of individual employee and the organization. 166.WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY HEARING CONVERVATION PROGRAM? An effective hearing conservation programme should be under taken where exposure to industrial noise is capable of producing hearing loss. The object is to insure that an employee’s hearing is not affected during his working life to an extent greater than that usually occurring with age and to preserve it a level sufficient for normal speech reception Conservation program is needed in situation where the hearing loss, as measured by audiometry, is more than 10dB at 400Hz.it also indicated when the sound levels in the working environments more than 90dB and there is difficulty to communicate by speech. The program consists of: - Noise exposure analysis Engineering control noise Protection of hearing and ear defenders where necessary, and Measurement of hearing by audiometry. Why hearing conservation is necessary? It is understood that noise damages the hearing either temporarily or permanently. It creates physical, mental stress and causes accidents due to poor communication at work place. Hearing is priceless for every individual. Without a good hearing one cannot enjoy or even lead a normal life. Impaired hearing may affect job performance. It affects health, wellbeing and some times even loss of employment. It is statutorily necessary to protect the hearing of the workers exposed to excess noise it is the responsibility of the occupier of the factory and agent of the mines. What are the principles behind HCP? Every industry should have a hearing conservation policy. A trained and responsible person preferably from OHS should supervise the programme. A complete noise survey of the entire work place should be conducted with the help of a sound level meter, octave band analyzer and noisy areas are to be identified Areas where noise level exceeds 85 dB (critical level) noise control programme should be implemented. Workplace noise survey should be repeated every year to exclude or exclude areas where noise level has been brought below the critical level and new areas where noise level gone beyond the critical level respectively. HCP is important for all employees and not for those employees exposed to high noise. Awareness programme should be organized to convince every one that this programme is organized medically and its objective is to prevent hearing loss among the employees. The audiometric test should be performed among all employees before recruitment, on transfer to noisy jobs at periodic intervals and before superannuation. Interpretation of the audiogram should be done by an audiologist/otologist/ENT specialist/occupational physician. At least opinion of two of them should be considered while making the diagnosis. All audiograms are to be preserved till the retirement of the employee. Noise dose received by each exposed employee during 8 hours of work should be computed by using noise dosimeter and an individual noise exposure card to be maintained. Noise control and hearing protection programme should go simultaneously. Hearing protectors should be made available free of cost to all employees. HCP is a team work. It becomes successful if employees, management, trade unions and OHS center work together. HCP therefore is not only restricted to performing noise measurement at the workplace or audiometry of exposed workers or supplying ear protectors to the individuals it is rather some thing beyond this. What are the components of HCP? Noise measurement and control. Hearing protection Audiometric testing of employees Education about HCP Record keeping Rehabilitation of employees with hearing impairment. 167.IMPACT OF STEEL INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS ON WATER BODIES The major pollution effects of the untreated wastewaters of steel industry if discharged into the receiving water bodies are: toxicity to aquatic life, reduction of D.O., silting due to suspended solids, taste and odor problems, temperature rise affecting the dissolved oxygen and aquatic life and formation of oil slicks due to floating oil. Toxicity to aquatic life due to ammonia, phenols (monohydric, Polyhydric and derivatives of phenols) and cyanide is well known. With the rise of pH value, the concentration of free ammonia increases. Hence, ammonia toxicity is particularly severe at high pH. Due to discharge of biodegradable organic substances from CO and BP plant into the water bodies, the soil and water bacteria utilize the organic matter as source of carbon and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water for there operational requirement. Considerable quantities of suspended and colloidal matter in the discharge reduces the penetration of sunlight. In the water bodies, resulting in reduction of Photosynthetic activity, an essential feature of self purification of polluted water bodies. Suspended and colloidal matter can also smother bottom dwelling aquatic organisms affecting the life of water bodies/streams and may lead to heavy siltation which affects the flow. Untapped oil and grease from the effluent lead to formation of ugly oil slicks and iridescent, colour which cause poor aesthetics. Oil slicks also reduce the diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere to water affecting self purification. Where steel plants


are located on the coasts, wave action invariably brings back oil and grease to the shore and spoils the beaches. Coal-tar from coke oven and byproduct creates maximum physical problems. Lighter floats on water and attaches itself to anything on its way giving an ugly appearance and heavy matter settles down choking the pipes and cavities in waste treatment units. Phenol substances in coke oven wastewater are known to create taste and odor problems even at 0.002 mg/l level when chlorinated. Fish living in water containing non-toxic level of phenol are found to be affected. Soluble iron and manganese are known to give rise to bad taste in drinking water even at 0.1 mg/l.6Hot uncontaminated effluents in steel plants can reduce DO level and decrease the solubility of oxygen. Nearly 2/3 of water consumed in steel plants is used for heat exchange only and requires' no treatment except cooling. This water should be segregated, cooled and recalculated. 168. What do you know about disability limitation? In what way safety professionals can limit the disability. Ans- The last two levels of prevention, e,g disability limitation and rehabilitation are referred to as “ tertiary prevention. When the patient report late in the pathogenesis period, the level of application is disability limitation. The object is to stop the disease process by instituting adequate treatment and thereby to limit the disability, prevent further complications and if possible prevent or postpone death. Once there is disability limitation, the best way to limit it is through rehabilitation. REHABILITATION:-Rehabilitation is an integral part of medical care and defined as, “the combined and co-ordinate use of Medical, Social Educational and Vocational measures for training or retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability” (WHO 1969)”. Rehabilitation medicine has emerged in recent years as a medical specialty. It involves disciplines such as Physical Medicine or Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy Speech Therapy Audiology Psychology, Education, Social Work Vocational guidance and Placement service. The following areas of concern in rehabilitation have been identified. c) Medical Rehabilitation – restoration of function. d) Vocational Rehabilitation - restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihood. c) Social Rehabilitation – restoration of family and social relationships. d) Psychological Rehabilitation – restoration of personal dignity and confidence. Rehabilitation is no longer looked upon as extra curricular activities, of a doctor. The current view is that the responsibility of the doctor does not end when the “temperature is normal and stitches are removed”. The patient must be restored and retrained “to live and work within the limits of his disability but to the hilt of his capacity”. As such medical rehabilitation should start very early in the process of medical treatment. For Example: Establishing Schools for the Blind Provision of aid for the crippled Reconstructive Surgery in Leprosy Muscle re-education & Grade Exercise in Neurological Disorders like – Polio-myelitis Change of profession for a more suitable one Modification of Life in general in the case of Tuberculosis, Cardiac Patients and others. These types of Patients should be given opportunity so that they can prove their ability than better worker of their able-bodied colleagues. Milton was blind, Louis Pasteur had a stroke, when he was 40, Roosevelt was on wheel – chair after an attack of poliomyelitis. Their contribution to literature, science, and politics would have been lost to the world it they, as disabled people, were considered unfit for gainful employment. Rehabilitation makes “productive people out of non-productive people”. 169.Tabulate the cause and control methods for diff. physical health hazard?

Nature of hazard

Causes Control measures

Noise: Wide band, narrow band, impulse

High noise producing process equipments due to very high speed, friction pressure, impact etc. Tolerance limit 90dBA for 8hrs exposure

Enclosed cabins, segregation, ear muff, ear plug, sound absorbing materials. Rotation of personnel

Vibration: Whole body, segmental

Due to mechanical problems in the parts of the process machineries

Periodical maintenance & replacement worn out parts, predictive maintenance through condition monitoring

Temperature: Dry & hot, humid & hot, high temperature, cold temperature

Due to radiation from heat transfer medium/process equipments & improper ventilation facilities

Air washer/insulating the wall ceiling, provision of air circulation, isolation

Pressure: +ve, -ve

Pressure requirement in various process

In built safety

Electrical Various reasons Following Indian Electricity Rules, Earth Leakage detector for


portable & single phase equipments

Lights Insufficient, not uniform, flicker, glare (discomfort, disability, direct & indirect) colour, shadow, stroboscopic effect

Proper lighting as per the requirement

Ultraviolet radiation

Welding Proper isolation, PPE

Infrared radiation

Glass industry Enclosing, reflective screen, PPE

Ionising radiation: Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma particles

X ray equipment, handling radioactive material, medicine

Enclosing, keeping distance, proper PPE, periodic health monitoring, absorbing media respirators.

Atomic rays Atomic power, plant labs, luminous paint, handling

Mechanisation, reduction of exposure time, proper dress

170.How environmental hazards are classified before selection of respiratory PPE’s? In choosing a breathing apparatus to be used for respiratory protection in any given situation, the following factor should be considered. 1. Nature of the hazard: -The user should determine whether or not the atmosphere is deficient in oxygen, and whether the contaminant is gaseous or particulate or a combination of the two. 2. Severity of the hazards: - The user should first determine whether or not the atmosphere is immediately dangerous to life. If so this factor alone will determine the choice of protection needed. When it is not possible to determine, particularly in emergency situation the nature of the hazards or severity of the hazard, the situation should be considered as immediately dangerous to life and protection provided on that basis. 3. Type of contaminant: -Gaseous and vapours: The user should determine whether it is an acid gas, an organic vapour, ammonia, carbon monoxide or mixture of two more gaseous contaminants as this information is essential for choice of appropriate canister or chemical cartridge 4. Concentration of contaminants:-In the case of gaseous contaminant it is necessary the concentration as it is necessary for the selection of chemical filters and in the case of particulate contaminant, if the concentration is high, frequent changing of mechanical filter may prompt the use of an air line respirators. 5. Period required respiratory protection: -This has considerable bearing on a decision as to which type of breathing apparatus to use in a given situation. 6. Locations of contaminated area with respect to source of repairable air: -This is necessary to ascertain that the breathing apparatus which the person using will afford protection for a period adequate for him top reach fresh air, taking into the possible delays. 7. Activity of the wearer:-If the wearer is doing heavy work, his requirement of breathable air or oxygen will increase and appropriate breathing apparatus will have to be selected. Operating characteristics and limitation of the breathing apparatus itself: -For proving guidance in selecting respiratory protective equipment, the environmental classification is given as per IS9623- 171. What is Pneumoconiosis and how LFT helps for its prevention? Ans-Pneumoconiosis is an occupational disease due to air pollution. The inhalation of dust, fumes or other noxious substances may give rise to specific pathological changes in the lungs. Dust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 microns is a health hazard producing after a variable period of exposure lung disease named pneumoconiosis, which may cripple a man by reducing his working capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications. LFT provides objective documentation of respiratory function. If function is abnormal this test helps to assess severity, progress & response to therapy. The information provided can be used with other clinical & laboratory data for diagnosis, epidemiological studies & assessment of impairment. The purpose of LFT is to provide basic information about the condition of lungs. LFT measures the amount of air taken into the lungs with a deep breath & how quickly it can be expelled. There are two major categories of of lung diseases, i.e obstructive & destructive. In obstructive lung diseases there is a decrease in the air flow caused by the narrowing or blockage of the airways, such as Asthama, Emphysema & chronic Bronchitis. In destructive lung diseases there is a decrease in the amount of air that is inhaled because there is a decrease in elasticity or amount of the lung tissues. There are various LFT’s which can be done: 1. Matchstick test 2. Forced Expiratory test 3. Peak Expiratory test 4. Forced Vital capacity 5. Maximum Ventilator volume Though there are various LFT’s in current use from the occupational point of view, the following LFT’s are important: 1. Spirometry 2. Lung transfer test or Diffusing capacity test using CO 3. Maximum voluntary ventilation 4. Lung volume These LFT’s are used for assessment of respiratory disablement in Occupational lung diseases. 172. What are the different types of dusts in industries and what are the methods available for its control?


CONTROL MEASURES 1.Safe machinery and equipment: Dusty work processes should be isolated if possible. An exhaust ventilation system is often needed to suck dust away. Vacuum tools or negative pressure portable tools are often useful. Ordinary household vacuum cleaners don't effectively trap respirable dust particles. You need a vacuum with a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter. Where there is an explosion hazard you need an explosion proof vacuum cleaner. 2. Safe procedures: Standardised working procedures are needed in areas where dust can be a problem. Information and training is important. Warning signs may be needed. Good housekeeping procedures (e.g. vacuuming or wet sweeping dusty work areas) are needed. 3. Respirators: If steps 1 and 2 are not completely effective then an approved respirator is needed. Make sure that (A) it fits properly and is the right kind of respirator (B) training in how to use it is provided and (C) maintenance checks are carried out. 4. Dust Collection Systems Dust collection systems are industrial ventilation principles to capture airborne dust from the source. The captured dust is then transported to a dust collector, which cleans the dusty air. 5. Wet Dust Suppression Systems Wet dust suppression systems use liquids (usually water) to wet the material so that it has a lower tendency to generate dust. Keeping the material damp immobilizes the dust, and very little material becomes airborne. 6. Airborne Dust Capture Through Water Sprays This technique suppresses airborne dust by spraying fine droplets of water on the dust cloud. The water droplets and dust particles collide and form agglomerates. Once these agglomerates become too heavy to remain airborne, they settle from the air stream. 173. What is Impulsive/Impact noise? What are the noise control methods available? Ans-If the noise level involves maximum at intervals of more than 1 (one) second than it is called impulse noise. Prevention and control 12. Reduce noise at source by silencing devices. 13. There should be use of sound absorbing material in machinery. 14. Factories with more than 100 dB noise must provided ear protection equipment to its workers. In general Ear Plugs or Ear Muffs should be used by the workers. 15. Increase the number of NO HORN zones for vehicles and its repeated use, especially those music horns at nights, should be discouraged rather banned . 16. Common use of loudspeakers should be restricted . This is one of the commonest noise nuisance of present era. 17. Homes on road sides should have sound proof walls. 18. Heavy vehicular traffic in residential areas should not be allowed. 19. Growth of residential areas around loud noise producing factories should be discouraged . 20. Plantation reduces noise by 8 – 19 dB. 21. No worker should be permitted to enter, for any period of time what so ever into an area where the sound level is equal to or exceeds 115 dB (A) “Impulse” or 120 dB (A) “fast” response, personal hearing protection equipment should be worn. 22. No worker should ever penetrate in to an area where the sound level exceeds 140 dB (A). 174. Detail the effects of carbon mono-oxide in various concentrations? Ans: -CO is the most important of the aliphatic oxide PROPERTIES: -CO is a colour less, taste less, almost odourless, insiaious gas with a density of 0.967 as compare with air .it can be compressed into lipid or solid. It burns with a blue flame. It originates from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS: -most common sources are electric furnace, blast furnace, charcoal oven, and kilns and coalmines etc. PATHOLOGY: -CO enters blood strim and immediately combines with hemoglobin displacing the O2 HBO2+CO HBCO+O2 This reaction is reversiable. The RBC which carries CO is not injured in the process. CO has greater affinity for HB than O2.this affinity being estimated at approximately 300:1 .CO poisoning is particularly dangerous to those with preveriosly damaged heart. Unconsciousness occurs when nearly half the hemoglobin is bound by CO. Acc-uela of acute poisoning: - 3. Severe poisoning (but not lethal), with short exposures rapid recovery with in few hours or at a for few hours per a day or two at the most with out residual symptoms or signs 4. Severe poisoning with prolong exposure bur not lethal – (A) Recovery with in few days with no evidence of subsequent damage. (B) Sign and symptoms may be noted upon the patient emerging fro the initial coma, these may persist for several days, several months before clearing up, or may persist been varying degrees for the duration of the victim life. Effect of liver, spleen, kidney and lungs Pneumonia may be a complication.

DUST HAZARD EFFECTS Silica Severe breathlessness, Bronchitis,

Scarred lungs, Lung cancer Coal Severe breathlessness. Scarred lungs

(coal pneumoconiosis) Asbestos Cancer (mesothelioma, lung cancer).

Scarred lungs Synthetic Mineral Fibres Irritants. Fibres made from (SMF) products

e.g. ceramic fibres, rock wool and fibreglass may possibly cause cancer if the fibres are very fine

Cotton Severe breathlessness (Bassinosis) Wood Allergic reaction and or asthma.

Nasal cancer Other animal and vegetable dusts Allergic reaction and or asthma.

Symptoms include breathlessness, dry cough and sore throat.


Glycosuria is frequently present in acute poisoning cases. Disappears with in a few days. Normal liver function is resumed. Albumin in urine. Clears of with out damage to kidney .two systems now mentioned so far deserve more detail consideration. These are nervous and circulatory systems C.N.S. -It is the most susceptible to anoxia, sustains the greatest injury due to CO poisoning and is injured most frequently. In the brain, vascular stasis is pronounced .the vessels are dilated and pacted with RBCS. Petechial hemorrhages are often numerous and scattered. Odema results following vascular congestion. Rise in intororanial pressure due to congestion and odema. Results in disseminated encephalitis, bilaera softening of the lengicular nucleus, ventricular hydrocephalus or a combination of these lesions. HEART (C.V.S.): - no cardiac damage persists. E.C.C may show abnormality I the T. waves or in the level of the S-T segment. These are transitory changes. 175.Mercury: Mercury in natural water can exist in three different oxidation stages – elemental mercury (0), mercurous (+1) and mercuric (+2) state. The nature of the species and their distribution will depend upon the PH, redox potential and nature and concentration of an ion which forms stable complexes with mercury. Mercury forms a group of compounds in the environment called organic mercurial. Mercury is discharged into the aquatic environment mainly in the form of elemental mercury, divalent mercuric ions (Hg++) and phenyl mercuric acetate. In contaminated water all most all mercury in fish is methyl mercury. Mercury can undergo a number of reactions leading to the formation of toxic methyl mercury, bacteria takes part prominently in such reaction. The tendency of methyl mercury accumulation is a great concern to the aquatic environment. The process involves the transformation of initially low concentration of mercury in water to high level in predatory fish and animals. The transfer of mercury in food chain is given in the diagram below. Each tropic level in the ecosystem is capable of existing mercury from water across its respiratory surface. Many aquatic animals derived mercury directly from indigested inorganic particles. The slow elimination of methyl mercury from tissue results in greater accumulation in fish. Health hazard:

1) Mercury is one of the most toxic metal producing serious neurological change which is irreversible. 2) Fish appears to be the principal carrier of methyl mercury. So people suffer from methyl mercury poisoning from consuming fish. 3) Clinical signs of intoxication include depressed peripheral sensation and limb reflex dysfunction. 4) Methyl mercury is transported by blood stream and accumulates in tissues of organs like liver, kidney and brain. 5) All mercurial compounds are lightly toxic to a aquatic plant. 6) At higher concentration mercury has a remarkable toxic effect on soil respiration, carbon nitrogen ratio and total microbial count in

soil. The first record of mercury poisoning dates back to 1953 when a major disaster of methyl mercury poisoning occurred at Mina Mata in Japan. There were at least 43 death and 116 were irreversible affected by 1960 by taking contaminated fish. The mercury was released to the Mina Mata bay from a near by chemical plant. The safety limit of mercury of water used for drinking is less than 0.001 PPM, but level of methyl mercury in fish ranged from 27 to 102 PPM. 176.Lead: Global production of lead from both smelting and mining operation increased from 9.6×1016 metric tones during 1900 – 1909 to 27.7×1016 metric tones during 1960 – 1969 and 34.0×106 metric tones during 1970s. Emission into the atmosphere have increased sharply during this century reaching a peak of 4,265×103 metric tones during 1970s as against the annual global emission of 24.5×103 metric tones from natural sources like wind, blow dust, forest fires, volcanic particles, vegetation and sea salt spray. Automobile exhaust accounts for about 50% of the inorganic lead absorbed by human and mining contributes substantially to lead containing solid waste in the environment. Lead is one of the oldest metals known to man and has been used by man since medieval times, in piping, building materials, soldering, pants, ammonition and casting. Lead enters the aquatic system from the atmosphere and land through precipitation and runoff. In acid media, humic acid lead more than clay. Concentration of soluble lead in on contaminated fresh water is generally less than 3 µg/lit. However, much higher level often occurs near highways and cities due to burning of gasoline. High residue of lead are also reported to be present in aquatic plant, invertebrates and fish living in populate water. Biomagnification’s of lead occurs through the food chain in some polluted water. Effects:

1) Inorganic lead is less toxic to a aquatic plants than mercury and copper. 2) While factors like temperature, light and water chemistry influence the toxicity of inorganic lead to plants under laboratory condition,

but almost nothing is known of lead toxicity under natural condition. 3) Lead is more toxic than nickel, cobalt and manganese. 4) Acute effect are usually reported at concentration 0.1 to 10 mg/lit. However significant mortality may occur within the range 0.002 –

670 mg/lit. 5) It is known that bacteria and algae when exposed to lead, shows changes in genetic material. 6) Treatment of rainrow thout (fish) with lead at concentration as low as 13 µg/lit caused significant increased in RBC numbers, declined

in RBC volume, decrease in RBC cellular iron contain, etc. These changes probably increased crythropoiesis to compensate for reduce hemoglobin production.

7) Typical symptoms of advance lead poisoning in human beings are constipation, loss of appetite, anemic, abdominal pain and gradual paralysis of muscles. 177.Arsenic: Arsenic is used in medicinal preparation, lead alloy for bullets and shots, pant pigments, enamels, textile dyeing as a bronzing agent of glass and in insecticides and rodenticides. Arsenic is used in insecticides as calcium arsenate to control the paste of cotton field and in herbicide as lead arsenide to control a variety of paste that affects fruits and vegetables. Arsenic as sodium arsenide is used as wood preservative. Major uses of arsenic compound derived from arsenic trioxide are in the manufacture of agricultural chemical (70%), industrial chemical (20%), glass and glassware (5%) and other uses like pharmaceuticals and in alloys and for electronics application (5%). The annual world production of total arsenic was approximately 32,000 metric tones in 1979. Most of the anthropogenic inputs of arsenic reach rivers, lakes and oceans. The total arsenic contain in ocean is approximately 2.8×104 metric tones. In natural water arsenic exists in both trivalent and pentavalent stage. Biological transformation of arsenic by soil microorganisms to produce di-methyl arsenic has been reported. Ethylated forms of arsenic have been detected in the natural water, bird egg cells, sea snails and human urine. Normal human blood contains 0.2 – 1.0 mg/lit of arsenic. Effect of arsenic:

1) Arsenic does not usually accumulate in either fresh water or marine species. So arsenic is not a threat to fisheries resources.


2) Under comparable condition arsenide is more toxic to aquatic organism than arsenate (As++). 3) The high toxicity of arsenide (As+++) to aquatic animal is due to its reaction with sulphydryl groups of proteins which results in

inhabitation of enzymes action. 4) Chronic exposure of green sunfish to arsenic at a concentration of 1 – 20 mg/lit in a contaminated lake leads to substantially damage

to its liver tissues. 5) Arsenic is well known for its toxicity to human. In the human body arsenates inhabit A. T. P. (Adenosine tri-phosphate) synthesis. 6) Arsenide binds strongly to tissue protein such as carotene in skin, nail and hair. This is why hair is used to measure level in humans. 7) Symptoms of chronic in toxication in mammals include decrease in motor coordination, nervous disorder, respiratory diseases and

damage to kidneys. 8) Ingestion of as little as 100 mg usually results in severe poisoning and a dose of 130 mg has proved fatal. 9) Incidence of cancer of the skin and liver has been attributed to arsenic present in the domestic water supply.

10) Arsenic pollution of wells is reported to have caused human death in New Zealand and South Africa. 11) Safety limit of arsenic in drinking water has been estimated as 0.05 PPM. In India the safety limit for arsenic in drinking water has not

yet been fixed although ISI (Indian Statistical Institute). Standard for disease for industrial effluent water for arsenic has been kept as 0.2 PPM.

12) The common anti dose for arsenic poisoning are chemical compound that have SH (sulphidryl) groups capable of bonding to arsenide, such as 2, 3, di-mercaptopropanol. This compound releases arsenide from protein and restores enzymes in active forms. This arsenide is than extracted to urine. 178.Chromium: Chromite is the only commercially important ore for the production of chromium. The global production of chromium has increased from 4,280×103 MT during 1921 – 1930 to 86,200×103 MT during the 1970s. South Africa has now become the largest chromite producer of the world producing 3.2 million metric tones in 1979 followed by the earthly USSR, Rhodesia, India and Philippines. Around 1800 chromium was used for making pant pigment in France, Germany and England. Subsequently, chromium compound were employed in textile coloring and leather tanning processes. Metallurgical use of chromium was recognized around 1910 – 1915. In the past decayed the percentage consumption of chromium in metallurgical, refractory and chemical industries were 58, 21 and 21 percent respectively. The principal chromium emissions into surface waters are from metal finishing processes such as electro-plating, pickling and bright dipping. Uncontrolled emissions have great potential for contaminating the fresh water with relatively toxic forms of chromium (Cr+6). Other smaller discharge of chromium hexa-plus occurs from circulating cooling waters, laundary, chemicals, etc. Sources of chromium triple-plus contamination include liquid waste discharge from leather tanning and textile dyeing which contains up to several thousand mg/lit of chromium. Soil contamination by chromium includes land disposal of sludge (containing 2.6% of Cr) as byproduct of ferrochrome and chromium steel production or deliberate use of mineral fertilizers. Certain phosphate fertilizer also contains high levels of chromium. Municipal waste water releases considerable amount of chromium into the environment. However, the relatively more toxic (Cr+6) constitutes less than 1% of total chromium present in water. The domestic input into the rivers cause a sharp drop in dissolved oxygen content with H2S production. Chromium is readily transformed through food to invertebrates. However, there is no indication of bioaccumulation in any species of invertebrates and fish. Toxicity of chromium (Cr+++ and Cr+6) to aquatic organisms is generally low and chromium is not actually toxic to humans. However, (Cr+6) is more toxic than (Cr+++), because of its high rate of absorption through intestinal tracts. In natural environment (Cr+6) is likely to be reduced to (Cr+++), thereby reducing the toxic impact chromium discharges. Mammalian bodies can tolerate 100 – 200 times their total body content of chromium without adverse effect. The stomach acidity reduces (Cr+6) to the much less toxic (Cr+++) for tihose gastrointestinal absorption is less than 1%. 179.Cadmium: Cadmium gets into waterways from zinc mining areas and from its industrial uses such as metal platting. It is more commonly found associated with zinc in carbonate and sulfide ores. Its increasing application in electro-platting as pigments, plastic stabilizers in batteries, etc. has caused as marked increased in its production. Vegetation, air borne soil pesticides, volcanic, aerosols and forest fires contributes to the natural emission of cadmium. Municipal water supply may contain less than 1 mg/lit cadmium but higher concentration may be found in industrial areas. Effects:

1) Cadmium is usually less toxic to plants than methyl mercury and copper and similar in toxicity to lead, nickel and chromium (Cr+++). 2) The toxicity symptoms in plant include inhibition in growth and photosynthesis, reduction in ATP concentration and chlorophyll. 3) It also reduces the decrease in oxygen production depending upon the plant species concentration and test condition. 4) LD50 (Lethal Dose) values for fresh water invertebrates vary from 0.003 to less than 0.5 mg/lit. 5) The most significant example of human intoxication Itai-Itai-byo disease was diagnosed in Japan from 1950s due to the consumption

of rice contaminated with cadmium. Patents suffering from the disease should signs of osteomalacia in bones and calcification pyelonephritis in kidney. This resulted in skeletal deformation and renal dysfunction.

6) Chronic poisoning due to cadmium is indicated by rental tubular dysfunction and protein eura, osteonalacia, anemia, hepatic damage and hypertension.

7) In acute cases of cadmium poisoning gastro enteric distress, pain and pulmonary edema amy occur. 8) Cadmium also inhibits a variety of enzymes activities in rats.

180.Define Occupational health ? Write in details about majors to be taken for prevention of occupational diseases Occupational health: It is a branch of medical science ,dealing with health & its relation to work, working methods , conditions of work & work environment. According to ILO: Occupational health should aim at the promotion & maintenance of highest degree of physical , mental & social well being of workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions. It also tells that workers should be protected from adverse conditions which could have ill effect on their health. Need of Occupational health: Health of a worker is of vital importance both for worker & organization. A healthy worker by his hard work leads a peaceful life & also lifts the financial status of the organization . Man has been working to earn his livelihood in various industries or work fields. Each field has it’s own health related problems. Occupational health is a field which is associated with health & welfare of workers. Scope of Occupational health: (i) Education of workers (ii)Training of workers (iii)Legislative measures : Lying standards of cleanliness ,ventilation ,lighting ,first aid in place of work Legislation regarding periodical inspection Provision of dispensary Preventive measures Health Promotion (ii) Specific protection (iii) Early diagnosis & Treatment (iv) Disability limitation (v) Rehabilitation


(ii) Specific protection: Specific protection measures are : (a)Specific immunizations (b) Use of specific nutrients (c) Avoidance of allergens (d) Protection of carcinogens (e) Protection against occupational hazard (iii) Early diagnosis & Treatment : Earlier a disease is diagnosed & treated the better it is prevented. It is like stamping out the fire a fire before calling a fire brigade to put out fire. In modern terminology treatment is also a part of prevention . Early diagnosis & Treatment is a very useful technique in preventing diseases such as TB, Leprosy, Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases etc. Methods used for Early diagnosis & Treatment are: (a) Case finding measures (i) Individual (ii) Mass (b) Screening surveys (c) Surveillance technique (d) Selective examination (iv) Disability Limitation : Any loss or abnormality of physiological, psychological, anatomical structure or function leads to impairment. As result of impairment affected person may not be able to carry out the normal functioning of the body called as disability. Prevention of disability by various means or levels of prevention is called as disability limitation. Means are as follows : (i) Reduce the occurrence of impairment e.g immunity against polio (primary-prevention). (ii) Disability limitation by appropriate treatment(Secondary prevention) Disability limitation objective is stop progress of disease by institution of adequate treatment (v) Rehabilition : Integral part of medical & defined “ combined & co-ordinated use of medical ,social ,educational ,vocational measures for training or retraining individual to highest level of functional ability” It involves disciplines such as medicine ,occupational therapy, speech therapy etc. Areas for rehabilitation are: Medical rehabilitation, Social rehabilitation ,Vocational rehabilitation Q181. What do you mean by ON-Site and OFF-Site emergency plan? What are its essential contents? 1.On-Site-Emergency Plan: - The hazard and risk assessment of plant brings out improvement to eliminate or reduce hazard. The management should prepare

an on-site-emergency plan based on residualrisk. This plan must be specific to the needs of the plants.

There are certain elements essential to every plan and these are –

Assessment of size and nature of events and the probability of occurrence. Assessment of resources available of site and outside agencies. Procedure for raising alarm and communication within and outside works. Appointment of key personnel and defining their duties. Provision of emergency control centers. Action required on-site. Action required off-site. Elements of an On-Site-Emergency plan: Alarm and communication system declaring of major emergency. A reliable and prompt communication system is extremely important in controlling a major emergency. Alarm system will depend on the size and specific needs of the plant. There should be number of points from where alarm can be actuated. A communication system using predetermined short message to indicate type and scale of emergency should be available to inform the following personals- All personal inside the works. Outside emergency services and neighboring. All the key personal, outside duty hours. Nearby hospitals. A- Key personnel and responsibilities: - These are individuals nominated to take specific responsibilities during an emergency. Emergency coordinator- It is main responsibilities is during an emergency- Assess the situation, decide and active the emergency procedure. Take actions for controlling the accident, minimize the damage. Direct the rescue and fire fighting operations. Co-ordinate with emergency services at site. Search for causalities, arrange for first-aid. Rescue operations coordinator- He takes decisions affecting the whole works. He has overall responsibility of directing emergency actions from the emergency control center. His main responsibilities are to--- Assess situation & decide initiate actions if not done already. Ensure proper communication to inside out side emergency services. Take direct operational control of works area not affected by the incident. Ensure treatment of causalities and accounting of personnel. Other key personnel and essential workers- They are the personnel nominated to play on active role during on emergency. These will include the following---- Trained first aiders. Operators required shutting the plants safely. Emergency engineering staff including safety executives. Emergency control center: - It is a safe place from where the rescue operation coordinator directs emergency actions. Following facilities must be provided in the emergency control center. Wireless sets and nearby area location map. Adequate supply of paper and pen. List of key personnel and shift schedule of employees.


2.Off-Site emergency Plan:- A major emergency may affect areas out side the works also and hence Off-site emergency plan is an essential part of a major hazard control system. In case of an Off-site emergency, the emergency co-coordinator will report to the collector of the district who is the chairman of the district emergency committee. The collector will initiate to district level action plan to combat the emergency. Formulation:- An Off-site plan must clearly identify an emergency coordinating officer as overall In-charge of all Off-site actions. Well inquired emergency control centers are an essential feature of a plan. The basic aspects of an Off-site plan are----- A clear organization structure giving details of a command structure, warning procedure and emergency control centers. An efficient communication system to alert the key personnel. Details of availability of specialized equipment bulldozers, cranes, fire fighting, breathing apparatus etc. Plans of evacuation, safe routes, medical treatment and rehabilitation. System to inform public and media. The most crucial aspect of Off-site planning is executing public and an early warning system, where by people liable to be affected can take actions as per plan. Education & Rehearsal:- It is necessary to educate all concerned including the public in the vicinity about Off-site plan & to rehearse it. Close co-operation of all the agencies concerned is must essential for the formulation and effective implementation of the plan. Assembly point & escape routes:- Assembly points at various locations shall be constructed or identified to accommodate workers safety during emergency. Separate team may be formed as assembly point team. The team will be comprised of personnel officer, security person and a person who has knowledge of person on duty. The duties of the assembly point team are--- On hearing emergency siren, the team will proceed to the selected assembly point. Keep in touch with emergency coordinator. Take head count and evacuate personnel if directed to do so.

Documents

Occupational health & industrial hyeigen(paper 6)