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Objects, Projects and People
An introduction to design
Version 1.1 24.10.2011
Part 3: Projects
J. Huysentruyt
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PROJECTS & CHANGE
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
PROJECTS & CHANGE
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Additional reflections on design
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Additional reflections on design
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What is a project?
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
What is a project?
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Projects and programmes: definition
Definition
A project is often defined as
– a set of activities focused on the realisation of
– one or more of objectives within
– a given limited time-frame
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Hence, a project should have a definite end and accordingly, a definite starting point.
Reference to production management
– One can see projects as a form of production management as different from:
• Job-shop organisation (many parts going through different workstations
• Series production and process organisation
Programmes vs projects
• There is no agreement on the definition of programme as opposed to projects
• Most often the distinction is about size: programmes are bigger and programmes may consist of several projects
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Projects are about change
TO BE situation
Change GAP
time
AS IS situation
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Project start Project end
Drivers. Problems (to be solved). Needs (e.g. competitiveness. Hidden drivers (e.g. personal ambition)
Project objectives Project results∆?∆?∆?∆?
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Examples of projects
• The commercialisation of a new product (inc. definition, design, development, realisation/production)
• Complex system engineering: a spacecraft for shuttle services between the earth and the internation space station
• Organisation transformation/re-organisation
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
• Organisation transformation/re-organisation
• Space mission design
– Identification of the exploration around a planet
– + Design of the trajectories: transfer to the planet and trajectories around the planet
– + Requirements definition for a potential spacecraft
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Examples of projects with artefacts
Project Artefact(s)
A new rail transportation system TGV, Eurostar, ICE
Rail infrastructure
Rail traffic management system
A new profitable car Volkswagen Beetle
Aston Martin DB9
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
An advanced supersonic passenger transport Concorde
Tupolev Tu-144
Boeing 2707-300 (abandonned)
A new mobile computer & communication tool Apple i-Pad
A man on the moon Apollo hardware
N-1 rocket, Soyouz + moonlander
Building a tomb for a king Pyramid
Mausoleum
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Projects and artefacts
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Projects may lead to the design and realisation of an integrated set of artefacts that have to
See the Apollo programme: A man on the mmon (and back) before the end of 1969 (J.F. Kennedy)
Projects may lead to the design and realisation of an integrated set of artefacts that have to interface and to work together so to as achieve the project objective.
See the Apollo programme: A man on the mmon (and back) before the end of 1969 (J.F. Kennedy)
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Artefacts are not the unique results of projects
Objective Target results Artefacts
Performant
organisation
• Knowledge of competition• Better organisation structure• Better tools• Adapted behaviour of the members of the
organisation (client friendliness)
• New business processes (model , training & quality assurance on execution)
• Knowlegde bases• New computer applications• Refurbished facilities
Reduction of
poverty in a city
• Participation of inhabitants into the project• Adaptation of legislation
• New schools• Training schemes
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
poverty in a city• Adaptation of legislation • Training schemes
• New credit rules
New information
system
• Reliable and efficient application• Application actually used by the users as
intended• Trained users• Motivated users willing to use and to help
improve the application
• New hardware (e.g. mobile devices)• Application software code• Performance follow-up software• User documentation (help function)• Operating guidelines (e.g. for back-
up)
One of the tasks of the designer is to
• Specify or help to translate over project objectives into target results
• To identify and later, to specify, the artefacts that have to be delivered at the end of the project
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The diversity of projects: factors
Differentiation factors Illustration
Project duration • From a few weeks to many years e.g. the development of a new pen vs. the high speed train programme
Project domain • One technical domains (e.g. IT) or many technical domains (a spacecraft) or socio-technical (change of organisation, change of behaviour of people and change of tools
Project ambition • The level of ambition is related to the level of change that is expected to happen. Replicating an artefact with minor
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
expected to happen. Replicating an artefact with minor mofifications is less complicating than bringing about a ninnovative artefact.
Project resources and their
organisation
• Available tools and machines for design and realisation• Experts• Specialised organisations (e.g. engineeringt bureaux ,
construction contractors
Project location • Mono-location or multi-location
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Project feasibility and risk
Ta
rget
res
ult
s
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
• A project aims at delivering a set of results, within a given time-frame, within available resources/budget
• As projects deal with change and as knowledge about (a) the future (b) the actual behaviour of people and artefact, is incomplete, there is always risk associated with a project
Time
The project space
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Methodology
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Methodology
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Project management: ensuring the success of the project
• It rather difficult to succeed when constraints for the three dimensions (time, result, and costs) are tight: 75% IT projects are said to fail, the same applies for business process re-engineering
• Therefore, project management is about ensuring that:
– The project objectives are being met
– The target results actually delivered
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
– The artefact being operational (i.e. integrated, delivered, tested and implemented in the operational environment)
– The risks being mitigated
– The people responsible for the project being adequately informed, at given moments, about progress, quality, costs and risks for the remaining period.
• Several methods can be used for managing different aspects of a project
Methodology: an expensive word for saying method.
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Project process models/methodologies
Definition
Project executionProject
termination
Design … …
Project management
System development
life-cycle
Project start
Artefact/system development life-cycle
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Definition Design … …
Specific design
processes
life-cycle
Specific development
phase
(methods)
Will be dealt with in the section: Design
Caution. The terminology about methodology and
methods is not standardised and hence,can be confusing.
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Project management processes (Prince2)
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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Project management processes (PMBoK)
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
PMBoK© is a product of the Project Management Institute (PMI) and stands for :Project Management Body of Knowledge
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Phase 2
« Waterfall » methodology
Phase 1
• The results of one phase/activity are used for the next phase/activity
• Feedback from a phase to the preceeding phase is not considered resp. minimalised
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Phase …
Start
Act. 1.1
Act. 1.2
… … …
…
…
Stop
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A system life-cycle: system engineering life-cycle (NASA)-1
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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A system life-cycle: system engineering life-cycle (NASA)-2
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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A system life-cycle: the spiral model
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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A design method (part of System Development Methodology) - 1
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
In this case, design is subdivided into phases: Overall Design and Detailed Design
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A design method (part of System Development Methodology) - 2
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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A system life-cycle: SCRUM
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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A system life-cycle: the V model (for software)
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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A system life-cycle: the V model (for IT services) Examples of IT services. Network management
. Application maintenance
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
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Why design? Why planning?
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Why design? Why planning?
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Planning and design: postponed action
• When the realisation of an artefact is simple or obvious, there is only one thing to do: DO IT!
• However, when it is not the case, when one needs to think about what is needed and what could be the answer to this need, the action of realisation is postponed.
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
• Planning and design occur in situations of postponed action and have similar aims:
Aim Planning Design
To anticipate the future and to reduce project risk
To organise actions and resources in a efficient way
To define and specify the artefact(s) to be built
To reduce artefact risk over the whole life-cycle
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Summary
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
Summary
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Summary: the main concepts
• Definition of project
• Project and change
• Projects and artefacts
• The diversity of projects
Version 1.1 24.10.2011Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design J. Huysentruyt
• The diversity of projects
• Project and risk
• Methodology types: waterfall vs iterative
– Project process models/methodologies for the overall management of the project
– System life-cycle (methodologies) for the technical management within a project
– Specifc methods
• Planning and design in situations of postponed action