NYC College of Technology, November 8, 2012

Eugene M. Chudnovsky

100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Door meten tot weten – Knowledge through measurement)

Born September 21, 1853, Groningen, NetherlandsDied on February 21, 1926, Leiden, Netherlands

1871 – 1879: Education at Universities of Groningen and Heidelberg1871 – 1873: Undergraduate research with Gustav Kirchhoff 1871: Gold Medal in student competition from University of Utrecht1872: Silver medal in student competition from University of Groningen1878 - 1982: Assistant Professor at the Polytechnicum at Delft1881: Theory of liquids (inspired by work of Van der Waals and Lorentz)1882: Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Leiden1883: Member of Dutch Academy of Sciences 1887: Married to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld 1904: Kamerlingh Onnes lab becomes world’s largest cryogenics laboratory1908: Liquefaction of helium, cooling helium down to 0.9K 1911: Discovery of superconductivity of pure metals at low temperatures1913: Nobel Prize in physics “For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium”.

Discovery of superconductivity of mercuryLeiden, April 8, 1911

Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911

Helium liquefier with mercury sample Copy of original experimental figure

1911

Rutherford, atomic nucleus

1913

Bohr, atomic orbits

1913

Bragg, X-ray diffraction

1923

De Broglie,waves of matter Bose & Enstein,statistics Pauli,exclusion law

1925Fermi, statistics

1925

Heisenberg, transition amplitude

1926

Born & Jordan, matrix QM Schrodinger equation

1926

uncertainty

1928

Dirac equation

1927

Sommerfeld, metals(Students: Heisenberg,Pauli,Debye,Bethe,Brillouin,Rabi)

1923 1924

1915

Einstein, general relativity

1927

Heitler & Londonchemical bonds

Sommerfeld, atoms

1916

Goudsmit & Uhlenbeck,spin

1925 1925

1927

complementarity

Hartree & FockQM of many particles

19301927

Bloch, von Neumann, Landaudensity matrix

Element Symbol Tc (K) Tc (°C) Tc (°F)

Aluminium Al 1.75 -271 -457

Beryllium Be 0.03 -273 -460

Cadmium Cd 0.52 -273 -459

Gallium Ga 1.08 -272 -458

Hafnium Hf 0.13 -273 -459

Mercury Hg 4.15 -269 -452

Indium In 3.41 -270 -454

Iridium Ir 0.11 -273 -459

Lanthanum La 4.88 -268 -451

Molybdenum Mo 0.92 -272 -458

Niobium Nb 9.25 -264 -443

Osmium Os 0.66 -272 -458

Lead Pb 7.2 -266 -447

Rhenium Re 1.7 -271 -457

Ruthenium Ru 0.49 -273 -459

Tin Sn 3.72 -269 -453

Tantalum Ta 4.47 -269 -452

Technetium Tc 7.8 -265 -446

Thorium Th 1.38 -272 -457

Titanium Ti 0.4 -273 -459

Tellurium Tl 2.38 -271 -455

Vanadium V 5.4 -268 -450

Tungsten W 0.02 -273 -460

Zinc Zn 0.85 -272 -458

Zirconium Zr 0.61 -273 -459

Walther Meissner(Max Planck, Bavarian Academy of Sci)

Discovery of Meissner Effect in Superconductors, Berlin 1933

Naturwissenschaften 21, p. 787 (1933)

Robert Ochsenfeld

Fritz London and Heinz London (Max von Laue, U. of Berlin, England,Paris,Duke) (dilution refrigerator)

London equations 1935Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A149,71 (1935).

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Pyotr Kapitsa(Ernest Rutherford)

Nobel Prize 1978

Lev Landau (Niels Bohr)

(1908 – 1968, Kharkov - 1938) Density matrix – 1927 Landau levels – 1930 Fermi-liquid 1956

Superfluidity of liquid heliumExperiment: Kapitsa 1937 [Nature 141, 74 (1937)]

(John Allen, Don Misener)Theory: Landau 1941 [Phys. Rev. 60, 356 (1941)]

Nobel Prize 1962

Shubnikov-deHaas,Leiden,Kharkov,1937

Vitaly Ginzburg(Igor Tamm)

Lev Landau

Ginzburg-Landau Theoryof Superconductivity, 1950

Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20, 1064 (1950)

2003 Nobel Prize in physics

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Relativistic Higgs model 1964:

Abrikosov vortices 1957 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 1442 (1957)

Nobel Prize in physics 2003

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Alexey Abrikosov (Lev Landau)

Quantum Theory of Many Body Systems

Classical 1D spin chain: jiij

ijJH

Quantum :

Hans Bethe, 1906-2005(Arnold Sommerfeld, Crystal Field 1929,

Review 1933: SC is a many-body quantum phenomenon, U. of Tubingen, Cornell, Manhattan Project)

Nobel Prize 1967

Bethe anzatz, 1931: Exact solution for 1D AFM chain of spins ½Zeitschrift fur Physik, v. 71, p. 205 (1931)

No exact solution is known in 1D for spins greater than ½

No exact solution is known for any spin in D > 1

Dirac, Heisenberg -1926

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BCS Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity 1957

Phys. Rev. 106, p. 162 (1957)

U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Nobel Prize in Physics 1972

John Bardeen1908-1991

(Wisconsin - Van Vleck, Geophysics,Princeton - Wigner, Bell labs, Brattain, Shockley, transistor)

Leon Cooper(Bronx HS of Sci, Columbia U.)

Robert Schrieffer (MIT-Slater,Bardeen,NYC subway)

Cooperpairs

Herbert Fröhlich (Arnold Sommerfeld, U. of Freiburg,Yakov Frenkel,England)

Brian David Josephson (Brian Pippard, Philip Anderson)

Trinity College, Cambridge – England

Nobel Prize in Physics 1973

Josephson EffectTheory: Josephson 1962 [Phys. Lett. 1, 251 (1962)]

Experiment: Ivar Giaever 1960 [Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 464 (1960)]

SQUID magnetometer: Sensitivity = 10-14 T

(September 2011, Giaever: "In the APS it is OK to discuss whether the mass of the proton changes over time and how a multi-universe behaves, but the evidence of global warming is incontrovertible?)

Johannes Bednorz

Karl AlexMuller

High Temperature Superconductivity, 1986Zeitschrift fur Physik B 64, 189 (1986)

IBM Research Lab, Zurich

Nobel Prize in Physics 1987

La2-xBaxCuO4 YBa2Cu3O7 LaFeAsO35K 93K 50K+

High-Temperature Superconductivity 1986 – 2012

Ivan Bozovic, BNL

Pinning Down Superconductivity to a Single Atomic Layer by THz Spectroscopy

Prediction (IB):

High-temperature superconductivity has a simple mechanism that will be explained in the next decade in a 4-page Physical Review Letter

K

Io 2

I : moment of inertia of the cellK: torsion constant of the rod

Change of rotational inertia, I, can be detected by increase (or decrease) of the resonant oscillation period, o.

Helium Supersolid 2004Nature 427, p. 225 (2004)

Penn State University

DriveDetection

Torsion rod

Torsion cell

Eun-SeongKim

MosesChan

"Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible."

Lord Kelvin, President of Royal Society, 1895.