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Nutrition and Wound Healing Jemma Corrigan Accredited Practising Dietitian (APD) Nutrition Department, The Canberra Hospital

Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

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Page 1: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Nutrition and Wound HealingJemma Corrigan

Accredited Practising Dietitian (APD)

Nutrition Department, The Canberra Hospital

Page 2: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Overview• Role of nutrition in wound healing• Identifying patients at nutritional risk• Key nutrients in wound healing• Improving nutritional status

Page 3: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

NUTRITION IN WOUND HEALINGRole of

Page 4: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Stages of Wound Healing

Nutrition plays a vital role throughout all stages of wound healing• Regeneration (Inflammatory Phase)• Repair (Proliferative Phase)• Revascularisation (Proliferative Phase)• Re‐epithilialisation (Remodelling or Maturation Phase)

Page 5: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Nutrition in wound healing• Delayed or impaired wound healing may occur if nutritional status  is inadequate

• A nutritionally complete diet provides the optimum environment for recovery and healing– wounds heal faster– strengthens immune system– prevents development of further wounds e.g. Pressure wounds

Page 6: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Inadequate nutrition +/‐malnutrition= poor wound healing/breakdown

Page 7: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Malnutrition

Increased Nutritional 

Requirements

Wound breakdown

Wound infection

Nutrition Impact 

Symptoms

Poor Oral Intake

Page 8: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

IDENTIFYING PATIENTS AT NUTRITIONAL RISK

Page 9: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Nutrition Screening

TTDWCG recommend:• Nutrition screening, using a validated tool for the appropriate clinical setting, should be undertaken on all adults with pressure injuries to identify those at risk of poor healing due to nutritional problems. 

NHMRC Grade of recommendation: B 

Page 10: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Identifying patients at nutritional risk

Clinical information‐Type of wound‐Compounding medical conditions‐Nutrition impact symptoms‐Social historyAnthropometric data

– Height and weight– Weight history– BMI– Physical examination

Page 11: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Identifying patients at nutritional risk

Blood tests/biochemistry‐ e.g. serum albumin, status, hydration, BGL, trace elements (zinc, selenium, iron)

Nutritional Intake– Overall oral intake of food and fluids– Nutritional adequacy

Page 12: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Special populations

• Malnourished: ↑ rate of wound degradation, dehydration, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, muscle loss. Prone to development of pressure sores.

• Elderly:↑  risk malnutrition, ↑ risk of pressure sores and skin tears.

Page 13: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Special populations

• Diabetic: poor glycaemic control/ hyperglycaemia, delays wound healing

• Obese: malnutrition is often masked, weight loss is not beneficial as muscle stores, not fat can be lost. Poor vascular supply to skin, ↑ risk infection 2° ↑subcutaneous fat

Page 14: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

KEY NUTRIENTS IN WOUND HEALING

Page 15: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Macro‐nutrientsEnergy (kJ/kcal)

• Main sources of energy are:– Carbohydrates– Fat – Protein

• Adequate energy intake is required to prevent muscle loss, protein deficiency and unintentional weight loss

• Energy requirements are higher for patients with wounds (up to 45% higher)

Page 16: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Macro‐nutrientsCarbohydrate• Source of cellular energy  

– Glucose– Short Chain Fatty Acids (colon health)

• Dietary sources: wholegrain breads & cereals, fruits,    starchy vegetables, rice, pasta & dairy foods

Fat• Source of energy• Key role in structure and function of cell membranes• Omega 3’s – inflammation reduction• Dietary sources: meat, nuts & seeds, dairy products, 

avocados, plant oils, oily fish.

Page 17: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

MacronutrientsProtein

• Aids re‐vascularisation andcollagen synthesis• Involved in synthesis of enzymes for wound healing

• Hypoproteinaemia delays wound healing– Decreases skin and fascial tensile strength– Increases wound infection rates

Page 18: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

MacronutrientsProtein• Type & severity of wound and protein losses influence protein requirements

• Requirements:Chronic Wounds

• 1.25 – 1.5 g/kg actual wt/day

Catabolic Patients• 1.5 – 2.0 g/kg actual wt/day

• Good dietary sources: meat, chicken, fish, eggs, dairy products, nuts, seed legumes and grains

Page 19: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Macro‐nutrientsWater

• Adequate hydration is essential• Dehydration can delay wound healing by: 

– blood volume – blood circulation– O2 and nutrients to tissues

• How much is enough?– 30‐35ml/kg/day

Page 20: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Zinc

• Role in cell proliferation, Deficiency =  wound strength• A low protein diet is often inadequate in Zinc• Hypoalbuminaemia will affect interpretation of serum levels 

(false negative)• Over supplementation will interfere with Cu & Fe absorption

Adequate protein = Adequate Zinc

• Dietary sources: eggs, seafood, red meat, poultry, milk products and nuts

Page 21: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Vitamin C

• Essential for collagen synthesis and fibroblast formation

• Deficiency results in capillary fragility

• Deficiencies can cause breakdown of already healed wounds

• Should only be supplemented in patients with deficiency

• Dietary sources: citrus fruits, berries, capsicum, tomato, green leafy vegetables

Page 22: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Vitamin 

• Encourages skin growth and skin strength• Deficiency delays wound healing,  risk of infection

• Hypoalbuminaemia will affect interpretation of serum levels

• Dietary sources:  dairy products, eggs, fish,  oranges, dark green vegetables and red fruit and vegetables

Page 23: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Copper

• Influences wound healing• Role in maturation of collagen • Impaired wound healing seen in deficiency• Dietary sources: shellfish, whole grains, nuts, seeds, dark green leafy veg, dried fruit.

Page 24: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Selenium

• Essential for activity of glutathione peroxidase “first line” anti‐oxidant defence

• Deficiency may alter immune function• High proportion of deficiency in Australian population (deficient soils) 

• Dietary sources: Fish and seafood, nuts, whole grains, meat and poultry, eggs.

Page 25: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Immuno‐nutrientsArginine (Amino Acid/Protein)• Essential during wound induced stress• Works at cellular level to promote wound healing• Dosage difficult to elucidate (study variances)• Supplementation may be most beneficial in the first 3 days of wound healing

TTDWCG Recommendations:• “may be considered” for patients with stage  II or above Pressure Ulcers, improvements should be seen within 2‐3 weeks if will be of benefit. 

• Important to optimise energy and protein intake first and if minimal improvements on wound healing seen, Argininesupplementation can be considered

Page 26: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Immuno‐nutrientsGlutamine (Amino Acid/Protein)• Essential during wound induced stress• Fuel for cell populations that participate in 

inflammatory response• Energy for gut and immune cells, gut barrier• Supports antioxidant function• Needs to be given with adequate protein from other 

sources –supplementary to protein requirements

Page 27: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

EnergyProteinArginineGlutamineVitamin CVitamin AZincCopperSelenium

EnergyProteinArginineGlutamineVitamin CVitamin AZincCopper

EnergyProteinVitamin C

Page 28: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

NUTRITION GOALS FOR WOUND HEALING

Page 29: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman
Page 30: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman
Page 31: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Nutrition Goals for Wound Healing

• Adequate energy and protein for metabolic support + wound healing

• Restoration of a well balanced diet– Ensure adequate micronutrient intake

• Prevent/Improve malnutrition

Page 32: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

IMPROVING NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Page 33: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Methods of Improving Nutritional Status

Identifying those at nutritional riskReferral to the Dietitian for counseling and education

– Educating patients regarding identified nutrition requirements

• Nutrition and wound healing• Managing nutrition impact symptoms e.g. poor appetite, nausea, vomiting

Page 34: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman
Page 35: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Methods of improving nutritional status

Food and nutrients– Ensuring requirements for macro and micronutrients are met 

– High protein, High energy advice and food fortification

– Nutrition support• Supplements• Enteral feeding

Page 36: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Supplements

• Commercial supplements for wound healing include;• Arginaid (Nestle), Cubitan (Nutricia) 

Before recommending you need to consider: • Evidence for use • Dose • Cost • Patient tolerance/ compliance 

If in doubt , consult your friendly Dietitian!

Page 37: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Supplements - a comparisonSupplement Cubitan Fortisip Resource

Fruit Bev.Full cream

milk

Volume/serve 200ml bottle 200ml bottle 237ml tetra 250ml glass

Energy (kcal/kJ) 250/1050 300/1254 360/1505 170/705

Protein (g) 20(3g arginine)

12 13.1 8.5

Fat (g) 7 10.7 10

Vitamin A (g RE) 238 246 282 127.5

Vitamin C (mg) 250 30 23.5 5

Zinc (mg) 9 3.6 3.6 1Copper (g) 1350 540 550 traceSelenium (g) 64 17.5 21.8 2.5Cost per serve ($) 2.03 1.30 1.44 0.25

Page 38: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Summary:  • Complete nutrition screening – identify malnutrition or risk• Make appropriate referral to the Dietitian where risk is 

identified• Optimise nutritional intake (energy and protein)• Where concerns regarding Micronutrients, but no deficiency –

recommend a daily multivitamin• Supplement where micronutrient deficiencies are identified • Monitor progress closely • If no improvement, consider Arginine supplementation.

Page 39: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

References• The Role in Nutrition in Wound Healing, Education in Nutrition webinar, R. Kurmis, 

Nov 2013• Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman & Barkley, Nutrition & Wound 

Healing, Journal of Wound Care, 2011• Stechmiller, JK. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 2010. 25(1):61‐68• Trans Tasman Dietetic Wound Care Group (DNZ/DAA), Evidence based practice 

guidelines for the dietetic management of adults with pressure injuries. 2011• Meyer, NA et al. Nutrient support of the Healing Wound, New Horizons 

1994;2(2):202‐213

Page 40: Nutrition and Wound Healing - woundsaustralia.com.au .pdf · Nutrition and Wound Healing ... • Source of cellular energy ... • Foundation Concepts of Pathophysiology, Sherman

Any Questions?