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Basic principles

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- rays 

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Imaging rooms Gamma cameras

Radiopharmacy

Hot Lab Dose calibrators

Generators

Waste storage areas

Reading room

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Emitted energy from the nucleus of an atom

Nucleus

Unstable,

Decays by

Emitting

Betas,

Alphas, andGammas

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rate of decay.

Radioactivity measured in Curies (Ci) 

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second

Also measured in Becquerels (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second

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Physical half life (Tp): the time necessary for

a radionuclide to be reduced to half of it

existing activity. Charachterstic value for

each radionuclide . Biological half life (Tb): time is taken to

eleminiate half of adminstrasted chemial .

effective half life (Te) : incoperates both

physical and biologicalT 1/2 e =

T 1 p X T b / T p + T b

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Direction of Saline Flow

Evacuated VialSodium pertecnetate(Na TcO4)

Alumina Column99Mo (1-16Ci)(67 hrs half life)

Saline Charge

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Technetium -99m

Non particulate emission

6 hrs physical half life

Predominate (98%)

140 KeV photon energy

Small amount of internal conversion (10%)

Low toxicity

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After IV injection :

Tc 99m concentrate in salivary gland ,

choroid plexus ,thyroid gland and gastric

mucosa . Excretion by GI and renal routes .

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Dual head

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Parallel holeLow EnergyMedium EnergyHigh Energy

Diverging holeLow Energy

Converging holeLow Energy

PinholeLow EnergyMulti-Energy

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Gamma Ray

Light

NaI crystalThalium activated

sodium iodine

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Light into Electricity

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Indications :

Detection/Staging of Metastatic bone disease

Benign bone disease

Primary neoplasm Infectious processes

Joint diseases

Avascular bone disease

Osteoporosis

Trauma; Stress fractures

Metabolic disorders

Pain with normal x ray

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No special preparation

Hydrate patient as much as possible and void

frequently to reduce dose and background. Ask pt to empty bladder before the scan

immediately .

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Tc-99m – MDP or HDP

Adult dosage: 20-25mCi

Route of administration IV

Delay time post injection 2-3 hrs

Camera

any, dual heads are recommended for WB

Collimators

LEAP

LEHR Peak 140 kv

Window 15%

Views : Anterior and posterior for whole bone .

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Mainly to determine osteomylities versus

cellulities .

Also primary bone tumor and stresss fracture

Specifec area of skeleton imaged : 1- blood flow (vascularity)for 1-2 min.

2- blood pool immediate post perfusion to 5

min

3- delayed image phase .after 2 hrs

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Peak at Tc 99m , 15% window

LEAP collimators

Immediate after IV injection

Frame time : frame per 10 sec for 5 min.Delayed imaged

2-3 hrs post injection whole or limited bone

scan .

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Blood pool

Delay image