Noun and Adjective Clause Presentation

8/19/2019 Noun and Adjective Clause Presentation

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TOEFL TEKNIK

MEETING 3: noun and

adjective clause


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NOUNS


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NOUNS

• Grammar : Singular and pluralNouns

Nouns can be classifed into twogrous: count nouns! w"ic" can becounted and w"ic" ta#e and s! andnoncount nouns! w"ic" cannot be

counted and w"ic" usuall$ do notta#e an s%


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Singular Plural

&ount noun ' cellOne cell

&ells Two cells(o)e cells' lot o* cells

Man$ cellsNon &ount Noun In*or)ation

(o)ein*or)ation

' lot o*in*or)ationMuc"in*or)ation


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Count Nouns andNoncount Nouns

Count nouns

• Ta#e a/an or one in t"e singular%

•

+suall$ ta#e a fnal s/es in t"elural

Noncount nouns

• ,o not ta#e a/an in t"e singular

• ,o not generall$ "ave a lural *or)


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IRREGULAR COUNTNOUNS

Man-men foot-feet

Woman-women tooth-teeth

Child-children fish-fish

(o)e count nouns are irregular and donot ta#e an s in t"e lural% -ere are so)eco))on irregular count nouns:


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NONCOUNT NOUNS

• Noncount nouns cannot be countedbecause t"e$ co)e in a )ass or inan uncountable *or)%

• Nouns suc" as blood, music, andexcitement cannot be counted% T"e*ollowing is a s"ort list o* so)e

noncount nouns:


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E.'M/LE(:

Food: rice, sugar, fruit, milk, bread, butter, cheese

Fluids: blood, water, oil, coffee, tea, gasoline

Raw materials: wood, paper, glass, iron, silver, wool

Gases: o!gen, nitrogen, air, pollution, steam

General: furniture, mail, mone!, traffic, e"uipment

Groups: #ewelr!, machiner!, luggage, clothing, cash

$anguages: %nglish, Chinese, &apanese, 'panish

(cademic sub#ects: chemistr!, mathematics, ps!cholog!

(bstract things: education) *ealth, intelligence, beaut!, knowledge, sleep,

hope, music, time


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uanti!ers

' 0uantifer is word t"at indicates an a)ount o* 0uantit$%

• Some "uanti!ers are used onl# $it% plural countnouns&

1ot" )an$ a *ew several *ewerThey are controlled by several nerves.

We have fewer cells as we get older.

•

Some "uanti!ers are used onl# $it% singularcount nouns&

'not"er eac" ever$

Each gland has a diferent purpose

Every muscle has its own group o nerves.


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uanti!ers

• Some "uanti!ers are used onl# $it% non'count nouns&

a little )uc" less a)ount

The amount o oxygen available to the brain is important.

I your brain gets less oxygen than in needs, you could

become unconscious.

• Some "uanti!ers are used $it% (ot% count nouns andnon'count nouns&

all lent$ o* an$

a lot o* enoug" )ost

lots o* so)e )ore

rain cells use up a lot of energy

Most animals rely on instinct


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E)ERCISE *

&orrect t"e errors in noun *or)s in t"e*ollowing sentences2% Intelligence is t"e abilit$ to use t"oug"t and

#nowledges to understand t"ings and solveroble)s%

% -or)ones "el adjust t"e )i4ture o* sugar! salt!and waters in $our bod$%

". #sychology ! )eaning t"e stud$ o* t"e )ind and"ow it wor#s! co)es *ro) a Gree# word)eaning li*es or soul%

5% 1rain cells use u a lot o* energ$! so t"e$ need

a constant sul$ o* o4$gens%


12/23

CO+POUN, NOUNS

&o)ound nouns are two nouns t"atare used toget"er to )a#e one word oridea% T"e frst noun acts as an

adjective to t"e second noun andusuall$ does not ta#e s% T"e secondnoun can be lural and ta#e an s%

• rain cell• rain wave

• Computer scientists


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CO+POUN, NOUNS

&o)ound nouns )a$ also be used wit" nu)ber e4ressions%

The brain uses as much power as a ten-watt lightbulb. 6noun used as anadjective7

The brain uses as much power as a lightbulb o ten watts.6noun used as a

noun7

$e recited a 16,000-page boo% rom memory % 6noun used as an adjective7

$e recited a boo% o 16,000 pages rom memory %6noun used as a noun7

STRATEGY

+eware of compound nouns with numbers, where the compound noun

used as an ad#ective ma! be in the plural form


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NU+-ERS

Nu)bers suc" as hundred, thousand, millionand trillion are lural w"en t"ere are nonu)bers be*ore t"e)%

• The brain receives &'' million messages asecond.

• The brain stores trillions o messages.STRATEGYWhen !ou see nouns involving numbers, such as hundred,

thousand, or million, make sure that the! are not in the pluralform when the! follow numbers


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E)ERCISE .

• &orrect t"e errors in t"e *ollowing sentences%

2% /eole8s brains weig" )ore now t"an t"e$ did 299$ears ago%

% Nerves i)ulses can travel at seeds o* u to 5*eet er second%

3% T"ere are t"ree to *our )illions ain recetors int"e s#in%

5% ' t"ree;$ears;old c"ild8s brain is two;t"irds t"esi


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A,ECTI0E CLAUSE


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A,ECTI0E CLAUSE

• 'n adjective clause )odifes a noun%'djective clauses begin wit" arelative ronoun suc" as who, whom,

whose, which, that, or a relativeadverb suc" as when or where.


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CLAUSE

+AR1ER

USE E)A+PLE

>"o /eole

6subject7

T"e tribes w"o lived in t"e

Great /lains used s)o#esignals

>"o) /eole

6object

T"e wo)an w"o) we )et was

called Lig"tning &loud%>"ose /eole?t"ings

6ossessive7

-e sent a )essage w"ose

)eaning we "ad agreed uonin advance%>"ic" T"ings

6subject?objec

t7

T"at is a tribe w"ic" interests

)e%

6subject7

T"e dru)beats w"ic" we "eard

sent a )essage%

6object7% T"at /eole?t"ings

6subject?objec

t7

T"e 'ac"e is a tribe t"at I will

researc"% 6object7

T"e s)o#e t"at $ou see is *ro)

t"e "ills%6sub ect7


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STRATEGY

Check for the correct clause marker

and a sub#ect and verb in an ad#ectiveclause)


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Omission o2 t%e Relati3ePronoun

>"en t"e relative ronoun is t"e subject o* t"e adjectiveclause! it cannot be o)itted%

The man who played the drum was rom West (rica.6subject7

I* t"e relative ronoun is t"e object o* t"e adjectiveclause! it can be o)itted%

• The man whom I saw was a Native (merican. 6object7

The man I saw was a Native (merican.

• The drumbeat that I heard was a signal. ) object *

The drumbeat I heard was a signal.


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Omission o2 t%e Relati3ePronoun

T"e relative ronouns whose, where, and whereby cannot be o)itted%

• +euoyah, whose alphabet or the Indian people consisted o - characters, wasacclaimed a genius by his people. 6w"osecannot be o)itted7

• That was the area where the tribe lived. )wherecannot be o)itted.*

• +euoyah devised an alphabet whereby all thediferent tribes could read a common language. )whereby cannot be omitted.*


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STRATEGY

Remember that sometimes the relative pronoun

ma! be omitted from an ad#ective clause) he

relative pronouns which, that, who, and whom

can be omitted when the! are the ob#ect of the

ad#ective clause)


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Prepositions t%at Come (e2oreAd4ecti3e Clauses&

(o)eti)e an adjective clause is used wit" areosition%

• There are a number o ways by which a messagecan be sent.

In so#en Englis" t"e reosition usuall$ goes at t"eend o* t"e clause! but in *or)al written Englis" it goesat t"e beginning o* t"e clause%

• /ormal0 That was the man to whom I wasreerring.

• Inormal0 That was the man whom I was reerringto.

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Noun and Adjective Clause Presentation