Notre dame Chemistry - Home€¦ · Web viewAtoms: Nuclear Interactions A: The Nature of Atoms A.1 A Great Discovery pgs. 480-483 What is radiation? Refer to figure 6.21 on pg. 499

Atoms: Nuclear InteractionsUnit 6

Term 3 Chemistry

Atoms: Nuclear Interactions

A: The Nature of AtomsA.1 A Great Discovery pgs. 480-483

What is radiation?______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

List three examples of electromagnetic waves: _____________________________________

________________________________ ___________________________________

What is fluorescence?___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

What were cathode rays identified as being? _______________________________________

What are X-rays? ______________________________________________________________

Who named X-rays? ___________________________________________________________

What materials can X-rays NOT pass through? _____________________________________

What is radioactivity?___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Who discovered radioactivity without really knowing what he had? ___________________

Who first proposed the term “radioactivity”?_______________________________________

What two radioactive elements did the Curies find in pitchblende? Give name and symbol.

____________________________________ ____________________________________

A.2 Nuclear Radiation pgs. 484-485

When you hear the words “nuclear radiation”, what comes to your mind?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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TYPES OF RADIATIONName Wavelength Energy Dangernonionizing

ionizing

Refer to figure 6.9 p. 484 in order to name the various sources of radiationNONIONIZING IONIZING

What type of radiation is nuclear radiation? _______________________________________

What causes nuclear radiation? __________________________________________________

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Term 3 Chemistry

Fill in the blanks about the radioactive decay process

1. A radioactive atom changes spontaneously through _________________________ of its nucleus.

2. This results in the emission of ______________________________________ and

___________________________________________ from the atom.

3. When this happens, the _________________________ of the radioactive atom changes.

4. As a result an ____________________________ of a ___________________________element forms.

In what step above [1-4] is nuclear radiation produced? ___________________

TYPES OF NUCLEAR EMISSIONSEMISSION PARTICLE:symbol CHARGEalpha particle

beta particle

gamma ray

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Term 3 Chemistry

A.1-A.3 Content Reading Guide: A Great Discovery, Nuclear Radiation and The Gold Foil Experiment

Complete the chart below after reading sections A.1-A.3

Who? Discovery When? Year

Ranking (1=which

came first)

Ranking(1=most

important)

Roentgen

Becquerel

Marie & Pierre Curie

Rutherford’s first discoveries

1899

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment

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Lab: Blackbody Radiation

A.4 The Architecture of Atoms pgs. 487-498

All atoms of a given element have the same amount of what part(s) of the atom? (proton, electron, neutron)

___________________________________________________

All atoms of a given element might not have the same amount of what part(s) of the atom? (proton, electron, neutron)

___________________________________________________

What is an isotope? ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

What is the mass number of an element? __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

http://chemkjj.blogspot.ro/2015/06/c1-12-proton-number-mass-number-ions.htmlIsotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number, which is given by the number of protons in the nucleus and shown on the periodic table, but different mass numbers, which are given by the number of protons and of neutrons in the nucleus.

For a given element, an isotope can be distinguished using the mass number alone, since by definition the number of protons is always the same.

Iodine-126 refers to an isotope of iodine that has a mass number equal to 126. Silver-110 refers

5

Write the symbol for iodine-126'

Write the symbol for silver-110'


Term 3 Chemistry

to an isotope of silver that has a mass number equal to ________________. If you take a look at a periodic table, you will notice that the atomic mass of iodine is _________ this is not the same as the mass number for this isotope.

The atomic mass rounded is the mass number of the most abundant isotope. What is the mass number for the most abundant isotope of silver?

_______________A.5 Interpreting Isotopic Notation pg. 490Isotope Notation

Name Protons Neutrons Mass Number Electrons

carbon-12

7

oxygen-16

12

mercury-202

92

Are the following statements true or false? If false, make them true

a. _________ An element atomic number of 29 has 29 protons, 29 neutrons, and 29 electrons.

b. _________ An atom that is an isotope of 60Fe has 34 neutrons.

c. _________ An atom of 31P contains 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 31 electrons.

d. _________ 23Na and 24Na are isotopes.

e. _________ 24Na has one more electron than 23Na

f. _________ 24Na has one more neutron than 23Na

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Term 3 Chemistry

Rank protons, neutrons and electrons according to their mass.

Lab: Isotopic Pennies

B: Nuclear RadiationB.1 Exposure to Ionizing Radiation pgs. 497-499

What is background radiation?__________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Natural Source of background radiation Example (if given)

Why is it important to monitor the amount of ionizing ration to which people are exposed?

______________________________________________________________________________

Name the two units that express the absorbed dose of radiation. _______________________

________________________

Name the two units that indicate ionizing effects on living organisms.

__________________________________ ____________________________________

What unit is used to express normal human doses? __________________________________

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What is an average dose for a person living in America each year? _____________________

What is the maximum yearly dose considered safe by the government? _________________

What is the maximum yearly dose if you work with radiation? _________________Refer to figure 6.21 on pg. 499 to fill in the table about radioactive isotopes in your body. Not all spaces will be filled for each body part.

Thyroid Lungs Muscles Liver Bones

Refer to figure 6.22 to answer the following regarding ionizing radiation in America.

Name the largest source: _____________________ Smallest source: _______________

B.2 Your Annual Radiation Dose pgs. 500-501

B.2 Making Decisions: Your Annual Ionizing-Radiation Dose

Using the app, figure out your annual ionizing radiation dose. Write the amount: ____________List the categories where you get ionizing radiation:

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Term 3 Chemistry

1. Compare your annual ionizing-radiation dose toa) U.S. limit of 500 mrem per person annually. ____________________________________

average background radiation value (360 mrem). ____________________________________

2. Explain why you think your number is higher or lower than the averages.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Why is it useful to keep track of how many X-rays you receive annually?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. What geographic factors might decrease your annual ionizing-radiation dose?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. a. What lifestyle changes could reduce a person’s exposure to ionizing radiation?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. Would you decide to make those changes? Explain.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

B. 3 Ionizing Radiation: How Much Is Safe? pgs. 502-504

Look back at your definitions from part A or use the book to explain the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation:

______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name and describe the two main factors that determine tissue damage due to ionizing radiation:

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Name the ionizing forms of electromagnetic radiation: _____________________________

____________________________

Damage to which type of molecules is of the greatest concern?

____________________________ ______________________________________

What happens to the body if a large number of protein molecules are destroyed within a small region?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Table 6.6 BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE FROM IONIZING RADIATIONFactor Effect

Most scientists assume that an increase in radiation dose produces a proportional increase in risk.The more a given dose is spread out over time, the less harm it does.The larger the body area exposed to a given radiation dose, the greater the damage.Rapidly dividing cells are more susceptible to radiation damage than are slowly dividing cells. Fetuses and children are more susceptible to radiation damage than are adults.

What happens to a sperm or ovum cell that gets a mutation? __________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What is cancer? ______________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________________________

What does it have to do with mutations?___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________Look at table 6.7. What is the dose in rem that leads to:

no effect: __________________

lesions (sores on the skin): __________________ radiation sickness: ___________________

ulcers and death: ___________________

The first cases of exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation came from what kind of workers?:

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

What element were they working with? _________________________

What is leukemia? ___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Name four problems with the body that come from exposure to ionizing radiation:

____________________________________ __________________________________

____________________________________ __________________________________

What do most scientists agree about typical background levels of ionizing radiation?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

What is a Geiger-Mueller counter?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

B. 5 Natural Radioactive Decay pgs. 508-510

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An alpha particle is composed of ______ protons and ______ neutrons.

What is an alpha particle identical to? ______________________________________

Why are alpha particles positive? ___________________________________________

If an element has an atomic number greater than __________ it will release alpha particles

Why are alpha particles dangerous to humans? _____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What is fortunate about alpha particles outside the body? ____________________________

Copy the nuclear equation for the decay process of radium-226 as shown on pg. 508

Copy the illustration of the decay process of radium-226 as shown in figure 6.31.

Why do beta particles have a much greater penetrating ability than alpha particles?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Which are more damaging to humans, alpha or beta particles? ________________________

During beta decay, what happens to a neutron? _____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Copy the nuclear equation for lead-210 undergoing beta decay as shown on pg. 509.

What does it mean if an atom is metastable? _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What are gamma rays? _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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Term 3 Chemistry

Where do gamma rays come from? _______________________________________________

Table 6.8 CHANGES RESULTING FROM NUCLEAR DECAYDecay Type

Symbol Change in Atomic Number

Change in Total Neutrons

Change in Mass Number

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Copy the illustration in Figure 6.33 on page 510

Questions from video

1. Which shielding materials were effective in reducing the intensity of each type of radiation? Support your answer with observations.______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. How do the three types of radiation compare in terms of penetrating ability?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Of the shielding materials, which do you conclude is the most effective in blocking radiation? Cite evidence that supports your conclusion. Which is the least effective in blocking radiation? Cite evidence that supports your conclusion. [answer on next page]

______________________________________________________________________________

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Term 3 Chemistry

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. What properties of a material appear to affect its radiation-shielding ability? ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. When you have a dental X-ray, your body is shielded with a special blanket See Figure 6.30 (page 507 of your textbook). What material would be a good choice for this blanket? _______________________________

Why? ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

a. Which type of nuclear radiation from a source outside the body is likely to be most dangerous to living organisms? _____________________________________________________________________________

b. Why? Give evidence to support your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________Use the space below to write decay equations from what you saw in the video:

Alpha:

Beta:

Gamma:

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Term 3 Chemistry

B.5 & B.6 Supplement: Nuclear Balancing Act

Write a balanced equation for each of the following nuclear reactions.Examples: Chlorine-36 decays by beta emission Dubnium-262 decays by alpha emission36Cl 3

6Ar + \s\up 6(0 )e 105262

Db 103258

Lr + \s\up 6(4 )He1. Krypton-87 decays by beta emission.

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. Curium-240 decays by alpha emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Uranium-232 decays by alpha emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. Silicon-32 decays by beta emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. Zinc-71 decays by beta emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

6. Americum-243 decays by alpha emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

7. Cobalt-60 decays by beta emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

8. Phosphorous-32 decays by beta emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

9. Gadolinium-150 decays by alpha emission.

_________________________________________________________________________________

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10. Lead-210 decays by emitting both a beta and an alpha particle.

_________________________________________________________________________________

B. 6 Nuclear Balancing Act pg. 511

1. Copy the equation for the decay of carbon-14 as shown on pg. 511. Fill in the ? with the correct nuclear particle (alpha, beta).

2. Copy the equation for the decay of americium-241. Fill in the ? with the correct nuclear particle (alpha, beta).

3. a) Copy the equation for the decay of thorium-232. Replace the letter A with an element.

b) Copy the equation for the decay of radium-228. Replace the letter B with an element.

c) Copy the equation for the decay of actinium-228. Replace the letter C with a particle.

d) Copy the equation. Replace the letter D with an element that decays to produce radium-224.

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e) Copy the equation for the decay of radium-224. Replace the letter E with a particle.

B.7 Content Viewing Guide: Radon

Me Text Statement1. Radon has always been in Earth’s atmosphere.

2. Radon is more of a problem in older homes than newer ones.

3. There is no way to fix a radon problem in your home.

4. The radioactive decay products of radon are more dangerous than radon itself.

5. The EPA estimates that less than 1% of the homes in the United States have excessive radon levels.

6. About 80% of U.S. lung cancer deaths annually are caused by inhaling radon.

Directions: In the first column, write “A” or “D” indicating your agreement or disagreement with each statement before watching the video. As you watch, complete the second column by entering “A” or “D” based on whether the statement agrees with information from the video.

B.7 Radon pg. 512

In what periodic table group is radon found? ___________________________________

On Earth, where is radon found? _____________________________________________

What element produces radon when it decays? _________________________________

Why is radon a problem in newer homes but not in older homes? Explain carefully.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

What are two things done to remedy radon in homes? _______________________________

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Term 3 Chemistry

_____________________________________________________________________________

When radon gas is inhaled, what three toxic heavy metals ions does it transform into?

______________________________________________________________________________

What particles do these ions emit? ____________________ Why is that a problem?

______________________________________________________________________________

What percent of deaths from lung cancer come from cigarette smoking? ________________

What percent of deaths from lung cancer come from indoor radon gas? ________________

Study figure 6.38 to answer the following questions

What color zone is Chattanooga? ________________________ What does this mean?

______________________________________________________________________________

What color zone is the northwest part of the country? _________ southeast? ____________

Explain what causes the southeast to be so different from the northwest for radon problems

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________Section A Study Guide

Answer each of the following.

1. Radiation can be characterized as ionizing or nonionizing.a. Differentiate between these two types of radiation.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. Give an example of each.

______________________________________________________________________________

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Term 3 Chemistry

2. Fill in the chart charge size rating (1 is largest)

protonneutronelectron

?3. What is radioactivity?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the major difference between a nuclear reaction and a chemical reaction?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. Why does nuclear decay occur?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

6. Which subatomic particle determines the identity of an element?

_________________________________________________________________________________

7. Is it possible for two atoms of C to have different mass numbers? Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

8. Complete the following table:

Isotopic Notation # of Protons # of Neutrons Mass Number Element Name

a. \s\up 6(2 )H

b. 37Cl

c. 43 56

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Term 3 Chemistry

d. 82 137

e. Silver-107

9. Is it possible for two atoms of C to have different atomic numbers? Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

10. Hydrogen-3 is radioactive; however, hydrogen-1 is not. Identify differences in these two atoms that are responsible for differences in their nuclear properties.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Section B Study GuideAnswer each of the following.

11. Is it likely that you have been exposed to radiation today? Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

12. If you could live in any house, anywhere in the United States, what factors would you consider in minimizing your exposure to ionizing radiation?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

13. Identify and explain two factors that determine the extent of damage caused by ionizing radiation.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

14. What type of damage does ionizing radiation cause to the human body? ______________________

15. Why might your new dentist ask for the X-ray records from your previous dentist, instead of taking new X-rays of your teeth?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________

16. Complete the following table:

Symbol Composition Charge Penetrating Ability

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

17. Identify the minimal shielding required to protect against each type of radiation.

a. Alpha _________________________________________________________________

b. Beta _________________________________________________________________

c. Gamma _________________________________________________________________

18. How does distance impact the penetrating ability of ionizing radiation?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

19. Complete the following: You have to have the symbols memorized for the test!

d. Alpha emission: 235 U → ____________________________________________________

e. Beta emission: 210 Bi → _____________________________________________________

f. Alpha emission 213 Ra→ ____________________________________________________

20. Why are homes with basements or newer homes more likely to have high radon levels?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

21. Is it possible to detect radiation using only your senses? If yes, explain. If no, identify devices for radiation detection.

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Term 3 Chemistry

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

C: Using RadioactivityC.1 Half-Life: A Radioactive Clock pgs 521-522

What are three reasons why scientists want to predict how long a radioisotope will take to decay?

1. ____________________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________

Read the LAST paragraph of pg. 521. The most common interpretation of one half-life is:

_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What happens to the rate of radioactive decay at the end of one half-life?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Refer to Table 6.9 and copy the decay equation for the element with the shortest half-life

How is the amount of C-14 atoms in an organism related to how long it has been dead?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Is there any way to change the radioactive decay rate of an element? ___________________

C.2-C.3 Lab: Understanding Half-Life

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Practice: Half-life problems. Show your work for full credit.

1. The half-life of nitrogen-16 is 7.2 seconds. How long will it take for an 100.0 g sample of nitrogen-16 to decays to 12.5 g?

2. If it takes a 50.00 g sample 24.3 days to decay to 6.25 g, what is the half-life of iodine-131?

3. Chromium-48 has a short half-life of 21.6 h. It took 108 hours for a sample to decay to 11.25g. How much chromium-48 was in the original sample?

4. How much will be left of an 800.0 g sample of technetium-99 in 639,000 years if its half-life is 213,000 years?

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Term 3 Chemistry

C.6 Artificial Radioactivity pgs. 531-532

What is a synthetic radioisotope? _________________________________________________

When was the first synthetic radioisotope produced? ________________________________

Who produced it and how are they related to another pioneer of radiation?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Copy the nuclear equation of the first synthetic radioisotope as shown on pg. 532.

Why are neutrons used in synthetic nuclear reactions? _______________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Fill in this chart to name and describe the four particles involved in nuclear-bombardment.

Particle DescriptionThe stable isotope that is bombarded

The particle fired at the target nucleus

The isotope produced in the reaction

The lighter nucleus or particle emitted from reaction

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Term 3 Chemistry

***Go back and label the particles in the equation for the production of the first synthetic isotope.

C.6 Supplement: Nuclear Bombardment Reactions

Write a balanced equation for each of the following nuclear reactions.

Example: Oxygen-16 plus a neutron results in the formation of another element and the release of an alpha particle.

16O + \s\up 6(1 )n 1

3C + \s\up 6(4 )He1. Boron-10 plus a neutron results in the formation of another element and the release of an alpha particle.___________________________________________________________________________

2. Beryllium-9 plus a proton results in the formation of another element and the release of an alpha particle.___________________________________________________________________________

3. Einsteinium-253 plus an alpha particle results in the formation of another element and the release of a neutron.___________________________________________________________________________

4. Lithium-7 plus a proton results in the formation of another element and the release of a neutron.___________________________________________________________________________

5. Plutonium-241 plus another particle results in the formation of plutonium-242 and the release of gamma rays.___________________________________________________________________________

6. Argon-40 plus an alpha particle produces another element and the release of a neutron.___________________________________________________________________________

7. Einsteinium-252 was bombarded by a berylium-9 atom, producing a new element and three neutrons.___________________________________________________________________________

8. Plutonium-239 can be produced by bombarding uranium-238 with an alpha particle. Some neutrons are released.___________________________________________________________________________

9. Uranium-235 is bombarded with a neutron to produce tellurium-137, another element, and two neutrons.___________________________________________________________________________

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10. On the sun, three steps are needed to create helium from hydrogen (nuclear fusion). In the third step, two helium-3 atoms react to form helium-4 and two hydrogen atoms.

___________________________________________________________________________

C.7 Nuclear-Bombardment Reactions pg. 533

Complete the following equations by supplying the missing numbers or symbols. Name each particle. Then identify the target nucleus, projectile particle, product nucleus, and ejected particle.

1. A stable isotope of element 27 with the mass number of 59 is bombarded with a neutron to produce a radioactive form of the same element.

2. Element 42 with the mass number 96 is bombarded with a hydrogen atom to produce a new element and a neutron.

3. Bismuth-209 is bombarded with an element with the mass number of 58 to produce meitnerium and a neutron.

C.8 Extending the Periodic Table pgs. 534-536

How many transuranium elements exist? ____________________ What atomic number begins the transuranium elements? _____________

What is the name of the accelerator that has been ______________________used to produce the transuranium elements?

Copy the nuclear reaction which produced curium-242 as shown on pg. 534.

Do any of the transuranium elements exist in nature? ________________________________

Why is Glenn Seaborg called the father of the modern periodic table? Be Specific

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Term 3 Chemistry

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

D: Nuclear Energy: Benefits and BurdensD.1 Unleashing Nuclear Forces pg. 541-544

Look at Fig. 6.55 Lise Meitner has an element named after her? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What is nuclear fission? ________________________________________________________

Copy the nuclear reaction for the fission of uranium-235 as shown on pg. 542

What is the benefit of nuclear fission? ____________________________________________

Nuclear fission releases ________________________ more energy than a chemical reaction

Balanced chemical equations illustrate what principle relating to chemical reactions?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

During nuclear reactions, energy and mass are also _________________________________.

During nuclear fission, small amounts of mass are converted into _____________________.

What is the strong force? _______________________________________________________

The strong force is ________________________ times stronger than the force that holds chemical bonds together.

What percent of the nucleus’s mass is converted to energy during fission? _____________

Copy Albert Einstein’s famous equation and fill in the blanks: _______________________

E=_______________ m= _________________ c2= ______________________________

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Term 3 Chemistry

One gram of matter converted to energy is equal to how many gallons of gas?

_______________________ gallons

Name two uses of the energy released from nuclear fission:D.2 The Tumbling Domino Effect pg 544-545

D.3 Nuclear Power Plants pg 546-547

When were the first nuclear power reactors built? _________________________________

In 2004, how many commercial nuclear reactors were running in the U.S. ______________

Look at figure 6.60. How many nuclear power plants are in Tennessee? ________________

Name the state with the most and tell how many it has _______________________________

What fraction of the world’s energy is produced by nuclear power? ____________________

How does a nuclear plant differ from a conventional plant in how it heats water to make steam?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Why do power plants need steam? ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

PART OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

DESCRIPTION/USE IN THE PLANT

Fuel Rods

Control Rods

Moderator

Generator

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Cooling System

D.4 Nuclear Fusion pg 552-554

What is nuclear fusion? _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Which liberates more energy, fission or fusion? How much more?

______________________________________________________________________________

Copy the Scientific American Illustration and clearly label FISSION and FUSION

Copy the nuclear fusion reaction on pg. 553 that is important for life on Earth.

Why is this fusion reaction important for life on Earth? ______________________________

Fusion of one gram of hydrogen-1 produces energy equal to:

_____________________ gallons of gas

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Term 3 Chemistry

_____________________ tons of coal

What is an example of a thermonuclear device? _____________________________________

How many years have scientists spent trying to harness fusion for electricity? ___________What are the major difficulties that keep fusion from being harnessed?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name and describe two reasons why fusion reactions might not become practical sources of energy even if scientists figure out how to harness the reactions.

1.____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2.____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Section D Summary notes

Compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion in the chart below.

Fission Fusion

Sample equation

Amount of energy produced

Example(s) of each reaction type in nature

Current human uses

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Fission Fusion

Radioactive waste problems

Other comparisons

D. 6 Nuclear Waste: Pandora’s Box

How many years have radioactive waste products been accumulating? _________________

Fill in the boxes by describing the types of high level nuclear waste

HIGH LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTEProducts of Nuclear Fisson Transuranics

Fill in the spaces with examples of low level nuclear waste

LOW LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE

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Refer to Figure 6.68 to answer questions a-i Actually try to interpret the graphs, don’t leave this blank!

a) What produces the highest volume of nuclear waste? _____________________________

b) What produces the lowest volume of nuclear waste? ______________________________

c) What is the total percent of volume of low-level waste? ____________________________

d) What is the total percent of volume of high-level waste? ___________________________

e) Which waste has the highest radioactivity? ______________________________________

f) Which waste has the lowest radioactivity? _______________________________________

g) Does the material with the highest volume have a high or low radioactivity? ___________

h) Explain why this is beneficial to the U.S. ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

i) Should high level or low level waste receive greater attention? Explain

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

How is low-level waste disposed? _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Does the federal government regulate how the low-level waste is disposed? Explain.

______________________________________________________________________________

According to federal law, how is nuclear reactor waste stored? ________________________

Does the U.S. have a permanent long-term disposal site for high-level waste? ____________

Why is high-level waste a bigger problem to store than low level waste? Fig. 6.70

1.____________________________________________________________________________

2.____________________________________________________________________________

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What is mined geologic disposal? _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Before burial, why do the spent fuel rods have to cool for several decades in water tanks?

______________________________________________________________________________

What is vitrification? ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Why is vitrification performed on the radioactive waste? _____________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What three things make finding an acceptable site for burial of waste challenging?

______________________________________________________________________________

Name and describe the two possible places in the U.S. for high-level waste storage.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

D.6 Summary notes: Nuclear Waste

Compare high-level and low-level nuclear wastes in the chart below.

High-Level Wastes Low-Level Wastes

Sources

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Current disposal methods

Proposed long-term disposal methods

Problems with long-term disposal

Section C Study GuideAnswer each of the following.

1. Why is understanding the idea of half-life important?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. The half-life of substance X is four years. Starting with 24 atoms of substance X, illustrate the number of atoms of X remaining after one half-life, two half-lives, and three half-lives.

1 half-life 2 half-lives 3 half-lives

3. The half-life of chromium-51 is 28 days. If you have 2.00 g of chromium, how many grams would remain after 56 days?

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4. The half-life of lead-218 is 8 days. If you have 9.2 grams and it has been 64 days, how much did you start with?

5. A 150 gram sample of lithium-10 has been decaying for 6 weeks. There is only 2.34 grams remaining. What is the half-life in weeks and in days for lithium-10?

6. How would you address the statement, “radiation doesn’t treat cancer, it causes cancer”?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

7. How are synthetic radioisotopes produced?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Write the nuclear symbols in the boxes below. These need to be memorized for the test.

neutron proton beta (electron) alpha gamma

8. Supply the missing numbers or symbols (look for the ?). Name each particle. Then identify the target nucleus, projectile particle, product nucleus, and ejected particle.

a)\s\up 6(9 )? + ?? He 12? + ?? n

target nucleus _________________ projectile particle _________________

product nucleus _________________ ejected particle ___________________

b)239 ?______+ 2

4 ? _______→ ?? ?_______+ \s\up 6(1 )n

target nucleus _________________ projectile particle _________________

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product nucleus _________________ ejected particle __________________

9. Although technologically possible, what practical factors limit the production of large amounts of gold by transmutation?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Section D Study Guide

1. Which two quantities are conserved during nuclear reactions? _______________________________

2. What is the source of the energy produced during nuclear fission? _________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Protons and neutrons both reside in the nucleus. What holds these particles together?_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What have been the two major uses for the energy produced in nuclear fission?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the function of each of the essential parts of a nuclear power plant:

a. fuel rods? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. control rods? ___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c. moderator? ____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

d. generator? _____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Describe the process of nuclear fusion_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

36


Term 3 Chemistry

Write the famous equation responsible for nuclear fusion. Identify each variable and tell the name of the

creator of the equation.

7. What difficulties have slowed efforts to conduct controlled fusion reaction?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

8. Differentiate between high-level and low-level nuclear wastes._________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

9. What are different disposal methods used for high-level and low-level wastes?_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

10. What are some of the challenges that exist in finding sites for long-term disposal of nuclear wastes?

technically: _______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

socially:__________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

politically:_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Be sure you know the information in the summary notes charts for fission/fusion and nuclear waste.

37

Documents

Notre dame Chemistry - Home€¦ · Web viewAtoms: Nuclear Interactions A: The Nature of Atoms A.1 A Great Discovery pgs. 480-483 What is radiation? Refer to figure 6.21 on pg. 499