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Note
• Notes online
• Mini-Quizzes
What is a trait of personality?
• A “unit” of measurement
• Allport presents 8 Criteria that define a personality trait
Traits
• 1) A trait has more than nominal existence
• Traits are real!
Traits
• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior
lie steal
cheat
Traits
• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior
lie steal
cheatHonesty
Traits
• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior
– There are systems of behaviors
– Traits my embrace anywhere between 2 to hundreds of behaviors
Traits
• 3) A trait is dynamic
• A trait CAUSES behavior, it is not just a summary of behavior
lie steal
cheatHonesty
YES!
Traits
• 3) A trait is dynamic
• A trait CAUSES behavior, it is not just a summary of behavior
lie steal
cheatHonesty
NO!
Traits
• 4) The existence of a trait my be established empirically or statistically
• Statistical techniques can be used to examine coherence among behaviors
Traits
• 5) Traits are only relatively independent of each other
• It will be difficult to isolate “fundamental” traits that are completely independent of each other
Traits
• 6) A trait of personality, psychologically considered, is not the same as a moral quality.
Traits
• 7) Acts, and even habits, that are inconsistent with a trait are not proof of the non-existence of the trait
• Not realistic to expect perfect consistency– Some traits not important in some people– Traits interact with each other within a person– Context also determines behavior
Traits
• 8) A trait may be viewed either in the light of the personality which contains it, or in the light of its distribution in the population at large.
• Some traits are unique and some are universal
• Can examine either– Universal traits across people– Unique blends of traits within a person
Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach
• The Many-Trait Approach
• The Essential-Trait Approach
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
The Single Trait Approach
• An in-depth research program of a single trait
Questionnaire
Add score
• Reverse key• 2,4,6,8,10,12,14
Authoritarianism
• Historical context– Nazi Germany
• Philosophical roots– Fromm
• To avoid choices people turn their will over to external authorities
• “I am just following orders”
• In the 1930s created the “F – Scale”
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Destructiveness and cynicism
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Projectivity
Destructiveness and cynicism
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Sexual repression
Projectivity
Destructiveness and cynicism
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
Authoritarianism
• Note how this trait ties together many diverse behaviors
• Also note how it can explain inconsistencies in behavior– A person VERY respectful to a superior may
be cruel to those who rank lower
Authoritarianism
• Over 4,000 articles on this trait!
• Findings:• No relation between authoritarianism and
political party (note: communism findings)
• Note: not conservatism, but pseudoconservatism– e.g., taxes abolished, no trials, etc.
Authoritarianism
Findings:
• Society is in turmoil, authoritarians more likely to support “strong” political candidates
• When standard of living declines authoritarians more likely to favor restrictions of welfare and bans on abortion
Authoritarianism
Roots:
• Child-rearing practices– Regularly and severely punished– Learn to fear, obey, and be unquestioning of authority
• Genetic– Biological siblings = .35– Adopted siblings = .05
Questionnaire
Say
• “I am going out now, I won’t be back all day. If anyone comes by, just tell them I’m not here”
• Happy
• Sad
• Mad
Self-Monitoring
• How much do “monitor” your social setting and alter your behaviors accordingly
• High SM – Monitor every situation– Look for cues how to act, alter behavior
• Low SM– Consistent behavior regardless of situation
Self-Monitoring
• Findings:
• Actors tend to be high self-monitors– Mental patients tend to be low
• High SM interview better for jobs• High SM more likely to lie to go on dates• Jokes with a laugh track• Masturbate more often (r = .50; only for women)
The Many-Trait Approach
• Examine many traits simultaneously to determine what type of person tends to perform certain behaviors
The Many-Trait Approach
• Commonly use the California Q-Sort– Forces you to compare traits to each other
• Rank order• Healthy• Wealthy• Wise
Findings of the Many-Trait Approach
• 64 undergraduates completed the SM scale
• Friends and family q-sorted the subjects
Self-Monitoring
• High SM
• Skilled in social techniques• Talkative• Self-dramatizing• Initiates humor• Verbally fluent• Expressive in face• Has social poise and presence
Self-Monitoring
• Low Self Monitors
• Distrustful• Perfectionist• Touchy and irritable• Anxious• Introspective• Independent
Findings of the Many-Trait Approach
• Drug use and adolescent health– Shedler & Block, 1990
• 101 subjects
• Age 11 – parents completed a q-sort
• Age 18 – Drug usage measured– Abstainers, experimenters, frequent users
Abst. Exp. Freq.
1. Prefers nonverbal methods of communication. 4.6 4.5 5.1*
3. Is warm and responsive. 5.3** 6.2 5.2**
6. Is helpful and cooperative. 7 7.2 6.5**
8. Tends to keep thoughts, feelings, or products to self.
5.6* 4.7 5.3
13. Characteristically pushes and tries to stretch limits.
3.0* 3.6 4.2
14. Is eager to please. 6 6.1 5.3**
21. Tries to be the center of attention. 3.1** 3.8 3.9
23. Is fearful and anxious. 4.5*** 3.3 4
25. Uses and responds to reason. 7.3** 6.6 6.5
26. Is physically active. 5.2** 5.9 5.7
Abst. Exp. Freq.
27. Is visibly deviant from peers in physical appearance.
3.3 3 3.7**
28. Is vital, energetic, lively. 4.9** 5.9 5.2
30. Tends to arouse liking and acceptance in adults. 6.1 6.5 5.9*
34. Is restless and fidgety. 3.7*** 4.6 5.1
35. Is inhibited and constricted. 5.1** 3.9 4.4
37. Likes to compete; tests and compares self with others.
4.1** 4.5 4.6
39. Becomes rigidly repetitive or immobilized under stress.
4.2* 3.5 4.2*
40. Is curious, eager to learn, open to new experiences.
5.4*** 6.4 5.7*
41. Is persistent in activities; does not give up easily. 5.9 5.6 5.1*
42. Is an interesting, arresting child. 5.1** 5.8 5.1*
Abst. Exp. Freq.
45. Tends to withdraw and disengage when under stress.
5.0* 4.2 5.2**
47. Has high standards of performance for self. 6.1 5.9 5.1**
52. Is physically cautious. 5.1*** 4 4.5
54. Has rapid shifts in mood; is emotionally labile. 3.5 3.4 4.2**
59. Is neat and orderly in dress and behavior. 6.5*** 5.5 5.2
60. Becomes anxious in unpredictable environment. 4.9** 4 4.8*
62. Is obedient and compliant. 6.5* 5.8 5.6
63. Has a rapid personal tempo; reacts and moves quickly.
4.2** 5 4.6
64. Is calm and relaxed, easy-going. 5.0* 5.6 5.2
The Many-Trait Approach
• Note: What this study is not saying– To interpret the meaning of these traits need
to also interpret the context of the study
• How many adjectives can you use to describe a person?
• Try it!
The Essential-Trait Approach
• Odbert and Allport found over 4,500 adjectives that describe personality traits– 17,953 adjectives overall (but some were not traits)
• Are all of these really independent of each other?
• Essential Approach tries to find how many and which traits are essential
The Big Five:History
• Allport and Odbert (1936)– 17,953 trait terms
• Cattell (1943)– Factor analysis finds 35
clusters
• Fiske (1949)– Factor analysis results in 5
factors
• Tupes & Christal (1961)– Replicate Fiske
• Norman (1963) replicates Tupes & Christal, and writes a review about these “big five” traits– Surgency (extraversion)– Agreeableness– Conscientiousness– Emotional stability– Culture
Essential Trait
• Big-Five Inventory
E1, 11, 16, 26, 36 R 6, 21, 31
A7, 17, 22, 32, 42 R 2,12, 27, 37
C3, 13, 28, 33, 38 R 8, 18, 23, 43
N4, 14, 19, 29, 39 R 9, 24, 34
O5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44 R 35, 41
R1 = 52 = 43 = 34 = 25 = 1
Agreeableness
Trust
Straightforwardness
Altruism
Compliance
Modesty
Tender-mindedness
Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man.
Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.
Extraversion
Warmth
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
Activity
Excitement seeking
Positive emotions
Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled.
Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence
Conscientiousness
Competence
Order
Dutifulness
Achievement striving
Self-discipline
Deliberation
Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon.
Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.
Neuroticism
Anxiety
Angry hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability
Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace).
Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.
Openness to Experience
Fantasy
Aesthetics
Feelings
Actions
Ideas
Values
Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways.
C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.
The Big Five
• Also known as the Five-Factor Model
• Extraversion• Agreeableness• Conscientiousness• Neuroticism• Openness to Experience
• OCEAN
Example
• Preadolscent girls and risk behavior– Markey, Markey, and Tinsley 2003
• Subjects were 160 girls– 5th grade mothers completed BFI and girls
pubertal development was assessed– 6th grade girls reported engagement in risky
behaviors• e.g., smoking, drinking, deep kissing, etc.
Results
Puberty .29
Extraversion .10
Agreeableness -.38
Conscientiousness -.42
Neuroticism .03
Openness -.04
Results
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1 2 3
Openness to Experience
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Early Puberty Risk = .44 (Open) + .54
Average Puberty Risk = -.01 (Open) + .41
Late PubertyRisk = -.25 (Open) + .28
Low Average High
Results
• Demonstrates predictive power of the Big-5
• Demonstrate show traits can interact with other elements (e.g., pubertal development) to create different behaviors
Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach
• The Many-Trait Approach
• The Essential-Trait Approach
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• Trait approaches tend to be “one-dimensional”
• They only consider one trait at a time
• “He is extraverted”• Pro: Simple and automatic• Con: Not all extraverts act the same
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person
• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person– Warm
• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person– Controlling
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• This approach examines how traits “blend” together within an individual
The Interpersonal Sphere
• Ask yourself:• High (+)• Moderate (0)• Low (-)
– How dominant are you?– How warm are you?
Interpersonal Circumplex
WarmCold
- 0 +
Interpersonal Circumplex
Dominant
Submissive
+
0
-
Interpersonal Circumplex
WarmCold
Dominant
Submissive
The Interpersonal Circumplex
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
The Interpersonal Circumplex
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
IPIP-IPC
• Warm-Agreeable
– Am interested in people.– Reassure others.– Inquire about others’ well-being.– Get along well with others.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
IPIP-IPC
• Gregarious-Extraverted
– Start conversations.– Love large parties.– Feel comfortable around people.– Talk to a lot of different.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
IPIP-IPC
• Assured-Dominant
– Do most of the talking.– Demand to be the center of
attention.– Speak loudly.– Demand attention.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
IPIP-IPC
• Arrogant-Calculating
– Cut others to pieces.– Contradict others.– Snap at people.– Have a sharp tongue.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
IPIP-IPC
• Cold-Hearted
– Believe people should fend for themselves.
– Don’t fall for sob-stories.– Don’t put a lot of thought into
things.– Am not interested in other people’s
problems.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
IPIP-IPC
• Aloof-Introverted
– Am a very private person.– Don’t talk a lot.– Have little to say.– Am quiet around strangers.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
IPIP-IPC
• Unassured-Submissive
– Dislike being the center of attention.– Let others finish what they are
saying.– Speak softly.– Seldom toot my own horn.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
IPIP-IPC
• Unassuming-Ingenuous
– Tolerate a lot from others.– Take things as they come.– Seldom stretch the truth.– Think of others first.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
The Interpersonal Circumplex
• The IPC can help us understand sex – well at least who does it the most!
Markey & Markey, 2007
0e
0e
Extraversion
Do
mina
nce Warmth
Agree
able
ness
Gregarious-Extraverted
Warm-Agreeable
Unassuming-Ingenuous
Unassured-Submissive
Aloof-Introverted
Cold-Hearted
Arrogant-Calculating
Assured-Dominant
0e
0e
Extraversion
Do
mina
nce Warmth
Agree
ablen
ess
Gregarious-Extraverted
Warm-Agreeable
Unassuming-Ingenuous
Unassured-Submissive
Aloof-Introverted
Cold-Hearted
Arrogant-Calculating
Assured-Dominant
Sex
• "Sex is a conversation carried out by other means.”
• "Sex with love is the greatest thing in life. But sex without love -- that's not so bad either."
Sex and Personality
• What accounts for different people’s willingness (or lack thereof) to engage in sexual relations with multiple partners?
• Who has multiple partners?– High Extraversion– Low Agreeablness
Method
• Participates– 210 participants
• 105 men and 105 women
• Measures– IAS
– Sexual promiscuity (different levels of intimacy)• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
Results
• 1) Men reported more partners for:• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
Results
• 2) For both males and females dominance was positively related to:
• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
Results
• 3) Warmth had a quadratic relationship with:
• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Warmth
Nu
mb
er o
f p
art
ner
s
One minute continuous lip kissing
Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
Sexual intercourse
Figure 4 Graphical representations of regression equations predicting the number of sexual partners women would have who are well defined (i.e., VL = 1.50) by an IPC octant.
0
4
8
12
16
20PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
0
2
4
6PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
0
2
4
6PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
0
2
4
6
8PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
Note: Underlined values indicate a significant (p < .05) regression weight.
One minute continuous lip kissing Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals Sexual intercourse
Number of partners = 9.28 + 2.38 (Sex) + 4.08 (Dom) - 1.40 (Warm) + 1.60 (Warm2) Number of partners = 2.43 + 3.60 (Sex) + 1.64 (Dom) - .14 (Warm) + 1.01 (Warm2)
Number of partners = 2.15 + 2.73 (Sex) + 1.21 (Dom) - .41 (Warm) + .72 (Warm2) Number of partners = 2.82 + 2.70 (Sex) + 1.20 (Dom) - .51 (Warm) + .70(Warm2)
Conclusion
• Personality is a unique “blend” of traits
• Like chemistry’s periodic table– Elements do not exist in a vacuum– Combine together!
• H20, NH3, CO2, etc.
Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach
• The Many-Trait Approach
• The Essential-Trait Approach
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach