NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS MONUMENTscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/55244/Folder 57.pdf · The Guide will take you on a brief but infonnativc virtu:II lour of this

NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS ,----- ----MA RI N E NA TI 0 NAL-----------,

MONUMENT A Ciiizt!} r Ctuide

University Of Hawaii School of Law Library - Jon Van Dyke Archives Collection

INTRODUCTION

Aloha,

On behalf of (he National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service and the Stale of H:lwai 'j - co-trustee management agencies of the

newly established Northwestern I lawai ian Islands Marine Nation.1I Monument (monu ment)

- rnahalo for laking the time to rClld our "citizen's guide" [0 the Northwestern Hawaiian

Isl,lOlIs M,L rinc National Monument A~ co- trus tees. we take seriously our responsibility

10 safeguanJ the n3IUrai and cultural heritage of the Northwestern Uawaiian Islands.

On lune 15. 2006. Presiden t Bush signed a proclamation es tablishing the Northwestern

Uawaii<lIIlslands Marine Nat ional Monument. His signature m;,rks the beginning of a

mammoth undertaking [ 0 stn.:nglhcn exis ting conserva tion and implement new lasti ng

protectiuns tu ensure that this remote wilderness cominocs 10 thrive for genera tions to come.

We hope this Guide provides you with a glimpse o f the incredible nalUru] and cul1urul

history of the region and an under.annding of the newly es tnblishcd monument.

The Guide will take you on a brief but infonnativc virtu:II lour of this V<lst Mea and

introduce you to the amaZing plants and animals that c:l llthese islands and reefs thei r home. Wc also hope you wi ll become inspired to learn more aboullhe Northwestern

Hawai ian Islands and join with us as active caretakers of Hawaii's oceans.

The is lands. molls, reefs, shoals. and wildl ife of this incredible area offer Uaw<li ·i. the

Uoited Sllltes. and the wor ld wilh II nalurJI and cultum] treasure un like any ot her o n E:1I1h.

Mahalo for your support.

'Aulani Wilhelm

William Robinson

National Oceanic and Almospheric Administr.uion

Barry Stieglitz

U.S. Fish and Wildli fe Service

PelerYoung

Slate of Hawai';' Department of L'lnd :lOd Natura l Resources

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A GLOBAL TREASURE

Beyond the main eighl populated islands of Hawai'i lie a string of liny island s, alOlls, shoals, and b:mks spanning 1,200 miles o f the Pacifi c Ocean, the world's large st body of waler. Hundreds o f miles northwest of Kaua ' i. places like Nihoa, Laysan. Pearl and Hennes, and Kure comprise the lillie known, rare ly visited Northwes tern Ilawili ian Islands (NWHI), Seen from space, the area's shallow waters appear as a string of turquoise jewel s in an e mpty and dark blue vastness.

Thanks to Iheir isolation, Ihese 4.500 Slluare miles of wild coral reefs are among the healthiesl and mosl

extensive in the world. This marine wilderness is home to the highl y endangered Hawai ian monk seal. the world's second moSI endangered seal. and uninhabi ted sandy islets provide the nesling

grounds for 90 percent of Hawaii's threatened green sea turtles . Though land areas are

limited, over 14 million seabirds nest here and this is the (Jn ly hOme for fo ur endangered land birds.

The marine habitats of the NWJ.II contain fealures nol found in the main Hawai ian Islands, such as coml

alOll s. and norture th riving populations o f maoy species once abundanl in Ihe main Hawa iian Islands, bUI rare ly found today. Large predalUry fish such as jacks, Hawaiian

grouper, and sharks are nearly fifteen times as numerous in the shallow waters of NWHI compared 10 the heavi ly fi shed

main Hawaiian Islands. Many sought after aquarium species, now rare in the main Hawaiian Islands, are much

more commo n on theS(: reefs as well ,

Globally the NWUI are a nalUml and culluml treasure of oUlstlmding scienlific, conservation and aesthetic value. The slCpS we take in preserving Ihese last undis turbed env ironmen ts arc gift s we gi\'e 10 our children's children, and help in sustaining the ocean's bounlY thaI supports us today.

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NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS


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A HISTORIC MOM ENT: Establishing a Marine National Monument

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II I ~. _ .. """'c::_ _ _ ,...,. ~(_. _ _ _ c--.. .. _O _I __ ul __ oo. ___ .._ ... &c_ On June 15. 2006. President George W. Ilush nl:lde con sc:r\'~uion history when he signed Presidential I)roclamatio n 803 1 creating the larges t fully protected m.lri ne conservat ion a rea on the: planct in the Nonhwestc rn Hawaiian Islands. By applyi ng the autho rity of the I\ntiquilies Ac t, which gilles [he President discret ion to declare objc:clli or places of scientific o r histo ric interest a national mo nume nt, he <:realcd the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National ~'fonument.

"Our duty is 10 usc the land :md seas wi sely. or someti mes not usc them at all . Good s(Cwardship of the environment is not just a personal responsibility, it is a public \·a lue." said the President in his proclamatio n speech explaining wh y it was necessary to close off suc h a large area fo r the !take of conscn ·ation.

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Support fo r the protec tio n and preservation o f the Northweste rn Hawaiian Islands wns o vcn\·heJming. with mo re than 52.000 publ ic comments submillcd d uring the 5 ye.1.r5 o f the proposed national mari ne sanctuary desig nation process. the majori ty in favor of strong prtMcclion, Th is public senliment was part of what inspired Ihe President to issue Ihe Proclam.1tio n,

By c re.'lting a marine na.ional mo nllme nl President Bush immediately gmntcd the wa ters o f the No rthwestern ~Iawaiian

Is lands o ur nation 's highest (onn of marine e nvironme ntal pro tcc tio n. "The Northweste rn Hawaiian Is lands a rc a beautiful place." he said. Mand wjth the desi gnat ion o r the Nonhwestem Hawaiian Is lands Marine National Mo numcnl, we are making a choice th.11 will leave a prec io us legacy."

OverView of the P roclamation

The D-. " • rCSlden!"s PI'OcI '

Isla . amallon creating the N nds Manne Nnt' Orthwestcrn H ' .

lona/ " 'folwmem has . 3\vallan square lIIiles o( Innd and g Iven lle.1rly 14{),())Q

• OCe:ln OUr I"Ili/io ' h' envlronlllental PI'O( . n s 'gileSI (orm o( .

cetlOn. II hollors 1narlllC o( AlllcriC,1 'S natural o lJr COmmifmenr 10 be gCrod

can ' resources. shows whal . stewards 3Ccornplrsh, and c-- COoperall\'e COnse .. _ .

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s 10 corne The . edUGuion and . naflonal monuIJ"IClII wilJ:

PlOhibir unaurho . . nZed access 10 'he mo nu

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Preserve II(:,I//o nal and . . acccss (or Na'lve Ha .. SClentrlic aelivilies'

Enha ' wallan cu/tu I ' . nee vi~fation . ra actlvi'ies' In a Special a~ .

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Dan OIhc:r types of )'Co"lr period; and l"C$Ource ~Itaction and d .

limping of Wasle,

Protection was e/Tect' . We Immediately . access into 'h and Includes ' .

10 e monument Permits rna . rcqumng perm;fs (or

research. educatio n. coIISCPla( y be ISSUed (or acliviries related Practices, non IOn and rnanaRC ment '

-e.umqive special , N,III\'e Hawaiian also incl d OCean uses all(/

u e tile Prohibition of co " recre:lIion. Proteclions

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.... ... I Ilion o(o'l .--les lllfllOnun I. gas and mineral . lent Waters;

anYwhere in the exploratIOn and . monument: 'he Prohi '. eX1rae/lon

~he phase OUI o( comnJC rcial fis /ling ' billon

o ( wasle dumping; and year period In mo nume", Wnlc

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"_--"-'....--_--- "' _ ..... _ ..... _---


RAINFORESTS OFTHE SEA: THE IMPORTANCE OF CORAL REEFS

Often called the "rainforests" o f the sea, coral ~ers are vital to maintaining the biological diversi ty o f our oceans. They are highly complex and producth'c ecosystems composed of countless millions of plants and animals dependent upon one another to survive. Building layer upon layer, coral ree fs form an intricate living tapestry with more species per unit urea than ilny other marine envjronmcnl. 1110ugh cordi ree fs compose only about 0.2 percent of the oc:c:m's lloor, scientists have est imated (hBI they shelter and support nearly one million species-offish, invertebrates. and alSlle; mllny yet to be discovered.

1n addition to biological value. coral reefs provide resources aDd services worth billions of dollars to economies world· wide. In many coastal communities adjacent to com rub,

inspired the sport of surfing, now exponcd worldwide. A 2002 slUdy evaluated the value of coral reefs 10 Hawaii's economy at S364 million each year. and some of Hawaii 's mOSt famous ocean residents , the monk seal and green sea lu rtle. depend o n COnlI reds for thei r survivili.

For all their bio logical richne.."s and economic value, coral reefs lire fragile e nvironments that remain heallhy only within a narrow window o f ocean and c lima tic condit ions. Seawatc.r a few degrees hOlier Of colder (hlln whal corals are accustomed 10 can impact thtir survi\'al, and they need clean, clear water in Order to get the sunlight they need 10 produce food . Corals are also only the tlun oUter la)

people rely 00 the rcer5 bouaty fortbe majority of their food , Around the main lUwaiian ldanck. COPl reefs proCed oar ; .space sbom: from scarms. aod

dislUrbed if one or more !ipeCie3 are removed or depleted. allOWing another !ipeCies 10 grow unchecked. In some cases, sueh as when algae ealen; like mmini, kumu, cowries, 01'

sea urchins are removed. the algae. or limu, can grow so rapidly lhat it overgrows and smothers the corals. 1hese "Iawnmowers of the rcer' help kce(l reef" in balance. and are but one thread in an intricate web of life.

Given the balancing act that corBI rce.f" must mainrain. and thei r fragile stnJCllItt; they are very su50CplibJe to distwbances such aio ovcrfishing, sbo!cline deYdopmeot, storms., aDd polltnion.. Coni reefs around tbe ·worid ate

". 1CC'ioIQ decline and many art beavily cormxomlMd. This .!.~aI~~

o dramatic reducHon of bOO prodotOf'( Ibh. one! tlis I:!; db~. since heoIlhy populatIoN of pcodotOl' spocIes ore a good indicator

01 an ecosystem's OVOfotl heal lh. When Pledator populations are greatly reduced by

fishing and OTher human oclMtles. lhe normot structure O/ lhe reel community I:!; dlsfupted.

Mole than hoH the weighT (b6omass) o f 01 ftsh

on NWHI coral reels cornlsls o/lofge top-levet predaTors IlIc:e IhOrks and ;acks. In contrasT. only

3 pefcent 01 the ftsh biomass on main Hawallon Islands roolsl:!; composed olTh_ predatory

1Ish. several 01 which ore highly prized Tood and game lIshes. II is likely It1aT this difference results Irom humon impacTs such as IIshhg and habitaT loss Irom shorolino dovc-lopmenl. These

activities. largely absent In the N'NHI. make II one o/ lhe last places on Earth where scientists can study the ecoiogy o f 0 coral reef ecosystem

without large-scale human disturbance. Such studies pcovlde new insighTS Into how Howonon carat reef ecosystem, function. and

the Impacts o f remo~ng large predators.

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The Last Best Place: Terrestrial Environments

Althollgh some of Ihe Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) were decimated by inlrodu~u mammals (nbbils, in the case of uysan). other islets and alolls ha\'l: been rdati\'ely untouched by hUmans. As a result. robust seabird populmions and healthy insect and plant communities Coin

s \i[1 be found, and in places Ihat wen: heavi ly impacted. seabird and plant popuJ:uions are now on the mend. Nihoa Island is one of the most biologically pristine islands in the Pacific, and probably most closely represents the original island appearance and nalivI: species found bc:f~ humans arrived in the Hawaiian Islands.

These islands provide breeding sites for all but three of Hawaii's 22 species of seabill.ls such as the grey-backed tern, short- tai led albatross, and the red- tailed rropicbirtl . Millions of central Pacific seabirds congregate on these islands to breed. They nest in burrows and clilTs, on the ground, and in trees and shrubs.

'--_____ -' For some species. these tiny specks of land provide thcir only breeding site.

More than <)() percent of the ..... orld·s Lays:m albatrosses and 98 percent of the ..... orld·s black-foote([ albatrosses return to the NWIII eaeh year to reproduce. For species such as Bonin petrels and Tristram's s\(Jnn-petrels. these predator-free islands provide the last safe nesting places since islands in other pans of the Pacific are becoming infested with ralS.. For land binls. the islands ha\'e provided less secure habitat, but four of the se\'en original species still remain. Three endangered passerines (the Nihoa fi nch. Nihoa millerbird, and Laysan finch) and the world's rarest duck - the Laysan duck - are found on these islands.

The plants o f the NWIII are primarily coastal strand species

drought, and intense sun. Most have seeds cupable of di spersing in seawater. Some plants evolved into new species. and s ix endemic pl ants are listed under the Endangered Species Act. including the endangered fan palm Prilcharrlia n:mOf(l found only on Nihoa. A si milar palm went extinct during the rJbbit plague on Laysan Island. and in recent years an alien grasshopper has attacked Nih(Ja '~ palms.

111e fi rst entomologists (insect scientists) visi ted Laysan Island in 1893, and upon numerous subsequent visits, identified at lellS! 75 nath'e species, including 15 found only on Laysan. The anhropods and land snails arc the least onderstood components of the terrestrial ecosystems, but studies continue to impnwe our knowledge. At least 35 species of endemic insects and spiders, and six species of endemic land snails have been identified at Nihoa Island. Unfortunately, positive discoveries are at times olTset by neg:lt ive ones - as muny us 125 species of alien insects and spiders have also been found, and some of these. particularly ants, are extremely destructive. Considered "ecosyste m busters," introduced ants have the abi lity 10 d isplace native species, and even alieci the survival or ground nesting seabirds.

of the Paci lic tha t can tolerate high salt levels. periodic _____ .... __ . __ ..

The Nonhwe~tcm Hawaiilln Islands (NWUI) nOI only possess incrroible natural resources worthy or our best efforts at conservation, but these dislant alolls are a lso the locations or historic shipwreck s ites. heritage resources which capture our seararing past in graphic deta il. Since systematic survey began in 2002, Out understanding of these sites continues to increase. Each wreck site is like a ti me capsule, a llowing us to g limpse a part or seafaring history.

The wrecks or Ameriean and British whlliing ships lost during lhe early decades of the J 9th century depict the mllny hlltards DlI$ociated with seufuring. The debris troil of the American whaler Parku, lost in 11142 during a violent stoml, depiet.~ II ship washed entirely iOlo fhe lagoon lit Kure Atol l, equipment being swept o ff the decks as the vessel passed the reef creSI. The wreck or the British whaler harl, lost al Pearl and Hermes Atoll in 1822. teUs a diff~nl Slory. There, the !!hip re ll apart where she grounded, Ihe aew having wrecked in calmer cooditions on the uncharted aloll. Salvage was possible. aod SCIOlI • seboooer named lhUvertlrtU

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on top and underneath the reef crest Heavier objects. such as the carmon. steam engines, and paddlewbeel shafts. are solidly embedded in the coralline substrare.

The apstans, anebon:, masts, and rigging of the DIlMOnar C4stle, a 258·fool iron hulled sailing I5hip lost in 1886. portray the days of the great u iling ships like the Falls 0/ Qyde (now pan of me Hawai"i Maritime CenCer). the BalCDllltJuz, and the Star ul /nJta • • time when our marititne commerce was driveo by deel masts and canvas and human hands. The wreck site is an JaveDlor)' of our indUJlriaJ wiD<kiriYen eommerce loog bercn our depcndeDCe 00 fossil fuels.


-----Ka huaka'i a Pele Migration or Pe l~

In HJ,,"J.i'all "..,·oldo("ooid, hilloric:al namol;va.. m>1hoIogiel;) thell: are mlny of vcniom: of the epic: of Pete and lIi'i.b.. In one KCtlWll by N. O. Erllcrwn, Pel/: miSfiled (rom Kuaihcbni 10 llawai'; to ~ape oonllin Ixc""ttn her and her ~w:cr Nlrnabokw', .• deity of the Ka. The,r jounxy led them lhroug.h lliG Nonh"'(.\ lem lIaWllii3tl b linds. In the Emerson vernon. Pek fi~ .10(>\'I0'd AI the island of Nihoa and decided 10 leave " Inc:apul. her younGer

f'clc'. journey <:onlinoxd lk>wn the i;'~:;;~'~;:t r-"'-"::":::~:.-fll)m lpol til spot. until W (\11100 C II

lhe pi! of 1I llkllll'umll 'u tr.llC I on the i 1I"",'.n ThcK 1111'1:1, of Pcle and Iotr Ill: =osniud u the migration of Ibvn.i'j and ca<.:h ''C~ioo mIlle II us ifl1lOru.nt infomurion about lignifi(J.n«; oflhe$e i,lands in the _m.w ...... ;::::a ..• '0 Nihoa b '!jill' rn!l:oJ i p.e IDUI U:u.i

Ldc ,'e nei m1kw. tau i ub 0 Nihol '0 b kana nO .I;I)'u ~·i.1 K1napua. '0 b ho'oili i kaihuob ....... nnu i 1::0: Pi W,iho and '0 ~i'i iJ KIneapu.o i ub 0 NihoL No';-.J b. hoe .. Karmhoali'j A pac I b 'lina i bpa ' i. '0 ..... hua ..

.•• Nihoa it Ihc i~land on ... "hiel1 we IiI'Sl landed We clinilcd upwanh until the lOp O(Niho.a

The f ... 11 0( Ill)' )'OUIIi'" hn::IIhtr. K1ncapua. WciPna: IIII:pruwdllll: ~lIIIIil it baI i..,1III: waves K"m"h" .. li ·; left Kilneapua on land II Nihoa Skilll'ill \Io'JIII the &leningof Ka~i'i Unti l _landed on the i51;wl named I...duq

Ke ala nui polohiwa a Kane The black shining road or Kine

Mokl,lmln.mana played a central role in lI ,wliian cc..,moni. l rites and practices I thousand years ISO IS il wu di=lly in line (23" ~S N) with 11M: ri sing.nd Klling of tIw: equinoxlu,l wn (23' 34,1' NJ on lhoe ~th cilled Hie Tropk of Cancer, In )lawaii.n. Ihit path is cilled "l:c .Ia polotU"''111 Klno:.M or"l.he b1ac:kihining roadof KSne.M Since tIM: island ~iu on the notthem limit of tile palh lhe lUll Jl\3.U$

throughoul the: year. II siu «n!ra lly on ID WS belYo'ttn tWO spal;.1 and eubural di,","Miom M pO(dattDess.crntioa. and Ifterlife) and 10 (lish!. uisunce), On the wmmcr IIOlstiee (Ihe Ionscst Ihy of the year) the sun wi ll tnlvd ;111 slo>o'C5t a.eros.s the s~ oa this IIOf1hem P'SSIIc ,01", di~tly O\~r MobmWWNn&. 1be st .... egje eoaocllll1llion of ceremonial siles on Illis island is a remin<kr 0(1he ImporwlI spiril\l.ll rok ;T pll}'1t in lIawaUIII cullure in elllllMlin, the erution of new life and fki liwin, the ~m to I(IUtce after duth. ~ __ .... _~_on_"' __ _/ob' ___ ,

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Ku'i Cia ka lei mo ku a Kanaloa

The sees of Konoloo sIring the lei of Islands together

He mo' ole in kahi ko nmi ka pu ma i An ~nCTeni tr;luitlHn ti.:,ltu ':I\';UiOll

Native Hawaiians. the fir.; t inhabitnnts of the Hawai ian Archipelago. ha\'e lived here fllr over a thousand years. Over time, they

dc\'cloped complex resource managemem systems :md specialized skill seL~ to survive on these remote islands with limited resources. Nati\'e Hawaiians continue to main tain their strong cultural ties to the land and sea, under.;tanding the importance of managing the islands and waters as ioe.l!Iricably connected to one another. particular. the ocean, poetieally referred

to lIS ke kal pOpolohua mea a Kline (the deep dark ocean of Kline, the Hawaiian god or lire and creation). played an integral role in Native l'lawaiian cul ture as a wdlspring or physical and spiritual sustenance in e\'eryday life,

In Hawaiian traditions, the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWI-II ) are considered II sacred place, n region of Kanaloa from which life springs and 10 which spiri ts return aflcr death, Mueh of the information :!bout the NWUI h:!s been passed down in oral and written histories, gencnlogies. so ngs. da nces. a nd a rc haeologieal resources. These sources enable Native Hawaiians to recount the trol\'e ls of seafaring ancestors between the NWI-II nnd the mliin Hawai ian Islands.

1'1'5 wahl kll ll11 ll:! ma Ita lIIokupuni '0 Niho.1 a '0 1\lokumamuna ll3 Cultuml site!> un NihIl,] and Mokllrnan~manll (NeckerJ

Nihoa and Mokurnanamana (Neeker) Islands are listed on bUlh the National and State Register of Hisloric Places _ ..... _.poo1.----...... ~

for thei r cultuml and historical Significance. Arch:leological surveys conducted on the two is lands ha\'e documented numerous arch:leologieal siTes :lnd 11 r.mge of eultural artifacts have been colleeted, Nihoa has 88 cultura l sites, including ceremonial. resiJent ial and agrieultural features. On Mokurnanamana, there are 52 recort1ed cultuml si tes. including

Ka ho'om au ':1Il3 i k:1 hana 0 ka po'c kahiko 11 ... cnminuativn ,.f H:lwai i ~n cullu .... tI pfac t ic~

In recent years. differenl groups of Nati\'e Hawai ian cultura l practitioners havc voyaged to the N WHI to hooor their ancestors and perpeTUate tr:Iditional practices. In 1997. Hui Mli lama i Nli ' 0 Ilawai'i Nei.:1 '

~_ ... ____ .-_ .. __ ... ______ ..... _o...oo_ ceremonial and te mpor.uy habitation features. Recent ethnological studies highlight the continuity of Nati\'c ~I awaiian tradit ional praetices in the NW I-I I. Only a fraction o f these: ha\'e been reeorded: many more exist in the memories and life histories of kupuna (knowledgeable elders). The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument 's (monument) Nat ive HaWll iian cultunll progntm will be ini tiat ing research projeets to eolleet ;nfomlation from both historieal and living resoorces in order TO infornl man~gcment deci sions and enhance cultunll access to the region.

N:i hunkn'll kll wi 0 ke lI upuni Il:l wal'l l'lhtnricai e:l\p.. .. ditillf1~ during the Kingdom pe riod

Prior to the 1800s. the general popolat ion of Native Hawai ians knew lillie :lbout the Northwestern Hawai ian Islands as few tnweled there. Throughout the 1800s. however. liawaiian aWi (royal ly) initiated a number of expeditions to the NWHI. Accounts of these historical expedi tions were published in great detail in the newspapers from 1857 through 1895. Ti tle 10 the islands and waters of the NWJ-II was vested in the Kingdom of Hawai ' i throughout the ISOOs, although title to Miuway was unclear. and disputed until 1898.

dedieated to the repatriation of ancestra l remains, returned sets ofiwi (bones) to Nihoa and Mokumanamana. In 2003, the \'oyaging canoe Hok01e'a traveled to the NWHI so that a cultural protocol group could conduet ceremonies on Nihoa, In 2004. H6kDle'J1 sailed to Kure Atoll . In 2005. Hlik01e'a returned with U6kDa laka' i to ta ke the eultural protocol group to Mokllmanaman:l for ceremonies on the summer solstice.

The monoment allows for the continuation of Native Hnwa iian pruc tices. T he de finiti nn of Native Hawaiian p ..... ctices, along with c riteria d eve lo ped to eva lul11e pe rmi t applica tions, was creuted with Substantial input fro m the Native liawaiian community. including recognized culluml experts and knowledgeable kOpuna,

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Timdine of Events

1822 0.-. """abmnan\o In""h 10 N~ hI....! and daim. ~ undcf ,he

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15)6 Niboo is n:affinnodao ""n o{lh. uisoin.lC1'rilOryoft ........ ·i by

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1857 The- is'-ia of Lar- and L .. iano.l:i ""' d«tu.d • new Ic:rtilory unda t.Io: <bnAQ, 0I1b< Kin ........

1835 I'riI>ca. Lydia Li!i'ooobbai and. . d ..,cific apcdltiaa ..... Niboa ...

t.Io:>hip/~"I_j.

1836 KiD, Dayid KaJlbua. """", b Sp<cilt Cumrni .. ionct t::oko<l

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1898 The -bipcLo,o, inoJusiveorlhc North..-QUm tlzy,-..iian I"'-Is. ..... ;.,II«CMIy<:eded ",lhc U .. "cd

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History of Protection

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Joq biJIQQ' ot tcdrnI &DeS ~ prtUCtiODs atelKled 10 fII'CIef"'t ~ NWJU'. ecokJP:al ........ 19O1-Ptaidml~~hp\ac:a

c.nrol d Midway Atoll LtIIder the rm.y,1OId .lUll NariDeOl 10 IIOp the

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LOOKII1G IJI1CK f\ msroITr or mE ITEGIOn

/;:::r-;-..= mill ions of years the Nonhwestem Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) U#(I/" J "I. remained in a pristine natuml state, drifting nurthwestward 0/ l · /, / atop the P3cilic !lIme at about 3.2 inches per ye3r, and slowly eroding back into the sea. O\·er time, new species arri\·ed, mostly from the soOlh; some adapted to the new surroundings whi le o thers went extinct. E:J.rly Pulynesian voyagers, in their epic !(:Ins·Pacific \·oyages aboard large double-hulled sailing canoes, were the first humans to arrive in these Nonhwestern islands as early as I(X)(} A.D. Evidence of permanent living si tes exists only for Nihoa, with tempor,l.ry settlement and cultural sites found on Mokumanamana. Early Hawaiians lived on Nihoa for an estimated 700 years. bot this occupation mystcriously ceased before Captain Cook's first landing in Hawai'i in 1778.

TIle 18th and 19Ih centuries brought increased intcrnation31 t,Jde and commerce within Ilawaiian waters, which in tum increased the exploitation of both the animal species and the terrestrial environments of the NWHL Seabirds were han'ested for their feathers by the hundreds of thousands. Alb:llross eggs were also collected, and the sand and coral rubble islands were mined for guano. which was processed into fertilizer. Entire island ecosystems were completely destroyed by over harvesting and the introduction of new species. such as rabbil~ to Laysan Island.

PT1=sitJent Theodore Roosevelt created the Hawui ian Islands Reservation in 1909 through Executive Order 1019, as a response to the o\'cr harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the islands' impor1ance as seabird nesting grounds. Subsequently, the reserva tion became the Haw;liian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. President Roosevelt 's ac tion was the first in a series of incremental protections for the NWHI . and adjacent marine habitats, leading up to the establishment of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in 1988, Kure Atoll State Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993 and the NWHI CorJ.! Reef Ecosystem Reserve (reserve) in 2000.

The Executivc Onlers that created the resc .... 1: in 2000 also init iutcd II

process to designate the waters of the NWHI as II federal national marine sanctuary. Scoping meetings for the proposed sanctuary were held in 2002. In 2005 Governor Linda Lingle sigoed regulations establishing a stale marine refuge in the near-shore waters of the NW HI (out to three miles. except Midway Atoll ) that excluded all extractive uses o f the region, except those pennilled for research or other purposes that benefited management. In 2006, after substantial public eommenl in suppor1 of strong protec tions for the area, President George W. Bush issued Presidemial Proclamation 803 1, creating the Nonhwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument. The President 's actions followed GOI'c:rnor Lingle 's lead and immediately afforded the NWHI our nation'S highest foml of marine environmental protection.


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NORTHWESTER HA\'\;'AIIAN ISLA.:--rDS MARINE

ATIONAL MONUl\'IENT

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Threats ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Most of the threats to the ecosystems of the NOl1hweslem Hawai ian Islands (NWHI ) are posed by human activ it ies. In the past, OJ number of scientific, military, and comme rcial activities have I/ul:alened the NWHI . Currenl uses arc limited primarily 10 I1l3nagemenl activities by jurisdict ional agencies. research. education, Nali\"e Hawaiian practices, a small scale cummerciaJ bonomfishing and pelagic trolling opera tion. as well as II small number of recreational trips and visit." 10 historical siles at Midway Atoll. The threats associated with these activities originate both inside and outside the monument , making them more difficult [0 aOCi re.%. The monument is working 10 mluce threats through an ecosystem-based approach to management. 'fbi s indudes the development of an effecth'c regulalOry framework . education and out· reach. preventa!ivc measures to minimize risk. and response and reslOrtuion to damaged or degr.Wed nalUral reSQUIl:eS.

VESS EL HAZARDS

Ships allow human access and make activi ties possible in the V'Jst and remote NWIIi. Vessels. however, can introduce specific hazards to the marine environment via physical impacts caused by groundings and fuel, chemical and oil spil ls. Biological imjXIclS, including introduc1inn of alien species through hull fouling or ballast water disch:lrge. and inter.l.I.:tions with protected marine species. are also a cullCCm . 11le monument addresses threats from \"essels of allt)"pes through prohibitions and permit condi tions.

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MAR INE DEBRIS

Marine debris is a se\"ere and chronic threat to NWHI wi ldli fe and marine habitats. Ocean curren ts carry a wide am y of marine debris, including derelict fi shing nets and other gear, household plastics. haw n!ous materials, and shore-

based debris. C urrents concentntte the materials and deposit them on the reefs and beaches of the

island chain. The debris hinders the recovery of the cri tically endangered Hawaiian

monk seal and threa tens sea tUr1les and other marine life through entanglement. d rowning and suffoca tion hawn!s. Between 1982 and 2003 there were 238 documented monk seal e ntanglements in marine debris in the NWHI. though

many more likely occurred. In addition. dcbris frequently entangles and kill s

corals, leads to the death of seab i rd.~

th rough entanglement in nets and accidenta l consumption of tioating plastics. and (KIses a

navigation hazan!. A successfu l multi-agency elTor1 has removed more than 560 tons o f debris from NWHI reefs in the past 10 years. You can do yoor par1 by properly dis(KIsing of your trash and fi shing gear. purchasing products with minimal packaging and recycling e\'erything you can.

ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIE S

Invasive species arc causing significant ecological and econo mic impacts worldwide. An invas i\'e species is defincd as a non-native (or alien) species whose in troduction c:mses or is likely 10 cause economic o r e nvironmental harm or hann to human health. 't is nearly impossible to determine which alien species will become invasive and have hamtful impacts on an ecosyste m. Therefore. a precaotionary approach treats all alien species as (KItentiaJly invasive.

While few alien species an: now c:.)wblished in the wate rs of the NWHI. global trends suggest that that the th~t is high. Once established. invasi\'e species can be extremely cos tly to contro l and wou ld like ly be imllossi ble 10 eradicate from reefs. On land. several invasive species have already dr,J.matica ll y damaged ecosystems. Re(IUirements to wear new. previously frozen clothes when visiting sensit i\'e lond areas. and treat ing diving equipment in a dilutc bleach solution help to prevent new introductions.

SEA TE MPERATURE CHANGE

components of the monument. Elevated sea surface temp

may be linked to ror.!l bleaching e\'efl1S reportaI in I. ~ .. '"":"T.cf:I the 1\'\VI·1I !n recent years.. ____ .. _ l11CSC bleaching C\'\!nts plaoe

:=.:.:.-=::.":..:....-;-:-':. stress m ror.lls. mak:ing thL'In :::... ........ =.~:::=-=:.":.:.. ITUl.: suscq1ible to di~, ::=-~~ ... =.:..::-- Additionally. rettrt ocnr:cms

hao.-e hom r&sed rq;anling

potential sea level changes in the NWH! and the resulting impacts on monk seal and sea tunic haul-out si te.~, as well as ground nesting site.<; of shorebirds. Further Sludy will be required to determine the extent of such threats nod the rleed for mitigation act ions.

ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES

While the remote location (If the NWHI has he lped to protect them. it also provides a (KItential SOOIl:e of co\'er for those interested in exploi ting the area il legally. Illegal access to the monument. d ischarge. dumping. and poaching :lre pan icular causes of concern. Whi le the establishment o f the monument provides an additional layer of protection to the area. enforceme nt remai ns challenging on a pract ical le\'el due to the region's size and remoteness. Historically. enforcement has re lied on reportS passed along by fishermen. researchers and agency personnel working in the area.. as well as routine ny-o\"ers and vessel patrols by the U.S. CoaSt Guard. In addition to the exist ing channels of infonnation. the monument plans to use remote surveillance (satellites. radar. vessel monitOring syste ms) to direc tly infonn on-thewater law enforcement orficers of potenlial violations. 0-00 ..... _0_ ... ___ .. _ ""'" .. """"---_ .. _ .. _-_ . ... ___ ....... _1>0 __ ""'-"'---_ ..... _ .. -_____ .,,,t<I:,IN)l:lI<II._

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~ '. 1i3-1~,- J CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

One of the most significant threats to the NW I·II is the poten t i~1 for ove ruse. 1llC: cumulative impact o f pennitt .. -d ac tiv it ies could lead to habi tat d:lmage, wi ldlife habituation and other negative impacts . The monume nt co- trustees are de\'eloping a single integrated pennilling process to allow tracking. mo nitoring and planning for all permitted activi ties wi thin the monume nt. The goal is to evaluate the individual and cumulath'e impacts of all permitted activi ties, panicularly the collection o f organisms. and where possible reduce these impacts. Technologies such as spatial databases and mapping sys te ms ..... ill be used to aid in this purpose. ". ,,,. "


MANAG ING HU MAN ACTI VITIES: Permits and Access

Any and all human presence and aelh'Ilies could (IOientially cause un intended harm 10 the frag ile ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NW III). even wilen undertaken with care. The primary goals behind regulating access to the area are In: preserve the fragile marine and terrestrial habi tats in Iheir nalUm] slate. protetl the unique historical and cuhural resources of the region. limit any degradation of resources. ~nd make it easier III uistinguish legit imate aClivilies from illegit imate, or illegal (lnes. While some activities are prohibi ted within the monument under any circumsl:mccs (sec oox le)l; l on following page), a varicty o f others may be allowed with an approved permit Permits allow mlUlagcment llgC IICies \0 regul:ue ac tivit ies and to tracK where. when and how they are conduc ted so that cumulative impacts over lime can be e\·aluated. and mi nimized.

Entering the monument is pmhibited. unless the access and re lated activities are specifically allowed by pern!i!. with cer1:lin exemptions including: uninterrupted passage. l:lw enforcement :lctivities. activities conducted by the anned forces including the U.S. Coast Guard. or ac tivi ties necessary 10

respond 10 emergenCies.

Vessels may pass through the monument without interruption pmvidcd Ihat they nOlify the monument prior to entering and after leaving the monument. Phone numbers and an email address arc provided for this purpose. To noti fy the m onument of passage cal l: toll -fru in the U.s.: (866}478-NWIII (6944), or outside the U.S., via

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satellite phone, or on O;allll: (808)J95-NWIII (6944), or scnd an f! mail to nwhl.notifications@ noaa.gov. Please provide your position. vessel identification. contact infommlion of owner and operator. USCG documentation. state license or regi stration number. home por1. intended and ac tual route through the monument. categories of hazardous cargo. length of ,·esse!. and propulsion type,

Prohibitions do nut repeal (ur "white out'") any State of Hawai' i or Fish and Wildlife Service regulations. Additiona l res trict io ns app ly to N:l tional Wildlife Re fu ges. the State NWHI Marine Refu ge and Kure Atoll State Wi ld life Sanctuary.

CO·TRUSTEE COORDINATI ON:

Authority over ac tivi ties in the NWHI is shared by co-trustee agencies: NOAA's National MllJ'ine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and National Marine Fisheries Service {NMFS}. U.S, Fish :lnd Wi ldlife Service (fWS) and the St:lte of Hawai'i (SI:lte) - e:lch :lgeney having distinct yet of len overl :lpp ing management responsibilities.

Jurisdictional Authorllies The nrea subject to this coordinated management comprises NW HI lands (:lll isl:lnds. atolls, ree fs. shoals. banks. and seamounlS from SO miles eas t of Nihoa Island in the southeast to beyond Kure Atoll in the northlOo'est) :lnd waters SO mi les o n ei ther side of a line drawn through those lands. The marine w:llers :lnd submerged lands of the NWHI eneompnss an area ex tending approximately 1.200 miles long and include

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the marine waters designated as the monumen!. State nf !-Iawai'i waters and subrnerged lands, Kure Atnll State Wildlife Sanctuary, Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, and the Banle of Midway Nm ional Memorial.

Pennits issued by the monument incorporate speci fic conditions on locations, terms of cnnduct. repon ing, and use of best munagement practices to minimile threats to the ecosystem. Permitting and enforcement are becoming increasingly integrated and coordinated among jurisdictional agencies. allowing for grea ter capacilY, effectiveness and efficiency over time. Developmenl of a full)' integra ted permit and tracking system. permit reporting criteria. undem:!nding patterns of use. and in1eragellcy enforcement efforts arc a few of the many integralllSpects of the coonJin:!ted pennitt ing pmcess.

BIO LOGICA L PROTOCOLS Endemic (found nnwhere clse) plant and animal species are especially \'ulnerable to the introduction of competing or oonsuming species. thus biological prolocols have been established 10 minimize the ri sk of spreading invasive species (a few of these protocols arc: highlighted on the nexi page).

CU LTURAL PROTOCOLS TIle NWHI are culturally significant to Native ii3waiians. The SlIItc of Hawaii's Native Ha ..... 'aiian Advisory Group. consisting of cultural practitioners and other members of the Native Hawaiian community is cUrTCllIly ..... wi,:inS with monument staff 10 Oc"elop cultural protocols which will be implemcnted as part of the pre-access training given 10 all permittees entering tile monument.

TYPES OF MONUMENT PERMITS PermlHlng Procedures and Crileria The co-trustees may issue a permit if they find thm the activ ity falls into to one of the sill categories listed in the parngraphs belo" '. [n addi tion IU these IlC livilies, the proclamation allows that a limited runount of commercial

bollomfishing and associated pelagic troiling lIIay cont inue for 5 years. This activity will continue to be rcgulated by NMFS through commercial bollolllfishing perm its. Proclamation 803 1 provides more dela il on these cri leria. or "findi ngs," that guide the evaluation of permit applicat ions, :IS well as comlnercial fishing res trictions. The full text of the proclamation can be found at: www.hawaiin!l1[noaa.go\·/managemenlJ

PERMIT TYPE S Research Permits will be considered for research proje<:ts designed to enhance understanding of the monument or improve resource management decis ion-making. Priori ty wil l be given to research proposals that help meet the management needs of the monument and its co- trustee agencies. Some of the l)'peS of ac tivities thai will be conducted under a research pennit includc 1.J.ut are 1)111 limi ted to monitoring, rnappins, habitat characte·rization, and submerged archaeological research.

Education Education permits will be considered for activ it ies that further the educational value of the monument, enhance the un· derslanding of the NWlII ecosystems. impro~<e resource management de<:is ion making, promote Native Hawaiian knowledge and values, and aid in enforcement and compli· ance efforts. These permits will be considered for act ivities that have clear educational ur public outreach benefits. and th<lt promote. "bringing the place to the people rather than the people 10 the place." Some examples of potcntially eligible projects are educator at sea progr.rn1s on NOAA ships, video and photogr.lph doc:umentation. as well as distance learning projects.

Conservalion and Management Management permits will be considered for ac ti vities required for the general management of monument resources or users. This may include ac ti\'ities associaled wilh resource mllnagement, such as mtlrine debris removal. Management penn its wi ll also be issued to the appropriate e ntities for response. res turation and 10llg-term moni toring ac tivities. Management pennits provide a mechanism to respond to non·emergency e\'ents in the monument thaI may not have been anticipa ted. such as cornl bleaching episodes and invas ive species surveys.

Nallve HawaIIan Practices Procl:mmtion 803 1 defines a Nat i\'e Huwai ian ProJc tice :15,

"Culturul ac tivities conducted for the purposes of perpetu:!ting tradi ti (>nal knowledge, cllri ng for and protee ting the environlIIent , :lIId strengthening cultural lmd spiri tual connections to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands that ha\'e demonstroJble benefits to the Native Hawaiian community. This ma), inelude. bill is not limited 10, the non-commercial use of monulllent resources for direct personal consumption while in the monument."

Pennits will be considered for Nath'e Hawai ian cultural pr.lctices. KOpuna (knowledgeable elders) and othu culluml practitioners and experts rna)' be consulted on applicat ions. Permit conditions and protocols will continue to be developed through consultat ion with the Native HaW:li i:rn community.

Special Ocean Use Proclwn~t i on !I031 defines Special Ocean Use as. "An activity or use of the monument that is engaged in to gener.lte re\'enue or profits for one or more of Ihe persons associated with the ac tivity or use, and does not destroy. cause the loss of, or injure monument resources. This includes ocean-based ccotourism and other acth' ities such as educational and research act ivit ies that are engaged in to generate revenue, but does not include commercial fishinS for bottomlish or pelagic species conducted pursuant to a \'alid permit issued by NOAA."

Addi tional ly, penn its issued for activi ti es under the Special Occ.1n Use category must direc tly benefi t the conservation and management of the monument. Spedal Ocean Use acth'itics being perminetl for the fir.;1 time will be restricted in dur.lt ion and pennitted as a special ocean use pilot project. Special Ocean Usc penni ts must I10t invol\~ the use of a commercial passenger vessel.

Recreation PennilS will be considered for rec reational act i\' ities that do not inl'olve fee-for-service transactions (noncommercial) and occur on ly within the Midway Ato)[ Special Management aJea. Proclantation 8031 defines Recreational Ac tivity as. "An ac tivity eonducted for personal enjoyment tha i does not result in the e;t tractiun of monument resources alld that docs not invol\'e a fee·for-service Iransaction. This inc ludes, but is not limiled to. wildlife \' iewing, SCUBA diving. snorkeling, and boating."

Frozen Clothes Th. Iiny land ..... 1 oJlh. NWHI ~_ b .. " iaolaled "om .ach 011 .. ,

lot ... Iion. oJ)'Un. ItId tNof have ~ uniq .... poa..,t """ anima! c ............... A.t'-'ItI1MmMl -aan Islands "-__ un

by """ .... _. 1a1lnds."""," NiI>oI p_ rr.. .... I'~ o....p.loI intacl H--a.n COllla1 plltII «I!rYTUIitiol . FOf IhiI .... ,y _ .... ~ ia nec.u.aty IOf viU .... to ..... f ...... dol","_ have_

~ rIO.." !of 48 hoIQ. U ..... in IHItd b_ and worn only iwl _ 10 ~. The r,HZln'O kill inQcI hiloM"". and may II.rill. pt.11 1_. Suoh ~Uliona..,. .... aSUf .. Mrp 1o mainlain

1Il001. If.giIe habOIl. and r:r-rt irCto<II.ocIion '" ...... ~I by human 1tItISpOtI. V.u. .... ro _ ..... lind ar_ in.,.. NWHI mu ..

plan ~ 10 hwe MfW"" """ 01 r'OZIfI gelf!of .ach .... lhooyl'Wl.

Bleochlng Scuba Gear When <Iimg ot snotl<llirlg. we ~1fI""'~ pic:Ic "" pieces '" .Ig .. and ottwr M>g .... 111 .... "'" got .... Some Species 01 .Iga. an .tay ..... rOtcsay..ot __ QOUIoIu..._f ........... ~dried.

andcan bIo b~todrrcm __ Io _he •. c.rr ... ~ 111>11 grow quickl)rcan bIo awus;..~. ltIdelll diI.pl«.N\Wot .lgae. In 1Il00 main HawaIiIfII .............. _at "", ........ been _hered

by ~ aIQM. """ speclH"'!JVW 10 IN! tNof bocotne -r dlficu. 10 _ . Soat<ng.w. gtat' in. diIut. bIe.Ich o<*IIion (Iboul

till cup blaach/gfllorl _'f) beIwMrr o:Iw b:.iom clfl help pr-.l u-.ponng masIYt aIg.at. ccnr diMase ~ _ au-ail ...

ro ..... ""*' 1t"'1_ "'" ~~ \rI1ha NWHI"'-s_ ~~m. o--iot2' "-'" ... '''Il10 ... _ prior 10 _.n-.g IhI NHWI _ ifNi IhIIr d\oe IqU~ _ ...... b:fIrionI wilh Chi

bIaICII ~ VIu.oII \rIs9IdIOM aI ge.Ilf lot .1gaI rr.- ... --. o.an Your Hull 01 Hllchhlken Moll m.rn.r. __ f you r.- your _ \rI1hI ....... Iot • wtIiIIo

... bamac .. __ n.n-._ ..... ~I1IlfI~ on It. WhIr> IIooIi1v around ,...... 1hiI '- "'" an .wi. ucep: 10 ...... ~ boal down. td -. _1i'Ig 10'- ...... ~t,r ..... t.. ...... liIootheNWt-l~IhiaClflbt ..... probIown. Your~"....,.be IrW'oIpOf1ing h-.._dIItICIIOflalol'lnlho __ I_

&WI~, pouibIy ~ ....... speclH. tM ~ion and do"'*'; _.""emg ~ ot __ ...... harp. 10 1"_

~ opt-..dng pIontt Of ......... 10 ar .. ....tMora lIMy ""'I "- harm. ~ .... oTO,I$I Ir"I*l ~ hoAIt _ dMn

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PLANNING FORTHE FUTURE

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"To manage Ihe 1Il()1I1t1111! IIt ,

the SCCrefQl ), of Commerce.

in consll/fOlion u;irh the

Secretary of rhe II/ferior alld

Ihe State of Hown;'i, shalf

modify, as approprime. the

plall del'eloped by NOAA 's

Naliol/o/ Marine SOl/cwory

Progral1l 1hmugh the public

sonclllary de,\';glloriol/

process, and \Viii pl'Ovide lor public review of flInt plan."

Management Plan Overview

MANAG ING A GLOBA L TREASURE How do you effective l), manage all area as vast and remote as the Nonhweslem Hawaiian Islands (NWIII). whi le i!UcgTluing numerous lither planning documents required under federJ I and slale law5 that ha"c been or ~ being developed for the area? This eoormous challenge was contemplated by NOAA. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the State of Hawa; '; (SUte), the ,,'WI'II Coral Reef Ecosystem Rcscn 'c Advisory Council, and many o thers in tJesigning a plan to protec t the living. cultural and historical resources of the region as a public trust.

1GwoUO __ .... _n ....... "' ........ '_ ---.--...

The public played a vital role in shaping the manageme nt plan fo r a proposed national murine sanctuary in the NW!-Il . through an e)( t"'nsi\'''' public pllx:ess that formally began with public scoping meetings in 2002:. Through this prucess. key resourc'" management issues were identified and a vision, mission, management principles. goals amI objccth'es were develuped. These s teps

provided the bas is fur comprehensl\'e man3gemenl pl3nning for the monument and \It'e re de\'c[oped further through public ilwoh'ement in more than 100 meetings and ... ,'Orking group sessions. including 22 funnal public hearings in 1I1lwai'i and Washington DC. TIle vast majority of mOfe than 52.000 public COfllmenlS submitted du ring the SlInctuary Ocsign3tion process called ror strong, lasting protection for the region.

With so much in\'ested in t.leve lopment of the draft management plan for the proposed NWIIl nat ional murine sanctuary. and with many issues addrused wilhin it being \'ery similar to those facing the monumenL the Proclamation staleS that this will be the bas is for a monument management plan. Specifically. it s tllies Ih:1I to manage the monument. NOAA. in consultation with FWS and the State. .. ... shall modify, as appropriate, the plan t.Ie\·eloped by NOA,\ 's National Marine Sanctuary

Pwgram through the public sanctuary designation process, and will provide for public review of that plan: ' The draft plan represents CUlling-edge thinking in manugement of marine

goals and objectives. 1be (Ml\COffiCS of c:\-alualion processes can then be used to impro\'e process. progr.uns and tICCOUnlabiJity, prioritize ac tivities, and infonn cuosri tuenlS.

areas. It addresses a wide range of issues. frocmFimO~;;· ~~::;;::;:;::,~ .... - --"",.., to human uses and protected species. and I'i

provides a eompar.ltl\·e baseline for future ac tions. 11lc draft plan also descri bes an ec,,~ystem-based appro:lCh to m:lnagement. one that emphas izes interconnectl\'ity and protection of ecosystem structure, function. and key processes. lind seeks to minimize harm from human ac tivities.

W HAT'S HAPP ENI NG NOW

Key elements of the ecosystem based management frnme .... o rk for the monument include: ( I ) sta tutory authority of the Antiquities Act and other authorities; (2) a statement of overal l management principles and direction: (3) mechanisms tu promote and enhance collaboration with agency partners and nl her stakeholders: (4) regUlations and zoning; (5) ac tion plans with strategies uesigned to address management needs: (6) integration uf ecosynem science arK! tradit ional knlJwledge; and (7) lin !lI.Iaptl\'e munagcrncnt process. Together these elements proYi(\e II comprehensive approach to man3gemenl uniquely tailored to the needs of NWHI ecosystems.

Action plans to address priority management needs are the heart of the mo.nagement plan. There are 5 priority management needs and over 20 ac tion plans designed to I) unders tand WId interpret the monument. 2) reduce threalS to the ecosys tem, 3) manage human acll\'ities, 4) coordinate conSCf\"lIlion and man:tgernent activities, and 5) achie\-e etrecth-e operations. llle action plans describe the specific lIC tl\'ities the mIlr\agement lIb-encies will untlc:rtal:c to adtiC\'e the goals and objecll\-es. as .... ...,11 as the desired outromes of each action plan. The E\"aiuation Action Plan is 1k-o'Oled exclusively III performance e \"a!uatlon and describes a process that will help ntanagers detennine if management actions are achic:-'ing the desired ootromes, addressing priori ty management no:d~ and meeting

In urder to implement the key provisiuns of the proclamation. and to protect the ecosystem Immediately, Ihe mo nument ini tiated a "rolling implemenl:llion" s tmtegy for the management plan, moving forward a number or activi ties from the dra rt ac tion plans, subject 10 anilable resources. Implementation or key activi ties will occur s imulumcously with ac tion plan re\· is ions. adapting to the expaoded and collaborative management s true ture of the monument. Examples of actiun plan slnllegies anu

act ivi ties th:lt can be immediately implemented to reduce: threats to the ecosys tem include :

Implementing a vessel notification and \'essel monitoring systems

De\'eloping n unified pemliuing program Coordinating II multi -agency enforcement tearn Conducting conservation, Nati\'e Hawaiian and maritime

heritage research Continuing \'essel hull inspection and cleaning ,\ ssessing \'essel threats De\'eloping and implementing a 5 year murine debris

remOVaVpre\'en tion plan

In onkr to proyit.le a comprehensive planning document for the monument, the ac tion plans must be revised to reflec t the statutory status of the monument, the inclusion of all agency jurisdictions lind ieln's irial issues. Agencies. uperts and stakeholder input will be solk:ilw through focused meetings to prepare the changes. The revised management plan for the monument will then be made ava ilable for public re\·ie ...... A final complete plan will be issued thereafter.

. ,', -


ReseaJrct

IHIlEN Nha! Is oul there a nd how

~d" w"",lt?

dl6s ocean. the \'ilst Pacific. and . the _-.v sprinkled across its surface were

secn as a ~ ripe for c:xlfaction in the 19th and 20th cenluries.,.,sea~ird eggs. fe:llhers, and guano, monk

seals. sea lurtl~ pearl oysters were all harvested from the Nonhweslem~lawaiian Islands (NWHI). Most commercial enterprises quickly showed diminishing returns from the bountiful yel fragile islands, but research efforts into the 1980's continued 10 focus on how.he area's resources could be

exploited 10 meet human needs.

lEuI), Scientific Explonltlon In he NWHI

1902 marked Ihe first Wes tem

Pllcific Ocean Biological Sun'cy Program

From 1963 through 1969, a cadre of biologists from the Smithsonian Institute made: [en !rips 10 French Frigate Shoals 10 galher data on planlS and animals. The Pacific Ocean Biological Sur\'ey Program (POBSP) collected a vaSI amount of data from a little known region. The lIIain goals of the Pacific-wide program were to learn what plllnts and animals occurred on the islands, the seasonal variat ions in their numbers and reproductive activities and the distribution lind population o f the pelagic birds o f thll! 1ln:1I. During thllt time, over 4 million square miles of the ccntml P3cific Ocean were surveyed. Never before had such a vast area been sun'eyed Ol'er such an extended period of time. Today, the observations collected in the 196()s help wildlife manage~ appreciate the imponance o f long-term monitoring in islllnd ecosystems.

The Tripartite Studies

The National Marine Fisheries Service. Fish and Wildlire Service and Hawai' i Depanment of Land and Natur.d Resouroes signed the Tripartite Cooperdtive Agreement in 1978. This provided an unprecedented c:ollabon.tl\'e research optIOn unity to document relationships between species and assess how commercial fishing and other activities might affect lhe region's ecosystems. From 1976 to 1981. the agencies. along with the University of Hawai ' i Sea Grant Program. surveyed the islands, banks. reefs, shell"CS. and seamounts of the NWHI and IImassed data on the various

ientific expedition 10 Ihe NWHI. marine and land inhabitants. ,e U.S. Fish Commission steamer

~lbalro.JJ visited wllat they referred Much o f the research conduCled in the 1970s and 80s was 10 as the "LeCW"rd Islands." including resource assessment with an eye t owaru.~ consumption. A 'Bird Island" (Nihoa). Laysan."nd major goal W"S 10 identify resources nf economic importance.

Mid .... -ay. The first photogr.lphs of the Regardless, the Tripanite studies laid the groundwork for ___ .......... ..,;;;:_:~:.. I,'flightl ess Laysan rdil (now extinct) managemen.t plans covering Il variety of resources ranging

..... were laken on thi s expedition. and from fishcnes stocks to endangered and protected wildlife ~_ ..... "'_ new species of dtep-water fishes species. Ol'CC 100 research projeclS were conducted under = :."!'::.,..._.1911. were collected. In 1923 the research the Tripanite agreement.

vessel Tomlgtr carried the scientiSls ~' to the western edb'(! of the NWHI . Archaeologists -; .. ~~; ( .. , and biologists conducloo numerous kinds _____ --~. --:-~~ ~~I

f . r-'hi> ' .-.........:::::.. 1\1'" -o surveys and documenled archaeologIcal 1~· ,:::;-_ ..... ~ ~

siles. Scientists also collected film footage . \ ==-- ~----_ .. - ... ~;.,~ 1:.\~ While on Laysan, the scientists witnessed t\ ~!--_ ~ "r 1 l \. I \ \ ", ' the eXllnCIJOn of me Laysan apapane when '"..- ,fl. ~ \~\ \ _.P'- ~:..! -"~ lhe three remaining birds dIed dunng II \l\ '\ ~~ .... ;r.k<--::r, ~J storm. ThIs may be the only llme SClenllSts tl 0#' .. , .. -~' _ ~\ _ have actuaJly observed the extinction of an ~ _________ ... J% ••

animal in the wild. At Niboa and Necker _.. ~\; Island. the researchers round artifacts Ilnd t -------=-.:::... *~! exlensive ruins. some of which are unlike any { .... ,/.. ~ ~ 1 . ... _"' .... _ _ ..... known from the main Hawai ian Islands i .....- _--- ~ r-._ .. _~ __ ...

• ~...--- tJII1U",!"IIJo:<f> '1dt- • ::"."':--:;;::.:::. .. _~"'Oo._ --U """"'_ .... '-"""'" ........,.·1,.'.-. ....... ~'''''-'. A -

RESEfm~H What is OUI Iherr and how o ld. and geoclic markers SUggesl , that can 'We COlLiCn 'e it? older. Their reproduction i ~ unique, req~'''''e ~ .....

even

f)I[]1\J In the lale 20lh century. researrlJ efforts became more focused upon conservation o f our natural world. This paradigm shift stemmed

from recognit ion that advances in technology and growing human populations have dramatically increased pressures upon our oceaos. Our oceans are still poorly understood compared 10 terrestrial environments. In th is new em of natural Il:source managemenl. research using advanced technologies will help to increase our understanding of the murine realm. This information will allow lIlunagement agencies to most effectively protecl these habitats, their organisms and the nalural proces..-.e. .. thaI COOIlectthem.

.-- ~p& . ~_. t • ;oil -a:.i'EJ , ;j . ..:c._ _ 0 -... -~ . .. - .;...~'-;

I·: r - *"-_.

Monmcol 0( Big Indaton

Top predators such as sharks. jacks and groupers play an impo n anl role in marine ecosystems. By fceding on olher organisms. they help to keep lhe entire ecosyslem in balance. ___ """"' __ 0_ ~

:.::...--::.=---===::' Science-based management =..~=:""....:~ and prut~ion requires an ___ w AQ" " understllldmg or the move-

ment patterns of top predators. Researchers tag sharks and other big fi sh in order to leam "bout movement plIl1ems in the Hawaiian Archipelago. These tags can re lay information on lhe shark's posi tion to underwater lislening stlltions or 10 satellites orbi ting hundreds of lIIiles above the Eurth.

So far. research has shown that Ihe anima ls are wide·ranging within the atolls and at leaSI two species move between atolls. crossing lhe open ocean. One tagged tiger shark traveled from French Frigale Shoals 10 Knna - 700 miles away. Another treveled from French Frigate Shoals to Midway. Oear pallerns or tnO\'Cmenl have also begun to emerge. Ulua (giant IreV8lly) display regular day/night movements as well as seasonal movement patterns based on lhe phases of the moon.

Great .'rfgateblrds

Great frigatebirds, or ' iwa. ate emblematic of lhe splendor and the fm gi li ly of lhe Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Recent research has uncovered sonle surprising things about frigatebirds breeding at French Frigate Shools. Frigatebitds are very long Jived. with some individuals at least 44 years

by botb parents for ao . -entire year to raise II single i offspring 10 independence. But unlike most scabints, frigatebints choose new mates each lime they breed Each "'1nler. thousands of males perform slrolOge courtship dispillys that highlighl Iheir iridescent fcothers and A_"'O_ .... _IIIgO_ the red! bolloon, like thro.1\ ==~~-=-~~ pouch. while a much smaller _ ....... ____ '-• .«0

nu mber of females fly in __ . _ IVo<N _ _

circles around the breeding colony. comparing the attributes of their enthusiastic ~uitors.

When IlOI al the ~ing colony, frigllfebirds fly long distances over lhe ocean. With 6-fool wingspans but a .... 'eight of only 3 pounds. they use their glider.l ike bodies to soar high in IhermalS. Bin:Is marlced with wing tags and satellite transmillers at French Frigate Shoals ha\'e been obsen-ed at Laysan. Midway, Johnston Atoll. Wake Island, and eycn the Philippines.

A Seal's-Eye V-tew-Monk Seals and CRITTERCAM

Hawaiian monJ: seals are on lhe brink of exlinction. ·000y Can estimaled 1.300 Hawaiian monk seals survive ~~ n~ of them making: their ho me in_ the Northwestem Hawaiian Islands. Researchers hope that. by using National Geogmphic's CR.lTJCRCAM, a video camera glued to lhe seals' back!;, they can .finq out what is hindering their survival.

As the seals swim around. the camen.'. .. allow researchers 10 see ~hal ,~bitats are used us foragin g areii~~ Sodlc Jurprising footage showed adult males cruising over sandy or rocky

b(moms, fl ipping Ol'er large, fl at roc~sl in 'search Of;~. food. This showed scientists Ihal the seals ~we.re/· ~ Il()( feeding in lhe atolls lIS previously belie\'ed, but many miles oUlto sea and at depths grealer I ~KA'~·lsr than 200 feel ___ ~

1be cameras have also given insi8ht into sea} pups' fishing tech~ues:-TIUs couJ(] be valuable informatiort~in recent

r~;an~I~~:ui~; I~t;; , sUlviling to lheir secPnd birthday, juvenile mortality is a slgniJk:anL threat 10 species survivJI. I nnuvati\~ tools. like. CRlTlERCAM. an: essential 10 collecting the information we need 10 belp these remarlrnble animals survive.

"' ............ r'~ ........ ~~~2~


---"'..... _- - t.QAA. ---------"'-~e- ... ____ """" ___ e.... ... _.

....., .. C:-_ ,"_,_ 1. _."...::r.o.A.

Geologically the oldest in the HaW'.l iian chain, the Northwestern Center for Ha .... ':I irs Remote Cor.l.l Reefs in 1-liIo, In addition, Ullwaiian Islands (NWHI) offer a glimpse back in time to a few educators each yell r are able to panicipate in expedilions when the Iand.~ and waters were healthy and teeming with life. 10 lhe region and subsequently share thei r experience with These: Qill·wild ecosystems contain powerful lessons for those: their Qudents and communities. Art icles and lesson plans from of us in the main Hawaiian Islands who IUl:: witnessing the lhe past few years can be found al: www.hawailana tolls.org ~cline of our finite island n:sourcc:.~.

They teach os the: importance of caring for the nalUrnl world on which our Ih'es and Ii\'clihoods depend, lind they give us a living model 10 guide ItStoration efforts. 1bc: Uawaiian Archipelago is one of the few places in the world where large-scalc comparisons o f impactc:d and un-impacted reef and island ecosyQems of si milar species :tnd geography can be: made.

TIll' 1/1'11' 1I(l/IIJ11ul ll/lll11t11h'l/I

/"1"/'/1// ',' (/ 1Il'11 ""I'(II /I11/;'.\, (01' (I( /'011 n ll/Cell irlll fll/ d

In 2001. the N\'IHI C(HruSlecS, Bishop Museum, the Polynesian Vuyaging Sociely and a hos t of other comnlunity and government agencies joined forces to foml the Navigating Change eduC:llional partnership. Inspired by the vision of the late Pinky Thompson and his son Nainoa, the partnership built an educational program thai extends Hokllle 'a journeys to the NWIII into schools statewide. These

rt'Jl"mr'hf"r tI/'I 'ml!!" to 1'(>/111'.

SlIn'nifj,l {/{"j'(lI/ sU'II'ordshl/J

dt'fI!!//{/\ 1111 i/lJllrml"d l'oli!·.\

1/1II/.;l'f,1 (llId WI il/Amlll'd 1'IIMi/·.

But the: remoteness of This vast ocean region presents .<>peci:d ch~lIenges as III huw these lessons can be: shared, With access strictly limi tc:d, most people are unable to experience the place directly. Thus, the monument and its partners have creatt.-d a spectrum of educational al1ll experiential opponunities that indirectly connect people with the NWHI and ils biolugical, historical and cuhurdl wonders - in effect, "'bringing the pl ~ce to the peuple," rathcr than the people to the place.

The nMlllument 'S educational initiati\'e$ include distance

classroom voyages of discovery challenge slutlenls to ch:lngc their values. attitudes and behaviurs, and encourage them to get ac ti\'ely involved in community effons to mll.lama and restore the mari ne: and terrestrial environments where they li \'e,

1lIe Ilawai'i Marilime Center, next Itl Aloh~ Towcr, also hOSTS nn inter.lctive N:lVigating Change exhibit where visitors can role.play being a scientist exploring the NWHI on a research cruise.

leaming, presentations and e\'ents promoting ocean conser· To learn more about Na\'iga ting Change curriculum or up... vation. teacher workshops, and the Mokup1papa Discovery coming leacher work.'ihops, "isi!: www.navigaUn!;Chan~.org

1~ ', .... '. , ,.,'. " '

PoIyoMIon~ SOCIe!y -"'-u.s. RIn end w.dIl. SeMc. NCJIonaI RIn cn:j _. Fctn:IoIkIn

NCJIonaI Oceanic: cn:jA~ ~

1icJwa11 Slat. De~ 01 I.an:I cn:j NoIl.rOl ....... " Hawoi'l SIOI. DepartrT-.I Of EducoIlOn UrWe<1iI!y at HowoI' MOroo tt::Jrd:j It L ca. .. fou-doIIon

WHATYOU CAN DO

Learn more ubout the NWUI anti your oceans,

:lIId how to protect them.

loin our lisL'iCrve to rc:ce h'e e-updates,

Arrange a talk in ynur community.

Volunteer.

Attend our public lnee tings.

Encourdge others to gel infonned anti invoh·etl .

GET INVOLVED

Whether you are just now learning about the Nonhwestem Hawaiian Islands, or ha\'e been aClj \'ely invnlved with Ihis place for years, we ask for your cuntinued soppon in caring for this unique and vast ocean n:ginn.

lbe complete revised management plan for the: monument will be made a\':Iilable for public review. The management plan is the document Ihat will set the resource management

=.~...:::::."= fr.1mewort for the monument into lhe future. ' ''-_.- TIle public review period wi ll provide :1II opportunity to offer your input on how best to conserve and manage the monument for generatinns to come,

We welcome your mana'o, your thoughts on how ),ou think the area should be nUlOaged, and hope you wi ll take the time to gel involved. The important thing to remember is Ihalthis is your ocean lreasure, and for those: who live in Hawai ' i, yo ur back yunt,

t'-or more inrormation about the Northw~tem Ha ..... a iian Is lands Marine National Monument please " isit our website at: hup:lI1lawalireer.noaa.gov or contact the monument offi« a t: 808-JIJ7.2660.

GET INVOLVED ..,. t.'" " "' ''''' ~''Y>. ...- .. l'


A major part Hawai'i is now a national monument. Come find out more. THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN

ISLANDS are 140,000 square miles of

ocean wilderness in our own back yard. Safe haven for fish, honu, monk seals,

seabirds, corals and limu. With strong ties

to Native Hawaiian culture and practices.

In becoming a marine national monument, this special ocean region

has been accorded the nation's highest

form of marine environmental protection.

Come to the public meeting and learn more

about it.

Public Information Meetings 6·8 pm SEPTEMBER Sept. 25: Moloka'i - Kulana 'Oiwi Halau Sept. 27: Maui - Maui Arts and Cultural Center Sept. 28: lana'i - lana'i library

OCTOBER Oct. 2: Wai'anae - Wai'anae District Park Oct. 3: Honolulu - Japanese Cultural Center Oct. 4: Kane'ohe - He'eia Kea State Park Oct. 5: Kaua'i - Aloha Beach Resort, Kapa'a Oct. 10: Kona - King Kamehameha Kona Beach Hotel Oct. II: Hilo - Mokupapapa: Discovery Center

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument


Documents

NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS MONUMENTscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/55244/Folder 57.pdf · The Guide will take you on a brief but infonnativc virtu:II lour of this