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NEXT Section 1 Southern Culture The South becomes a distinct region that is quite different from other regions of the United States by the 1850s.
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The South’s economy relies on cotton, and the slave labor used to produce it.
Antebellum Society1800–1860 The South builds a cotton economy, but also creates a class system with race as the most critical factor.
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Antebellum Society1800–1860
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
Southern Culture
Antebellum Society in Georgia
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Section 1
Southern Culture The South becomes a distinct region that is quite different from other regions of the United States by the 1850s.
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“Cotton is King”
Southern Culture
Antebellum South Focuses on Cotton• Northern, Southern, Western U.S. develop into
different regions• Georgians focus on acquiring land, farming; often
with slave labor• Southern antebellum society based on cotton
- antebellum means “before the war,” describes South before Civil War
• Late 1700s, cotton is Georgia’s most important crop
• English textile mills create huge demand
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Continued . . .
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The Cotton Gin• Most Georgia farmers grow short-staple cotton—
seeds hard to remove• Eli Whitney designs cotton gin in 1793
- cotton gin—machine that removes seeds from cotton
- allows each worker to clean 50 times more cotton per day
• More planters begin growing cotton as a result of cotton gin
continued “Cotton is King”
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Cotton Gin Brings Changes• Cotton boom allows South to focus on agriculture• North focuses on industry• Cotton easy to sell, commands high prices• Planters begin to grow more cotton than any other
crops• Government takes natives off land so cotton farming
can move inland• South becomes dependent on cotton
The Cotton Boom
Map
Continued . . .
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Slavery Expands• Cotton requires large workforce; slavery
increases in South• Cotton profits in South increase tenfold, 1820–
1830s• As profits rise, slave prices jump:
- male field hand is $300 in 1790s; rises to $1,000 by late 1830s
• Slave importation illegal after 1808 - continue to trade slaves already living in U.S.
continued The Cotton Boom
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Innovations Too Expensive• Many Georgia farmers cannot afford to invest in
farming inventions- primary farm tool is hoe; thins plants, cuts weeds- one-mule cottonseed planter is often only
equipment upgrade
Difficulties with Farming
Continued . . .
Soil Exhaustion• Farmers plant same crops each year; takes vital
nutrients from soil• “Exhausted” soil no longer supports crops;
plantations shift west• Some rich farmers use guano, bird droppings, as
fertilizer by 1850s
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Crop Failures• Georgians too reliant on cotton; use profits for
more land, slaves• Most pay cash to expand instead of borrowing, so
no credit records- cannot prove they can repay a loan; if crops
fail, many farms fail• Central Bank of Georgia established 1828 to loan
money to farmers
continued Difficulties with Farming
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Industry is Limited• Little industry in Georgia; some textile (cotton) mills;
iron- these industries later vital to Civil War effort
• Timber still an important industry; mills in most counties
Industry in Georgia
Barriers to Industry• Wealthy reinvest money in cotton instead of
developing industries• Planter class—no need to change industry while
cotton is profitable
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River Travel• Rivers are main transportation method until mid-
1800s- boats, rafts take goods west to fall line; goods
carried inland• Samuel Howard launches Georgia’s first
steamboat, Enterprise, 1816• In 1819, Savannah makes first transatlantic
steamboat trip- launched by group of Savannah businessmen
Transportation in Georgia
Continued . . .
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Railroads• Railroads needed to send Midwestern goods to
Southern coast• In 1837, Construction of Western and Atlantic
(W&A) Railroad begins - first W&A stake driven seven miles east of
Chattahoochee River- staked spot called Terminus—beginning of
modern-day Atlanta• All but two major southern railroads pass through
Atlanta by 1860
continued Transportation in Georgia
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Georgia’s Public School Systems • Public education movement national by mid-1800s • Georgia’s public school system still weak, develops
later • Georgia creates poor school system to educate
needy children in 1817• Many Georgians embarrassed to send children to
poor schools• If able, families pay to send children to field schools
instead• Education neglected—20% of Georgia’s white
adults literate by 1850
Education in Georgia
Continued . . .
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Higher Education• Franklin College chartered 1785, Georgia’s first
public university- now University of Georgia at Athens, first state
university in U.S.• Medical College of Georgia opens in Augusta,
1828 - medical training rare in America, but medicine
improving• Georgia Female College (later Wesleyan Female
College) opens 1839- first women’s college in U.S., located in Macon,
Methodist affiliation
continued Education in Georgia
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The Great Revival• Great Revival religious movement sweeps
antebellum South and nation• Church membership across U.S. higher than ever
before• Thousands attend camp meetings, hear fiery
Protestant sermons• Views on slavery divide Baptists, Methodists of
the North and South
Religion
Slaves and Religion• Most slaves forced into Christianity; owners believe
it aids control• Slaves identify with Bible story—children of Israel
led to freedom
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Call for Reform• Improvements in citizens’ welfare called for
across America• Georgia improves criminal treatment and facilities
in 1816• More humane facility for mentally ill built in
Milledgeville, 1842• School opens for deaf in Cave Springs, 1847• State opens Georgia Academy for the Blind in
Macon, 1852
Reform in Georgia
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Georgia Still Mostly Rural• Savannah is Georgia’s largest city in 1860,
22,000 people• Augusta—12,500; Columbus, Macon, Atlanta—
under 10,000 each• Most Georgians live in rural areas, small towns
Georgia’s Cities
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Antebellum Georgia develops distinct social classes based largely on race and partly on economic opportunity.
Section 2Antebellum Society in Georgia
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The Old South
Antebellum Society in Georgia
Social Classes and Slavery• Georgia, South divided into social classes; race
the critical factor • Whites of all classes see themselves as higher in
status than blacks- even free, wealthy African Americans
considered lower than whites• Only about 25% of Southern whites own slaves
- slave ownership sign of wealth, political power
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Planters A Wealthy Minority• Planters—wealthy elite, own 20 or more slaves
on plantations• Plantations—large farms extending hundreds of
acres • 1860, under 3,000 of Georgia’s 600,000 whites
considered planters• Planters live comfortably, but homes more
modest than often depicted• Wealthiest planters build “big house” mansions;
lavish furnishings
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Continued . . .
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Small Communities• Plantations small communities often equipped to
support residents• Plantation owners usually hire overseer to head
farming operation• Owners live in towns to enjoy social lives, better
education• Coastal owners come to cities to avoid disease-
carrying insects• Planters often well-educated, involved in society,
community leaders
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continued Planters
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Yeoman Farmers The Majority of White Georgians• Most Georgia whites yeoman farmers—own and
farm a few acres of land• Some slave owners, some rent farms from larger
landowners• Georgia’s small farmers live in rural settlements
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Poor Whites• Poor whites own no land, hire selves out to land,
business owners• Live at subsistence level; many move to towns,
work in mills by 1860
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Free African Americans Freedom Not Guaranteed• About 3,500 free African Americans in Georgia,
1850• Slaveholders free slaves or slaves purchase their
own freedom• Live mainly in towns where they can find work• Many free slaves still must register; some
kidnapped and enslaved
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Enslaved Africans Different Roles on a Plantation• Field hands tend crops on plantation; driver
maintains discipline• Gang labor used on cotton plantations—slaves
work together all day• Others use task labor—assign specific jobs to
individuals• Some skilled slaves become carpenters,
blacksmiths- some allowed to keep portion of earnings
• House slaves cook, clean, tend homes, care for children
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Continued . . .
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Life Under Slavery• Slaves live in slave quarters; some in servants’
quarters in homes• Many slaves allowed plots to grow food; some
can sell surplus food• Illegal to teach slaves literacy, but some taught;
pass on knowledge• Slaves can’t legally marry; many owners
recognize informal marriage• Owner may sell a slave anytime; children of
slaves are also slaves• Slave families often broken up throughout South
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continued Enslaved Africans
Image
Continued . . .
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Resistance• Slaves develop means of protest; most common
to work slowly• Some escape to North; severe punishment to
deter others if caught• Many white Georgians fear slave revolts; pass
strict slave codes
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continued Enslaved Africans
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