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Review
Sun & Wind Energy 4/20116
Photovoltaic NewS
The regional government in Can- berra is extending the solar electrici-
ty tariff in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) to photovoltaic systems with a power of up to 200 kW. Up to now only systems of up to 30 kW have been able to receive sup-port. According to the current tariff each kWh gets AUD 0.457 (¤ 0.329). The installation of systems under 20 kW and those between 30 and 200 kW is limited to an annual installa-tion volume of 15 MW each.
The responsible Minister for Climate Change, Environment and Water, Simon Corbell, additionally announced that the ACT government is to present a further extension of tariffs to even larger systems this year too. Following this, the first tranche of 40 MW is to be auctioned off. The installation volume for the large systems is to be capped at
210 MW. The precise tariff for the large sys-tems will be negotiated individually for each project. The previous framework was started in 2009 and led to the installation of 3,500 solar electricity systems in total. On the oth-er hand multiple states are demanding a sig-nificant cut in photovoltaic rooftop subsidiar-ies.
The reason for the request is the fear of rising energy costs for private households. The states forecast additional energy costs of AUD 90 (approx. € 66) per year and house-hold. Also water costs could rise, since some Australian states are covering parts of their water demand with energy intensive desali-nation plants. The photovoltaic subsidiaries are one of Australia’s most important instru-ments to reach the official target of a 20 % share in energy production until 2020.
The French Soitec Group announced that it will supply a 150 MW concen-
trator photovoltaics project in the Imperial Valley in Southern California. The Imperial Solar Energy Center (ISEC) West will be con-structed on a 1,057-acre site and is expected to be completed in 2015. Soitec will supply CPV systems from its German subsidiary Concentrix Solar, which was acquired last year.
To supply the project, Soitec will build a new factory to manufacture the CPV mod-ules. The factory will be located in the area of San Diego, California. The exact location will be announced in the late summer. The facto-
ry is expected to start operation about 18 months after construction begun and will have a production capacity of 200 MW per year. The first modules will be delivered to the project developer Tenaska Solar Ventures in early 2013 and finish in 2015.
Tenaska Solar Ventures has a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with the local utility San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) via a subsidiary. The San Diego region has a rising energy demand; therefore SDG&E is building the Sunrise Powerlink, a 117-mile transmis-sion line to carry renewable energy from the Imperial Valley to San Diego.
Australian Capital Territory revises PV feed-in tariff
In Italy, politicians and the PV sector are to decide on new
feed-in tariffs in April (see page 136). A cap on the PV market, as demanded by a government ministry, is apparently no longer on the agenda, however.
According to an announcement by EuPD Research, the Environment Minis-try, the Ministry for Economic Develop-ment and the sector association GIFI (Gruppo Imprese Fotovoltaiche Italiane) have postponed negotiations until April. Many parties had already warned against limiting support to a certain expansion capacity – also with reference to the collapse of the Spanish PV market after a cap set there in 2008. This harsh step is no longer on the agenda. Accord-ing to EuPD Research, current calcula-tions already put the installed capacity in Italy at 7.5 GW. The government had at one time set a target for the year 2020 at 8 GW – which should be surpassed fairly soon.
NEWSInternational
Soitec will supply 150 MW CPV project in the United States
PV in Italy remains without a cap
The optic system used in Soitecs modu-les: glass Fresnel lenses focus sunlight several hundredfold onto a triple- junction cell. Photo: Concentrix
The Powercom Group, a complete integrated solar manufacturer and
provider of PV plants located in Taiwan, has announced its investment in Infinite Green Co., Ltd. in Thailand for the accomplish-ment of power plants with a total capacity of 15 MW.
The first phase with a capacity of 2 MW already was completed at the end of De-cember 2010. This was Powercom’s first PV plant to be completed in Thailand and to receive the FIT. Simon Chang, Chairman of Powercom Group, emphasizes that Thai-land is a suitable place for solar power
plants due to its tropical weather. Further 5 MW of solar power are expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2011. According to the company, the whole 15 MW project will generate at least 22,500,000 kWh per year.
Taiwanese Powercom Group to build 15 MW in Thailand
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Review
Sun & Wind Energy 4/20118
Signing of the agreement for the CSP plant in Huludao, China Photo: SkyFuel
cSP NewS
The Shams Power Company raised US$ 600 million for the
Shams-1 solar thermal electricity power plant in Abu Dhabi, Dubai. The sum com-bines financing from regional and inter-national lenders. According to Abengoa Solar, a Spanish power plant developer that holds 20 % of the Shams Power Com pany, the project was oversub-scribed with commitments totalling US$ 900 million. The other shareholders of the company are Total with 20 % and Masdar with 60 %. Masdar is Abu Dhabi’s initiative advancing the develop-ment, commercialisation and deploy-ment of renewable energy technologies.
Shams-1 is a 100 MW parabolic trough plant that will be built about 120 km southwest of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. It is one of Mas-dars flagship projects to achieve Abu Dhabi’s target to increase the share of renewable energies to 7 % until 2020.
With 768 parabolic trough collectors the plant will cover an area of 2.5 km2. Construction began in the third quarter of 2010 and is expected to be completed in two years.
Shams-1 secures financial close
SkyFuel has signed an agreement for the construction of a 50 MW CSP
plant at a site near Huludao in China. The plant will use SkyFuel’s low-cost parabolic trough concentrating solar collector SkyTrough to supply heat to a standard steam driven power plant. The agreement was signed with project developer Huludao Ruixinda Industry Co., the State-owned As-sets Supervision & Administration Commis-sion (SASAC), and the US-China Economic and Cultural Development Alliance (US-Chi-na ECDA). The plant will provide clean, car-bon-free electricity to the growing city of Huludao, about 400 km east of Beijing.
“We are eager to see clean, renewable power being made for our city of Huludao,” said BoHua Wu, President and General Manager of the Huludao Ruixinda Industry Company. “This project will be a showcase for concentrating solar power in China.”
Together with SASAC and US-China EC-DA, SkyFuel is pursuing other opportuni-ties throughout China for bringing dis-patchable solar power to meet the rapidly growing need for electricity. Other projects in development include fuel switching of existing fossil-fired power plants with clean solar energy.
FPL unveils biggest CSP hybrid power plant
190,000 of these parabolic trough coll-ectors are installed at the Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Centre. Photo: Florida Power & Light
SkyFuel enters Chinese solar market
Shams 1 will generate enough energy to power 62,000 households with green energy. Graphic: Abengoa Solar
The US utility Florida Power & Light unveiled the first CSP-fossil fuel
hybrid plant in the US. The plant called “Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Centre” is also the biggest hybrid project to date.
The plant uses about 190,000 parabolic trough collectors on an area of 200 hectares (500 acres). The solar heat is used to reduce natural gas consumption of the existing fos-sil fuel plant by 1.16 million m3 (41 million cubic feet). Over the next 30 years the solar field will save about US$ 178 million of fuel costs. The plant has already been in opera-tion since November 2010 and was built in
two years. The first hybrid power plant was built by the Spanish EPC Abener and inaugu-rated in June 2010; there the solar thermal part of the plant is about two thirds smaller and has a capacity of 22 MW.
FPL has now three utility size solar projects in operation, of which the Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Centre is the only solar thermal project and the other two are photovoltaic projects. FPL has already se-cured and permitted sites for additional 500 MW of photovoltaic power projects. How this capacity will be shared between CSP and PV technology is not clear yet.
Review
Sun & Wind Energy 4/201110
SolaR theRmal NewS
Right on time for the sector trade fair ISH in Frankfurt, the German
Environment Ministry increased the sup-port levels for renewable heating in the market incentive programme in mid March. The Parliamentary State Secretary Ursula Heinen-Esser announced details of the revised support guidelines at the ISH opening ceremony.
The basic support for solar collectors for combined hot water generation and room heating thus rises for a limited peri-od up to 30th December 2011 to 120 €/m2 of collector area. After this it returns to 90 €/m2. The boiler exchange and the
combination bonuses have also been increased. The former is granted for switching from an old heating boiler to a condensing boiler, while the latter is for combining a solar thermal system with a heat pump or biomass heating. Until the end of the year both bonuses lie at € 600, after which they then sink to € 500.
For heat pumps the required seasonal performance factor has been reduced. For example, brine/water and water/water heat pumps will now qualify for support from a seasonal performance factor of 3.8.
Reactions from the German renewable heating sector were mixed. The German
Solar Industry Association welcomed the new support guidelines. “The very attrac-tive support conditions are a clear signal for homeowners who need to modernise their heating system in the cellar,” declared Vice President Helmut Jäger.
The reaction by the German section of the International Solar Energy Society (DGS) was somewhat more sober. Responding to the increase it demanded the establishment of an ongoing and reliable support pro-gramme. Since the government suspended support through the incentive programme for two months in the spring of 2010, trust in this form of support has dropped.
Support levels increased in market incentive programme
The Turkish solar thermal heating system developer Ezinc has just
completed a large scale installation at the Serra Saklikoy Hotel in Izmir. The company installed 143 flat plate collectors on a hill near the hotel. An uncommon characteristic of the installation is the distance of 350 m between the collector area and the heat storage. Over the whole distance the pipes are insulated to minimize heat losses.
For the first time Ezinc used an auto-mated measurement system which checks the collector temperature and controls the whole system. The heat from the collector field is used for domestic hot water as well as for space heating.
Ezinc completes large scale project
Ezinc installed 143 flat plate collectors for a hotel in Turkey. Photo: Ezinc
Preliminary figures from Swiss industry association Swissolar
indicate that some 15,000 solar thermal systems were installed in Switzerland in 2010. The systems have a total area of 140,000 m2. The new installations raise the total number of installed systems in Switzerland to 85,000 units with a total area of 800,000 m2.
Following years of steady double-digit growth, the market stagnated in 2010 for the first time. “We see this as a temporary phenomenon,” says Swissolar General Manager David Stickelberger. “Potential buyers of solar thermal systems are shift-ing their investments in the area of build-ing systems to new glazing and façade in-sulation.” A new building program pro-
vides incentives for such investments. Swissolar expects a slight up-tick in the market this year. That is due in part to ris-ing heating costs – oil is once again trad-ing at more than US$ 100 a barrel – and in part to the Federal Clean Air Ordinance (Luftreinhalteverordnung, or LVR). A lot of heating systems have to be renovated to be in compliance with the ordinance.
15,000 solar thermal systems installed
Since the beginning of March, Aus-trians have been able to apply for
a so-called renovation check, with which they will receive a grant for installing solar heating systems.
Austria’s government is making a total of € 100 million available for this new sup-port, € 70 million of which is reserved for private homes. A similar scheme was already run in 2009, but back then less money was planned in for private home-
owners. Grant applications may be made via the headquarters of building societies from 1st March to 30th June 2011. The grant will be approved as a single non- repayable sum totalling a maximum of 20 % of the supportable investment costs, including VAT.
The maximum grant for a comprehen-sive thermal renovation is € 5,000. For a heating conversion or a solar thermal system in a single-family or double-family
house, up to € 1,500 is available; for the same in multi-storey blocks of flats the maximum is € 1,000 per flat. In addition to renovations it is also possible to apply for support to retrofit solar heating systems.
“This national support for switching to solar heating, in addition to the existing county-level support, is an important move which will help to reduce energy costs and protect the environment,” says Roger Hack-stock, Head of Austria Solar.
Renovation check for solar systems
Review
Sun & Wind Energy 4/201112
wiNd eNeRgy NewS
GE has entered into a contract with Göteborg Energi to supply the first
offshore turbine of the type 4.1-113. The wind turbine is to be put up in the harbour of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, in the sec-ond half of the year. The turbine is currently the only gearless offshore wind turbine on the market, says GE. As expensive transmis-sion parts are not required with this drive technology, the manufacturer expects lower operation costs as a result. Most repairs can additionally be carried out on-site due to the modular approach used, and thus no expen-sive service ships will be required. The spe-cial design of the turbine should also reduce the assembly time by 50 %. Furthermore, the
turbine will have a yield 5 % higher than comparable turbines of 3 to 4 MW.
The design of the 4.1-113 is based on the gearless 3.5 MW turbine by the Norwegian company Scanwind, which GE took over in 2009. Experiences and solutions from GE’s onshore work have also found their way into the turbine technology here, such as the con-trolling of loads to lower the forces passed on to the turbine. This, in turn, enables the costs of the foundations to be lower too.
The project in Sweden is part of GE’s strategy to build up an offshore presence in Europe. The company aims to invest approx. € 340 million in this in the next few years.
GE to supply offshore turbine to Sweden
The 4.1-113 is currently the only gearless offshore wind turbine on the market Graphic: GE Energy
Europe’s highest meteorologi-cal measuring mast is to be
erected this spring near Kassel, Germa-ny, and will have a height of 200 m. The mast has been ordered from the Swed-ish company Telecon by the Fraunhofer IWF. It will be equipped with compo-nents from the Swedish company Cue Dee and will measure wind speeds at heights of 10 to 200 m. The mast will have a total of 27 carriers with sensors and will additionally be equipped with a lidar system to make measurements at heights of up to 400 m. Data is to be collected on the wind conditions in the Central German Uplands for five years, information which could also be inter-esting for other European countries with similar natural environments, says Telecon.
Europe’s highest measuring mast
Offshore wind is on the brink in Ontario. In mid-February, the
government of the Canadian province im-posed a moratorium on all ongoing projects and applications for new offshore wind farms.
Further scientific research on offshore was needed, according to the lawmakers. Onshore projects are excluded from the mor-atorium. The main project affected by the abandonment of freshwater offshore appli-cations is Windstream Energy’s 300 MW
Wolfe Island Shoals project, which was sup-posed to be built in Lake Ontario near the city of Kingston. “Offshore wind on freshwa-ter lakes is a recent concept that requires a cautious approach until the science of envi-ronmental impact is clear,” said Ontario Min-ister of the Environment John Wilkinson in a statement. “This is a huge shock for us,” says Uwe Röper whose consulting firm Ortech is acting as project manager for Wind-stream. The Lake Ontario project is the only one of its kind to already have grid-operator
approval and a power purchase agree-ment, both of which are now on ice.
This is already the second moratori-um in Ontario to put a halt to offshore wind. An general freeze was already imposed between 2006 and 2008. Presently, more than 700 wind turbines with a total nameplate capacity of 1,500 MW are in operation in the prov-ince, a very appealing location to com-panies in the renewables industry due to its attractive incentives.
Offshore on ice in Ontario
WPD Finland, a subsidiary of the WPD Group in Germany,
has received water rights to build Finland’s first large-scale offshore wind farm with 80 turbines. The Suurhiekka project will be built in shallows some 25 km off of the northern Finnish coast in the Gulf of Bothnia and will produce enough power annually for 300,000 homes. The approval, according to WPD, already includes an environ- mental impact study. Technical certifi-cation is all that is needed before con-struction can begin. The wind farm is slated to go on line in 2014.
The Finns will be hard pressed to reach their 20-20 target without off-shore wind. Only onshore wind farms are profitable under current feed-in tariffs, however. Discussions are cur-rently underway to increase the tariff.
Suurhiekka approved
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Review
Sun & Wind Energy 4/201114
wiNd eNeRgy NewS
The Brazilian regulatory authority Empresa de Pesquisa Energética will
be auctioning off electricity generating capacity for wind power for the third time this coming summer. How high the auc-tioned capacity will be is not yet clear, but it will probably lie between 6 and 8 GW. Opera-tors which are able to acquire allocations in the auction will receive an electricity supply
contract for the next 20 years. Last year the average offer price was BRL 134/MWh which is equal to about 58 €/MWh.
It is estimated that wind turbines with a capacity of 900 MW have been installed so far. In the last auctions from 2009 and 2010, capacities of 1,800 and 2,000 MW were auctioned.
Brazil auctions new wind power capacities
The German PowerWind GmbH is selling ten 900 kW turbines to a
project developer in Bulgaria. The Power-Wind 56-model turbines will be installed by the end of the year at various locations on the Black Sea and in the interior of the coun-try. Five of the windmills will go to the MTK Group, three to Ruah ODD, and two to Trakia Ecoenergia Ltd. PowerWind says it is focus-ing on community projects. For this customer
segment, organizational and financial ad-vice, as well as tailor-made service solutions, are important complements to product sales.
According to the company, projects with individual turbines of the same type require neither an environmental assessment nor a production licence application, even follow-ing legal changes made by the Bulgarian gov-ernment. PowerWind says that it is already negotiating further supply agreements.
Ten PowerWind turbines for Bulgaria
The PowerWind 56 has a capacity of 900 kW. Photo: PowerWind/ Jens Meier
The Danish government has recently taken on a new energy
strategy which aims to make energy supplies completely independent of fossil fuels by 2050. Already in 2020 the use of fossil fuels are to be reduced by 33 % over 2009.
The key technologies to achieve this target are biomass and wind power. Biogas is to be used more strongly for heating within this context. Its produc-tion is to be increased by providing new monetary support. Particularly ambi-tious is the plan to ban the installation of classic oil and gas condensing boil-ers completely. This is to come into effect in 2012 for new buildings and in 2017 for existing buildings.
For electricity, wind power is to take on the largest share of energy genera-tion. By 2020 the expansion of onshore and offshore capacities is to increase the share of wind power in electricity production to 42 %. The share currently lies at 20 %. In total, the share of renewable energies will thus have risen to 62 %.
Additionally, energy efficiency is to be increased in Denmark, leading to a 6 % reduction in primary energy demand by 2020. The energy concept is not yet law, however, and is now to be discussed in parliament.
Denmark: fossil fuel free by 2050
The industrial group Alstom is going to test its new 6 MW direct drive off-
shore wind turbine as part of the demonstra-tor project Belwind. According to Alstom, the 40 MW project will be developed over the pe-riod from 2012 to 2015 in phase 2 of the Bel-wind wind farm on the Bligh Bank, 46 km off the coast of Zeebrugge. The Alstom turbine is equipped with the “Pure Torque” concept, which protects the generator from unwanted stress und thereby increases the reliability.
Additionally, it features Converteam’s “Advanced High Density” direct drive perma-nent magnet generator with a more compact and lightweight design than previous gener-ations of direct drives. In collaboration with Danish LM Wind Power, Alstom has devel-oped the world’s longest blades which en-sure a high energy yield. The whole turbine has been designed to reduce the cost of energy through optimisation of the complete machine concept.
Alstom to test its offshore turbine in Belgian water
Belgian offshore demonstrator project Belwind provides ground for Alstom’s new 6 MW offshore turbine. Graphic: Alstom
A4 Solar advert december 2010:A4 Solar Advert Jan 2010 17/01/2011 13:39 Page 1
Review
Sun & Wind Energy 4/201116
miScellaNeouS NewS
For those interested in wood pellets and who would like to know more, “The Pellet Hand-book – Production and Thermal Utilisation of Pellets” is certainly worth a look. It was writ-ten by Ingwald Obernberger and Gerolf Thek, employees at the Graz engineering consul-tancy BIOS BIOENERGIESYSTEME GmbH, which has been planning and building bio-mass plants, CHP plants and district heating networks for 15 years.
The book has gleaned together everything you need to know about the characteristics, manufacturing and use of wood pellets on 360 pages, with 177 illustrations and 72 ta-bles. The individual processing steps of pellet
manufacturing are described, for example, various procedural variations are shown, and an in-depth economic assessment is made. This assesses the physical and chemical char-acteristics of raw materials used in the manu-facturing of pellets and explains the advan-tages and disadvantages of various combus-tion techniques. The book looks extensively at the many national and international re-search projects on particulate emissions from biomass combustion. Finally, it takes a look at the future, describes trends in research and development and thus provides the read-er with the currently best available overview of pellet technology.
Book report: Big book on small fuel
The tidal energy device devel-oper Minesto is receiving a
grant of up to £ 350,000 (approx. € 410,500) from the Carbon Trust to develop a first seagoing prototype of its Deep Green system. The device works like a kite which is tethered to the sea-bed. It flies around the sea current in a figure of eight and carries a turbine. Thereby the water passes the turbine about up to ten times of its actual current speed to maximise the efficiency. For the tests a one-tenth sized version of the Deep Green system will be deployed.
£ 350,000 for tidal energy
Correction to the article “InterSolution: Final spurt for large-scale systems” in issue 3/2011, pages 24 to 26:On page 26 we referred to a project to be realised by Tenesol in Wallonia, Belgium. The size of the project was mistakenly indi-cated with 250 MW – in fact the project is a 250 kW system. We apologize for this mis-take.
Correction to the article “Mirrors: The secrets of not ageing” in issue 2/2011, pages 82 to 85:In our overview of mirror materials for con-centrating solar power plants, the Almeco group with their products VEGA ENERGY and VEGAFLEX was missing. The two types of alu-minium mirrors were launched in 2008 and 2009 respectively and are suitable for all CSP applications according to the company. To give their mirrors a high shape accuracy
combined with light weight, Almeco uses a sandwich structure of two aluminium sheets bonded to a trapezoidal corrugated core. In-stead of the Fdx value (see SWE 2/2010) for the shape accuracy, Almeco gives values for the stiffness of their mirrors. The data range from 1.8 to 3.5 kNm2/m for the transverse stiffness and from 3.5 to 21.5 kNm2/m for the longitudinal stiffness, both depending on the thickness of the material.
The aluminium sheet at the front side is coated with the so-called Vega WR technolo-gy, that combines Almeco’s reflective Vega coatings with an additional coating that pro-tects the mirror from abrasion and weather-ing. The solar weighted specular reflectance is min. 90 % for the Vega WR193 and min. 92 % for the Vega WR293, the total solar spectra reflectance is 93 % and 94 % re-spectively. Almeco has carried out various durability tests, such as coating adhesion,
UV resistance and neutral salt spray resist-ance. In the latter two tests the reflectance loss has been less than 3 % in 3,000 hours of testing. Almeco guarantees that the re-flectance of their mirrors will maintain with-in 3 % of their original value for a period of 10 years.
A second mistake was made in the table on page 84. The Alcan product has been on the market since 2001 and not since 2005.
Corrections and additional information
Almeco uses a sandwich technology to give their mirrors a high rigidity. Photo: Almeco
After having worked at SUN & WIND ENERGY since September 2006, Stefan Trojek will support the IFEU Institute for Energy and Environmental Research in Heidelberg as a scientific officer.
Eva and Stefan want to thank the read-ers and profes-sionals that supported them in their journal-istic work for their interest and help.
Leaving our editorial department
Our editors Eva Augsten and Stefan Trojek left SUN & WIND ENERGY on March 31.
Eva Augsten who started at SUN & WIND ENERGY in December 2004 will be employed at the Innovations-stiftung in Ham-burg. At this public-law institution that supports small and mid-sized compa-nies Eva will work within the Environ-mental Technology and Renewable En-ergy Department.
Ingwald Obernberger, Gerold Thek: The Pellet Handbook – Production and Thermal Utilisation of Pellets. Graz, from the series “Thermal uses of bio-mass” by Graz University of Technology, 2009. ISBN 978-3-9501980-5-8. Price: € 57. BIOS BIO-ENERGIESYSTEME GmbH, fax: 0043/316/481300-4, www.bios-bioenergy.at
Eva Augsten Stefan Trojek
