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Version 1.7

Syllabus: “How to engage in broadband policy and regulatory processes”

Marawila, 25-‐28 September 2015

A four-‐day residential course in all official languages offered by LIRNEasia in partnership with Sarvodaya Fusion with the support of the Ford Foundation

1. Goal To enable members of Sri Lankan civil-‐society groups and media personnel marshal available research and evidence for effective participation in broadband policy and regulatory processes including interactions with media, thereby facilitating and enriching policy discourse on means of increasing broadband access by the poor.

2. Outcomes The objective of the course is to produce discerning and knowledgeable consumers of research who are able to engage in broadband policy and regulatory processes.

At the end of the course attendees will:

− Be able to find and assess relevant research & evidence − Be able to summarize the research in a coherent and comprehensive manner − Have an understanding of broadband policy and regulatory processes in Sri Lanka

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3. Assignments In response to an email re the Digital India Plan, the CEO of the ICT Agency stated “Thank you for the document; we at ICTA have created a similar digitisation program for Sri Lanka. We would present in September 2015 at the National CIO forum. However the government is in line with the same thinking and we have started rolling out some of the initiatives in the areas of infrastructure to meet the national goals.”

If the said document is available to the public before the course commences, we will use it as the basis for the team assignments (Plan A). If not, we will use the Digital India policy documents as the base (Plan B).

The assignment will be to make evidence-‐based team presentations that we hope will form the basis of for a public consultation organized by the Ministry of Telecom and Digital Infrastructure. The five-‐person teams will be assigned different aspects:

1. Affordable broadband of adequate quality throughout Sri Lanka 2. Services and applications that are of value to Sri Lankan users 3. Trust and security 4. Affordable terminal devices that all can use, with special attention being paid the elderly and the differently abled 5. Skilled users

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6. Course schedule

1 You are required to have looked through 19th Amendment to the Sri Lanka Constitution and the RTI Bill beforehand. Sinhala and Tamil versions should be available on web, in addition to the English versions that are being supplied.

Day1 (September 25) Day2 (Sept 26) Day3 (Sept 27) Day4 (Sept 28) 0900-‐1030 S1 Introduction (Rohan

Samarajiva RS) S5 Baseline knowledge about Sri Lanka ICT (RS))

S8 National Broadband Networks of India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia: Comparative study (VI & RS)

A4 Preparation for presentation

1030-‐1100 Break Break Break Break 1100-‐1200 S2 Finding research (Nilusha

Kapugama NK) A2 Assessing & summarizing research (NK)

S9 Demand-‐side stimulation (RS) S13 Panel discussion on making policy & doing regulation (Wasantha Deshapriya, Ministry Secretary and Muhunthan Canagey, ICTA CEO; moderated by RS)

1200-‐1300 S3 Introduction to demand-‐side research (NK)

A3 Continuation of legal research exercise (RS)

S10 Why and how of ICT policy, strategy and plans (RS)

A5 Preparation for presentation

1300-‐1400 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch 1400-‐1500 A1 Group formation;

Assignments explained and introduction of Broadband Website (NK & Laleema Senanayake LS)

S6 Interrogating supply-‐side indicators (HG)

S11 Broadband quality of service: Regulatory approaches (RS)

A6 Mock public hearing (RS & panel)

1500-‐1530 Break Break Break Break 1530-‐1700 S4 Introduction to legal

research, incl. in-‐class exercise with Right to Information Bill (RS)1

S7 Introduction to quantitative research (Vigneswara Ilavarasan VI)

S12 Net neutrality, zero rating and their applicability in conditions of low Internet access (HG)

A6 Mock public hearing & critique (RS & panel)

1700-‐ Group work Group work Group work Certificate dinner

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7. Faculty Rohan Samarajiva, PhD was the founding CEO (2004 -‐ 2012) and is Chair (2004 –) of LIRNEasia. Previously he was the Team Leader at the Sri Lanka Ministry for Economic Reform, Science and Technology (2002-‐04) responsible for infrastructure reforms, including participation in the design of the USD 83 million e Sri Lanka Initiative. He was Director General of Telecommunications in Sri Lanka (1998-‐99), a founder director of the ICT Agency of Sri Lanka (2003-‐05), Honorary Professor at the University of Moratuwa in Sri Lanka (2003-‐04), Visiting Professor of Economics of Infrastructures at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands (2000-‐03) and Associate Professor of Communication and Public Policy at the Ohio State University in the US (1987-‐2000). He was Policy Advisor to the Ministry of Post and Telecom in Bangladesh (2007-‐09). He serves as Senior Advisor to Sarvodaya (Sri Lanka’s largest community based organization) on ICT matters. Samarajiva is a Board Member of Communication Policy Research south, an initiative to identify and foster policy intellectuals in emerging Asia. He serves on the editorial boards of five academic journals. Download full curriculum vitae: Rohan Samarajiva (Revised 27 June 2015)

Muhunthan Canagey is the Managing Director / Chief Executive Officer of the Information Communication & Technology Agency of Sri Lanka (ICTA). He has been in the ICT industry for over two decades and is one of the country’s youngest entrepreneurs. He stepped into the field of IT at a very young age of 16. Canagey holds a Master’s Degree in Information Technology from the University of Keelle (UK) and has extensive knowledge of the industry. He was the founder and CEO of multiple technology enterprises and was the founder and CEO of a highly successful enterprise in the area of satellite communication and media: a first of this nature to be formed in Sri Lanka. He has been very successful in productising software applications developed in Sri Lanka and in formulating strategies and policies for taking local products to the international market.

Wasantha Deshapriya is the newly appointed Secretary of the Ministry of Telecommunication and Digital Infrastructure. Previously, he was the Director General of the Sri Lanka Institute for Development Administration (SLIDA). From the inception of the ICT Agency to 2015, he was deeply involved in the promotion of e gov initiatives, being the head of the program for most of the period. His most significant achievement was the advancement in the UN e gov ranking by 41 places by Sri Lanka in 2014.

Helani Galpaya is CEO of LIRNEasia. Her recent research and consulting work has been on issues related to e-‐Government, net neutrality, broadband quality of service, and how knowledge and information disseminated via ICTs can improve inclusiveness of micro entrepreneurs in the electricity sector and in agriculture markets. She has been working in Myanmar since 2013, and is currently carrying out an impact analysis of the mobile phone roll-‐out that is taking place. Prior to LIRNEasia, she worked at the ICT Agency of Sri Lanka implementing e-‐Government projects. She was a management consultant at Booz&Co (now Strategy&) in New York and has also worked at Citibank and Merrill Lynch in USA. She has a MS in Technology & Policy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA and a BA in Computer Science from Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, USA.

Vigneswara Ilavarasan, PhD is Associate Professor at the Dept. of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. For the last ten years, he is researching and teaching production and consumption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) with a special focus on India. His specific research interests are Information and Communication Technologies & Development (ICTD) [Use of Mobiles & other ICTs by women micro-‐entrepreneurs in India]; Information Technology Industry in India [Labour, R&D Centers of MNCs, Inter-‐firm linkages, Clusters & Sub-‐national Policy]; and ICTs & Government [Electronic Governance]. Dr. Ilavarasan is a recipient of the Outstanding Young Faculty Fellowship Award at IIT Delhi and Prof. M.N. Srinivas Memorial Prize of the Indian Sociological Society. He is also a recipient of research grants from IDRC (Canada), Ministry of Labour and Employment (India), Ministry of Science and Technology (India), Oxford Analytica (UK), and IdeaCorp. (Philippines).

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Nilusha Kapugama is a Senior Research Manager at LIRNEasia and manages agriculture, electricity, systematic review and evaluation projects. She is also working on a systematic review looking at the economic impacts of mobile phones. Previously she managed the Knowledge Based Economy project at LIRNEasia, which looked at the information and knowledge gaps in agriculture supply chains. She also worked on CPRsouth, LIRNEasia’s capacity-‐building initiative to develop Asia-‐Pacific expertise and knowledge networks in ICT policy regulation. She has also done research on broadband quality indicators and national regulatory authority (NRA) website indicators. She has also worked on LIRNEasia’s Virtual Organization Project. She has experience organizing international conferences and training courses. She holds a master’s degree in development economics and policy from the University of Manchester, UK.

Laleema Senanayake is a Junior Research Manager at LIRNEasia and is the project manager of the Ford Funded Project on ‘Increasing Broadband access to the poor in Asia’. Laleema’s research interests are participatory planning, urban development, climate change and public policy. Prior to joining LIRNEasia she worked at International Water Management Institute as an intern and the Project Consultancy Unit (PCU) of the University of Moratuwa as a research assistant. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Town and Country Planning from the University of Moratuwa and is an Associate member of the Institute of Town Planners Sri Lanka.

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8. Resource material

Bauer, Johannes M.; Kim, Junghyun; & Wildman, Steven S. (2005). An integrated framework for assessing broadband policy options. MICH. ST. L. REV. 21, pp. 21-‐50.

Gunaratne, R.L., et al. (2015). National broadband networks of Malaysia, India, Indonesia and Australia: A comparative study. Competition and regulation in network industries. Vol 16(1): 23-‐46.

Hanna, Nagy (2006). From envisioning to designing e Sri Lanka: Joining the information services economy, volume 1. Washington DC: The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6628

Hanna, Nagy (2008). Transforming government and empowering communities: The Sri Lankan experience with e development. Washington DC: The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/6345/425310PUB0ISBN101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf?sequence=1

InfoDev. Broadband strategies toolkit. http://broadbandtoolkit.org/en/toolkit/contents

Junio, Don Rodney (2012). Does a National Broadband Plan Matter? A Comparative Analysis of Broadband Plans in Hong Kong and Singapore http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2146566

LIRNEasia. Broadband for all. http://lirneasia.net/projects/broadband-‐for-‐all/

LIRNEasia. Indian Broadband Policy and Regulatory Resources. http://broadbandasia.info/

Samarajiva, Rohan (2006). Preconditions for effective deployment of wireless technologies for development in the Asia-‐Pacific, Information Technology and International Development, 3(2): 57-‐71. http://itidjournal.org/itid/article/view/224/94

Samarajiva, Rohan (2009 December 2). E Sri Lanka: Promise realized? LBO. http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/e-‐sri-‐lanka-‐promise-‐realized/

Samarajiva, Rohan (2010 February 8). Prerequisites for making Sri Lanka a hub: Telecom. LBO. http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/prerequisites-‐for-‐making-‐sri-‐lanka-‐a-‐hub-‐telecom/

Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of) (2015 April 7). Right to information bill.

Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of) (2015 May). 19th Amendment to the Constitution.

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Samarajiva, Rohan (2010). Leveraging the budget telecom network business model to bring broadband to the people, Information Technology and International Development, 6, special edition: 93-‐97. http://itidjournal.org/itid/article/view/630/270

Samarajiva, Rohan & Amaratunge, C.J. (2012). �� [Economic strategies appropriate for us]. Maharagama, Sri Lanka: Ravaya Publishers. [Tamil translation will be made available as needed]

United Nations E Government Survey 2014. http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2014-‐Survey/E-‐Gov_Complete_Survey-‐2014.pdf

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Annex 1: Comparative indicators

Ghana Indonesia Myanmar Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam GDP-‐ current USD millions (2014)i

29,832 ii 745,167 iii 64,330 iv 70,605 v 373,804 vi 175,237 vii

Population (’000s) 27,043 (2014)viii

252,165 (2014)ix 51,486 (2014)x 20,675 (2014)xi 65,982 (2010)xii 90,729 (2014) xiii

GDP per capita-‐ current USD (2014)xiv

1,103 2,955 1,249 3,608 5,665 1,931

Literacy ratexv (%) 65 (2010)xvi 95.9 (2014) xvii 89.5 (2014)xviii 95.7 (2012)xix 98.2 (2010)xx 94.7 (2014)xxi Secondary school enrolment (%)xxii

67 (2014) 83 (2013) 50 (2010) 99 (2014) 86 (2013) -‐

Tertiary school enrolment (%)xxiii

14 (2013) 32 (2012) 13 (2012) 19 (2013) 51 (2013) 25 (2013)

Unemployment rate (%) 5.2 (2014)xxiv 6.3 (2014) xxv

4.0 (2014)xxvi 4.7 (2015)xxvii 0.18 (2015)xxviii 2.3 (2015)xxix

Youth unemployment rate (%)

6.4 (2014)xxx 21.6 (2013)xxxi 9.9 (2013)xxxii 21.7 (2015)xxxiii 0.95 (2015)xxxiv 6.6 (2015)xxxv

Poverty headcount ratio (%) xxxvi

-‐ 16.2 (2011) -‐ -‐ 0.3 (2010)

2.4 (2012)

Urban population (%) 50.9 (2010)xxxvii

53 (2014)xxxviii 30 (2014)xxxix 18.2 (2012)xl 49 (2014)xli 29.6 (2009)xlii

Males to 100 femalesxliii 95.2 (2010)xliv 101.2 (2010)xlv 93 (2014)xlvi 93.8 (2012)xlvii 96.2 (2010)xlviii 97.7 (2009)xlix Dependency ratiol 79.5 (2014)li 51 (2014)lii 52.5 (2014)liii 60.2 (2012)liv 39 (2014)lv 41.3

(2009)lvi Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100lvii

114.7 (2015)lviii

124 (2014)lix 49 (2014)lx 103.4 (2014)lxi 144 (2014)lxii 147 (2014)lxiii

Number of mobile operators

6lxiv 5lxv 3lxvi 5lxvii 5lxviii 6lxix

Largest mobile operator Scancom (MTN)lxx

Telecomsel lxxi MPTlxxii Dialoglxxiii AISlxxiv Viettellxxv

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Internet users per 100-‐ ITU method (2014)lxxvi

18.9 17.1 2.1 25.8 34.9 48.3

Internet users per 100-‐LIRNEasia method (2013)lxxvii

12.3 15.0 13.6 34.8 28.9 22.4

Facebook users per 100 (2015)lxxviii

10.7 30.1 11.8 16.0 56.1 38.6

International Internet bits/s per Internet user (2013)lxxix

5,207 4,420 19,649 9,659 36,877 15,009

International Internet bit/s per Internet user (adjusted to LIRNEasia Internet user numbers)lxxx

8,001 5,039 3,034 7,161 44,533 32,363

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Annex 2: Comparative performance on composite indices

Ghana Indonesia Myanmar Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Doing Business Index (2015)lxxxi Out of a possible 189

70 114 177 99 26 78

Network Readiness Index (2015)lxxxii Out of 143

101 79 139 65 67 85

ICT Development Index (2013)lxxxiii Out of 166

113 106 150 116 81 101

Knowledge Economy Index (2012)lxxxiv Out of 145

113 108 145 101 66 104

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Annex 3: Population pyramids

2015 2025

Index

1 Ghana 2 Indonesia 3 Myanmar 4 Sri Lanka 5 Thailand 6 Vietnam

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i Best attempts were made to obtain GDP figures from the most recent government source, in which case the figures in the local currency was converted to ii http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/GDP/GDP2015/Annual_2014_GDP_Rev2_June_2015%20edition.pdf (the number is lower than the GDP current given in the document due to the depreciation of the Ghanaian Cedi) iii http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/Statistik-‐Indonesia-‐2015.pdf iv http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD vhttp://www.dailynews.lk/?q=local/actual-‐growth-‐rate-‐only-‐45-‐cent-‐harsha vi http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD vii http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=14278, Statistical Handbook 2014 viiihttp://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National%20Population%20Projection_2010%20to%202014.pdf ix http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/Statistik-‐Indonesia-‐2015.pdf x https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view xi http://www.statistics.gov.lk/national_accounts/Annual2014/Annual2014.pdf xii http://web.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/data/090913_MajorFindings_10.pdf, pg 1 xiii http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=14278, statistical handbook 2014 xiv Calculated using GDP figures from above (sourced from government sources or the World Bank), and population figures from the latest government source (also above) xv Of population 15+ xvi http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS xvii http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/Statistik-‐Indonesia-‐2015.pdf, population 15+ xviii https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view?usp=sharing, pg 2 xix http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=Key_E&gp=Activities&tpl=3, pg 38 xx http://web.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/data/090913_MajorFindings_10.pdf, pg 10, of population 15+ xxi http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=14278, statistical handbook 2014 xxii http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR/countries, refers to enrolment in secondary education, regardless of age, over the population of official secondary enrolment age. xxiii http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR/countries, refers to enrolment in tertiary education, regardless of age, over the population in the five years above the official secondary school leaving age xxiv http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/glss6/GLSS6_Labour%20Force%20Report.pdf xxv http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS xxvi https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view?usp=sharing, pg 2 (of population between 15 and 64) xxvii http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/2015Q1report.pdf xxviii http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/lfs/data_lfs/2015_lf_Q2_Whole.pdf-‐ calculated by author based on equation-‐ unemployment rate= (unemployed population looking for work/labour force)*100 xxix http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=14343, Q1 2015 xxx http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/glss6/GLSS6_Labour%20Force%20Report.pdf xxxi http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS xxxii http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS

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xxxiii http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/2015Q1report.pdf xxxiv http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/lfs/data_lfs/2015_lf_Q2_Whole.pdf xxxv http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=14343, Q1 2015 xxxvi http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY . Refers to the % of population living below the USD 1.25 a day line (from WB, country info available but not comparable) xxxvii http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf, pg 53 (localities with a population of 5000 or more is classified as urban) xxxviii http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS xxxix https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view, pg 1 xl http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=Key_E&gp=Activities&tpl=3, pg 10 (definition of urban area-‐ areas that fall under the purview of Municipal Councils and Urban Councils) xli http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS xlii Calculated by author based on http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=10799, Part 1 pg 36-‐ % urban population= (urban population/ total population)*100 xliii Ratio of males to females in a population. Based on the latest national census. xliv http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf, pg 59 xlv Indonesia ppt-‐ link not working xlvi https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view, pg 1 xlvii http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=Key_E&gp=Activities&tpl=3, pg 14 xlviii http://web.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/data/090913_MajorFindings_10.pdf, pg 5 xlix Calculated by author based on http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=10799, part 1 pg 36-‐ Sex ratio= (number of males/ number of females)*100 l Refers to the number of dependents (ages<15,>65) for every 100 individuals in the working age population (between 15 and 65) li http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/glss6/GLSS6_Labour%20Force%20Report.pdf lii http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND liii https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view liv http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=Key_E&gp=Activities&tpl=3 lv http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND lvi Calculated by author based on http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=515&idmid=5&ItemID=10799, part 1. Figures are approximate as ages <15,>64 were used. lvii Calculated by author based on the latest govt. data available. Mobile subscriptions per 100= (mobile subscriptions/ population)*100. In the absence of govt. data, World Bank data was used lviii Calculated by author based on the latest government data available. http://www.nca.org.gh/40/105/Market-‐Share-‐Statistics.html lix http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 lx http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 lxi Calculated by author based on the latest government data available. http://www.trc.gov.lk/old_site/information/statistics.html, March 2014 lxii http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 lxiii http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2

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lxiv http://www.nca.org.gh/downloads/Voice_Market_Share_March_2015_Final.pdf lxv http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-‐content/uploads/2013/05/GSM_Indonesia-‐Vendor-‐Landscape_V4.pdf lxvi http://lirneasia.net/2015/03/incumbent-‐advantage-‐in-‐myanmar-‐mpt-‐not-‐doing-‐badly/ lxvii http://www.trc.gov.lk/old_site/information/statistics.html, March 2014 lxviii http://www.slideshare.net/yozzo1/thailands-‐telecom-‐market-‐information-‐q1-‐2015 lxix http://www.budde.com.au/Research/Vietnam-‐Mobile-‐Infrastructure-‐Broadband-‐Operators-‐Statistics-‐and-‐Analyses.html lxx http://www.nca.org.gh/downloads/Voice_Market_Share_March_2015_Final.pdf lxxi http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-‐content/uploads/2013/05/GSM_Indonesia-‐Vendor-‐Landscape_V4.pdf lxxii http://lirneasia.net/2015/03/incumbent-‐advantage-‐in-‐myanmar-‐mpt-‐not-‐doing-‐badly/ lxxiii http://www.itu.int/net/newsroom/GSR/2012/reports/reg_snapshot.aspx lxxiv http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/03/advanced-‐info-‐service-‐results-‐idUSL3N10E3V520150803 lxxv http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/133760/viettel-‐dominates-‐domestic-‐telecom-‐market.html lxxvi http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-‐D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx lxxvii 2013 HDI numbers are used from the 2014 Human Development Report lxxviii Facebook user numbers obtained via the advertising portal. Normalised using the latest population figures from government sources (above) Facebook users per 100= (Facebook users/population)*100 lxxix http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/5.12 lxxx Calculated by author based on http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/5.12 using the equation Adjusted value= (International Internet bandwidth bit/s per Internet user* Internet users per 100-‐ITU)/Internet users per 100-‐ LIRNEasia lxxxi http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-‐Reports/English/DB15-‐Chapters/DB15-‐Report-‐Overview.pdf lxxxii http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_IT_Report_2015.pdf lxxxiii https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-‐D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2014/MIS2014_without_Annex_4.pdf lxxxiv http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTUNIKAM/Resources/2012.pdf