Upload
henry-williamson
View
227
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
New Technology and New Technology and Strategies for Nitrogen Strategies for Nitrogen
Management Management
Traditional N Traditional N RecommendationsRecommendations
2 lbs/bushel of wheat2 lbs/bushel of wheat 1.2 lbs/bushel of corn1.2 lbs/bushel of corn 50 lbs/ton of bermudagrass50 lbs/ton of bermudagrass 60 lbs/ton of fescue, small grain 60 lbs/ton of fescue, small grain
pasturepasture
Lahoma 502, 30-yr Averages
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120N Rate (lb/acre)
Whe
at Y
ield
(b
u/ac
re)
Lahoma 502, 30-yr Averages
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120N Rate (lb/acre)
Whe
at Y
ield
(b
u/ac
re)
Average profit from N = $36/acre/yrAverage profit from N = $36/acre/yrAverage profit from N = $36/acre/yrAverage profit from N = $36/acre/yr
Conventional Strategy is Conventional Strategy is Easy and Profitable.Easy and Profitable.
Conventional Strategy is Conventional Strategy is Easy and Profitable.Easy and Profitable.
Crop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yieldCrop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yieldCrop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yieldCrop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yield
Temporal and Spatial Temporal and Spatial VariabilityVariability
In season environmental conditions
Within field variability
What Scale is Necessary for Precision Ag?
TemporalTemporal Variability VariabilityTemporalTemporal Variability Variability Historically, it was thought that if N was Historically, it was thought that if N was
not applied annually crop production not applied annually crop production would eventually deplete the soil of its N would eventually deplete the soil of its N reserve.reserve.
$17/A Benefit from in-season yield estimate
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1971
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Op
tim
um
N R
ate,
lb
/ac
Exp. 502, 1971-2005
Optimum N Rate Max YieldAvg. 49 lb N/ac +/- 39 Avg. 43 bu/ac +/- 13
Optimum N Rate (Grain N Uptake Max Yield – Grain N Uptake Check)/0.50Optimum N Rate (Grain N Uptake Max Yield – Grain N Uptake Check)/0.50
“After the FACT” N Rate required for “MAX Yields” Ranged from 0 to 140 lbs N/ac
Long-Term Winter Wheat ExperimentLahoma, OKLong-Term Winter Wheat ExperimentLahoma, OK
GreenSeekerGreenSeeker®® Sensor Sensor FunctionFunction
Emits Red & InfraRed Emits Red & InfraRed WavelengthsWavelengths
Outputs NDVIOutputs NDVI—— indicates Biomass and indicates Biomass and Plant VigorPlant Vigor
Day or Night UseDay or Night Use
No Effect from CloudsNo Effect from Clouds
Emits Red & InfraRed Emits Red & InfraRed WavelengthsWavelengths
Outputs NDVIOutputs NDVI—— indicates Biomass and indicates Biomass and Plant VigorPlant Vigor
Day or Night UseDay or Night Use
No Effect from CloudsNo Effect from Clouds
Normalized Difference Normalized Difference Vegetative Index - Vegetative Index - NDVINDVI Calculated from the Calculated from the
red and near-infrared red and near-infrared bandsbands
Measures BiomassMeasures Biomass Correlated with:Correlated with:
Plant biomassPlant biomass Crop yieldCrop yield Plant nitrogenPlant nitrogen Plant chlorophyllPlant chlorophyll Water stressWater stress Plant diseasesPlant diseases Insect damageInsect damage
Can Yield Potential (similar to “yield Can Yield Potential (similar to “yield goals”) be Predicted MID-SEASON?goals”) be Predicted MID-SEASON?
Sensor Reading
Winter Wheat, Enid, Winter Wheat, Enid, 20052005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
197 171 144 118 92 66 39 13 0 26 52 79 105 131 158 184
N Rate, lb/ac
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Sen
sor R
eadin
gs (N
DV
I) F
eekes 5
Yield NDVI
0 N
Handheld Unit – •Temporal Variability•In season environmental
conditions
Sensor Based Nitrogen Sensor Based Nitrogen RecommendationsRecommendations
N Rates Vary from one year to N Rates Vary from one year to the next, and field to fieldthe next, and field to field
When you fill up your gas tank, When you fill up your gas tank, do you put in 20 gallons every do you put in 20 gallons every time no matter what? time no matter what?
Sensors allow in season Sensors allow in season decisions for nitrogen rates decisions for nitrogen rates
Progress timelineProgress timeline 1991: Developed optical sensors and sprayer control systems to detect bindweed in fallow fields and to spot spray the
weed 1993: Sensor used to measure total N uptake in wheat and to variably apply N fertilizer. 1994: Predicted forage biomass and total forage N uptake using NDVI (Feekes 5). 1994: First application of N fertilizer based on sensor readings. N rate was reduced with no decrease in grain yield. 1996: Worlds first optical sensing variable N rate applicator developed at OSU 1997: OSU optical sensor simultaneously measures incident and reflected light at two wavelengths, (670 ±6 nm and 780
±6 nm) and incident light is cosine corrected enabling the use of calibrated reflectance. 1997: Variable rate technology used to sense and treat every 4 square 1998: Yields increased by treating spatial variability and OSU’s In-Season-Estimated-Yield (INSEY) 1998: INSEY refined to account for temporal variability 1999: Found that adjacent 4 square foot areas will not always have the same yield potential 1999: Entered into discussions with John Mayfield concerning the potential commercialization of a sensor-based N 2000: N fertilizer rate needed to maximize yields varied widely over years and was unpredictable; developed RI 2001: NDVI readings used for plant selection of triticales in Mexico. 2001: NFOA algorithm field tested in 2001, demonstrating that grain yields could be increased at lower N rates when N
fertilizers were applied to each 4 square feet (using INSEY and RI) 2002: Ideal growth stage in corn identified for in-season N applications in corn via daily NDVI sampling in Mexico as V8. 2003: CV from NDVI readings collected in corn and wheat were first used within NFOA’s developed at OSU. 2003: When site CV’s were greater than 18, recovery of maximum yield from mid-season fertilizer N applications was
not possible in wheat 2004: Calibration stamp technology jointly developed and extended within the farming community 2004: OSU-NFOA’s (wheat and corn) used in Argentina, and extended in China and India. 2005: USAID Grant allowed GreenSeeker Sensors to be delivered in China, India, Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Pakistan,
Uzbekistan, and Australia. 2006: Delivery of 586 RAMPS and 1500 N Rich Strips (using RCS and SBNRC approaches respectively) in farmer fields
across Oklahoma resulted in an estimated service area exceeding 200,000 acres and increased farmer revenue exceeding $2,000,000.
Handheld Unit – •Temporal Variability•In season environmental conditions
Handheld GreenSeeker™ units located in several NE District Extension Offices
2005-2006 Wheat2005-2006 WheatGreenSeeker/N Rich StripGreenSeeker/N Rich Strip
1 Farm – 43 wheat fields – 1665 1 Farm – 43 wheat fields – 1665 AcresAcres
Traditional Program – 100 Traditional Program – 100 pounds N/Apounds N/A
Handheld GreenSeeker ($3600) Handheld GreenSeeker ($3600) Saved 149,529 lbs of Urea, Saved 149,529 lbs of Urea, $14.59/A, $24,300 $14.59/A, $24,300
Regional GreenSeeker Regional GreenSeeker Grain Yields - 2005Grain Yields - 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Gra
in Y
ield
(bu
/ac)
Check Farmer practice N-Rich GreenSeeker
Regional GreenSeeker Regional GreenSeeker ProfitsProfits
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Pro
fit
($/a
c)
Check Farmer practice N-Rich GreenSeeker
2006 NE GreenSeeker/Corn 2006 NE GreenSeeker/Corn TrialsTrials
Gross Return ($/A)Gross Return ($/A)
Treatment
Miami
South Coffeyville
Webbers Falls
Ft. Gibson
All Site Average
Check
228
253
270
375
282
Farmer Practice
203
259
265
289
254
N-Rich
141
171
351
324
247
75 lbs N – Pre+
GreenSeeker
175
272
346
367
290
0 N – Pre+
GreenSeeker
209
280
333
348
293
2006 NE GreenSeeker/Corn 2006 NE GreenSeeker/Corn TrialsTrials
Grain Yield (Bu/A)Grain Yield (Bu/A)
Treatment
Miami
South Coffeyville
Webbers Falls
Ft. Gibson
All Site Average
Check
91
101
108
150
113
Farmer Practice
92
122
144
153
128
N-Rich
102
114
186
175
144
75 lbs N – Pre+
GreenSeeker
87
123
155
167
133
0 N – Pre+
GreenSeeker
89
120
140
150
125
2006 NE GreenSeeker/Corn 2006 NE GreenSeeker/Corn TrialsTrials
Total N Applied (lbs N/A)Total N Applied (lbs N/A)
Treatment
Miami
South Coffeyville
Webbers Falls
Ft. Gibson
All Site Average
Check
0
0
0
0
0
Farmer Practice
70
120
250
246
172
N-Rich
300
300
300
300
300
75 lbs N – Pre+
GreenSeeker
112 (37)
93 (17)
110 (35)
132 (57)
112 (37)
0 N – Pre+
GreenSeeker
36
52
45
71
51
Calibration StampCalibration Stamp
Visual Interpretation of “Stamps” provides mid-season fertilizer N recommendation
Nitrogen Stamp
N Stamps applied – Nov. 16, 2004
80 N120 N40 N
N Stamp – Sperry, OK Jan 27, 2005Wheat planted Sept. 30, 2004
Optical Sensor Alternative N Stamps
40 lbs N 80 lbs N 120 lbs N
Ottawa CountyFebruary 15, 2005
GDD 74NDVI N Rich .562NDVI FP .364 Yield Potential 0 N – 42 bushelsYield Potential + N – 73 bushelsN recommedation – 75 lbs./A
Distance
N RateN Rate0 50 100 1500 50 100 150
ND
VI
ND
VI
RI = 1.5RI = 1.5
RI = 1.5RI = 1.5
N Ramp Calibration Strip
N Ramp Calibration Strip
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 20 40 60 80 100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Distance, ft
N R
ate
, lb
/ac
Ramp Calibration StripRamp Calibration Strip Walk it offWalk it off Or use Hand-Held SensorOr use Hand-Held Sensor
Walk it offWalk it off Or use Hand-Held SensorOr use Hand-Held Sensor
0 N0 N
195 N195 N
RAMP Calibration StripsRAMP Calibration Strips Ramped calibration strip is Ramped calibration strip is
superior than yield based N superior than yield based N recommendationrecommendation
It can be easily implemented, be It can be easily implemented, be used for other fertilizers and used for other fertilizers and amendmentsamendments
0 N
325 N
200 N
McIntosh County 2007Visual Estimate from Ramp
0 N
200 N
Delaware County 2007Visual Estimate from Ramp
325 N
We have the capability to fertilize individual plants
Soil Testing Still NeededSoil Testing Still Needed
Every 3 years or lessEvery 3 years or less Routine test for P,K, pHRoutine test for P,K, pH To diagnose production To diagnose production
problemsproblems