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1-BREJ-S1HNEI DER I ---- VNEIDER

S. C. BAKHUIZEN co-ordinator

A GREEK CITY OF THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C.

by

THE GORfTSA TEAM

<<L'ERMA>> di BRETSCHNEIDER

S. C. BAKHUIZEN co-ordinator

A GREEK CITY OF

THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C.

by

THE GORÍTSA TEAM

«L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER

The publication of this book has been made possible by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

S.C. BAXHUIZEN (coord.) A Greek City of the Fourth Century B.C. by the GorItsa Team

© Copyright 1992 by <<L'ERMA>> di BRETSCHNEIDER Via Cassiodoro, 19 - Roma

Pro getto grafico: <<L'ERMA>> di BRETSCHNEIDER

Centro Fotocomposizione di Calagreti L. e C. Via Liguria - Città di Castello (PG)

Tipografia <<STAT>> di Giovanni Scarabello Via. F. Ughelli, 20/F - Roma

Tutti i diritti riservati. E vietata la riproduzione di testi e illustrazioni senza il permesso scritto dell'editore.

All rights reserved. Reproduction of texts and illustrations is forbidden without the Author's written authorization.

ISBN 88-7062-720-9

- It was a new city in a virgin mountain site. Soon after being built it was abandoned... In later centuries man did not settle on the hill again. The remains of the city have been preserved undisturbed. The archaeological data of Goritsa therefore represent a model of fourth century urban planning in Greece.

The publication of this book has been made possible by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

S.C. Bakhuizen (coord.) A Greek City of the Fourth Century B.C. by the Goritsa Team

© Copyright 1992 by «L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER Via Cassiodoro, 19 - Roma

Progetto grafico: «L'ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER

Centro Fotocomposizione di Calagreti L. e C. Via Liguria - Città di Castello (PG)

Tipografia «SIAT» di Giovanni Scarabello Via. F. Ughelli, 20/F - Roma

Tutti i diritti riservati. È vietata la riproduzione di testi e illustrazioni senza il permesso scritto dell'editore.

All rights reserved. Reproduction of texts and illustrations is forbidden without the Author's written authorization.

ISBN 88-7062-720-9

- It was a new city in a virgin mountain site. Soon after being built it was abandoned... In later centuries man did not settle on the hill again. The remains of the city have been preserved undisturbed. The archaeological data of Goritsa therefore represent a model of fourth century urban planning in Greece.

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES 11 LISTOF SHEETS ..............................................................................................13 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ...................................................................................15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................19 PREFACE.........................................................................................................21

PartI. Introduction ............................................................................................ 23 GorItsaHill ....................................................................................................... 25 Publications discussing GorItsa prior to the Dutch Investigations: Reports by Travellers, Reports

of Excavations (in chronological order) .................................................................. 32

Summary of the History of GorItsa Research ............................................................. 33

The Dutch Survey 1970-1981 ................................................................................. 36

A Note on Field Procedure and Classification ......................................................... 36

Geology..................................................................................................... 36

Geodesy..................................................................................................... 36 Thefortress wall .......................................................................................... 37

The interior: analysis of space ......................................................................... 37

The interior: archaeological reconnaissances, measurings and description ..................... 37

Special elements of the interior ......................................................................... 38 Thequarries ................................................................................................ 38

Constructions extra muros ............................................................................... 38

The settlement: an organization ........................................................................ 38

Conclusion.................................................................................................. 40

References.................................................................................................. 40

Summaryof Field Work .................................................................................... 41

Synopsis of Field Work in Chronological Order ....................................................... 42

The Survey: the Geodetic Base ............................................................................ 43

Introduction................................................................................................ 43

The grid of 20-rn. points in the interior of the fortress ........................................... 43

The traverses (by F.L.T. Van der Weiden t) ........................................................ 44

The triangulation system on the neck which connects GorItsa Hill with Mt PIlion ......... 44

The Survey: Cleanings ...................................................................................... 46

The Survey: Topographical Trenches .................................................................... 48

TheSurvey Map .............................................................................................. 49

Part II. Quarrying and Geology ............................................................................. 51

The Ancient Limestone Quarries of GorItsa ............................................................... 53

Introduction................................................................................................... 53 Geology - Complementary Tectonical, Petrological and some other Observations about GorItsa

and its Ancient Quarries (by dr. A.A. Tátaris, geologist) ......................................... 54

Description.................................................................................................... 59

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES 11 LIST OF SHEETS 13 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 19 PREFACE 21

Part I. Introduction 23 Goritsa Hill 25 Publications discussing Goritsa prior to the Dutch Investigations: Reports by Travellers, Reports

of Excavations (in chronological order) 32 Summary of the History of Goritsa Research 33 The Dutch Survey 1970-1981 36

A Note on Field Procedure and Classification ; 36 Geology 36 Geodesy 36 The fortress wall 37 The interior: analysis of space 37 The interior: archaeological reconnaissances, measurings and description 37 Special elements of the interior 38 The quarries 38 Constructions extra muros 38 The settlement: an organization 38 Conclusion 40 References 40

Summary of Field Work 41 Synopsis of Field Work in Chronological Order 42 The Survey: the Geodetic Base 43

Introduction 43 The grid of 20-m. points in the interior of the fortress 43 The traverses (by F.L.T. Van der Weiden f) 44 The triangulation system on the neck which connects Goritsa Hill with Mt Pílion 44

The Survey: Cleanings 46 The Survey: Topographical Trenches 48 The Survey Map 49

Part II. Quarrying and Geology 51 The Ancient Limestone Quarries of Goritsa 53

Introduction 53 Geology - Complementary Tectonical, Petrological and some other Observations about Goritsa

and its Ancient Quarries (by dr. A.A. Tátaris, geologist) 54 Description 59

Sites 1-30 59 Summary .................................................................................................... 72

Locations ......................................................................................................... 74 Tests ............................................................................................................. 75 Technique ........................................................................................................ 75

Floorsand faces ........................................................................................... 75 Quarrying operations in zone I .......................................................................... 76 Quarrying operations in zones II and III ............................................................. 76

Transport ...................................................................................................... 77 The road on the neck ..................................................................................... 77

Correlation with the Architecture of the Fortress Wall .............................................. 78 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 78 References ..................................................................................................... 79

Appendix - The Geological Position of GorItsa (by dr. A.A. Tátaris) ................................ 80

Part III. The Fortifications ................................................................................... 89 Approaches to the GorItsa Settlement ....................................................................... 91 The Survey of the Fortification (partly the work of A. Oude Kotte) .................................. 94

GeographicDescription ..................................................................................... 94 BuildingMaterial ............................................................................................. 96 Vegetation, Cleanings ......................................................................................... 96 Cleaning of the Tip of the Triangle that occupies Hillock 2 of the Neck ........................ 96 Previous Theories concerning the Fortification ......................................................... 96 Remains from Later Periods ............................................................................... 96 Division of Activities ......................................................................................... 97 Stateof Preservation ......................................................................................... 98 Trace of the Enceinte in Broad Outline ................................................................. 98 Excavations of the Enceinte ................................................................................ 99 Description of the Enceinte ................................................................................. 99

The Great Battery (mainly by D.G. Yntema) ........................................................ 105 The torsion in the plan of the battery ............................................................. 106 Thecurtainwall ......................................................................................... 108 Thewesttower ........................................................................................... 110 Theeasttower .......................................................................................... 112 Other constructions on hillock 1 .................................................................... 113

TheAcropolis .............................................................................................. 115 WaterChannels ............................................................................................... 120 Staircases ........................................................................................................ 120 FallenBlocks .................................................................................................. 121 Style of Masonry of the Enceinte ......................................................................... 123 Appendix 1 - A Short Description of the Incisions in the Slopes of GorItsa Hill and of the

Debris of the Fortress Wall found there (by Lenneke Berkhout) ............................... 124 Tables .......................................................................................................... 125 Appendix 2 - Walls of Poor Construction in the Westgate Area .................................... 128 Appendix 3 - Coping-Stones ................................................................................ 129 Appendix 4 - Blocks with Grooves and other Special Stones ....................................... 133 Appendix 5 - The Later Fort on the Site of the Acropolis .......................................... 136 Appendix 6 - Stone Balls (by H.R. Reinders) ........................................................... 138 References...................................................................................................... 139

The GorItsa Fortress in the light of Poliorcetical Practice and Theory (mainly the work of A. Oude Kotte) ........................................................................................................... 140

6

Sites 1-30 59 Summary 72

Locations 74 Tests 75 Technique 75

Floors and faces 75 Quarrying operations in zone I 76 Quarrying operations in zones II and III 76

Transport 77 The road on the neck 77

Correlation with the Architecture of the Fortress Wall 78 Conclusion 78 References 79

Appendix - The Geological Position of Goritsa (by dr. A.A. Tátaris) 80

Part III. The Fortifications 89 Approaches to the Goritsa Settlement 91 The Survey of the Fortification (partly the work of A. Oude Kotte) 94

Geographic Description 94 Building Material 96 Vegetation, Cleanings 96 Cleaning of the Tip of the Triangle that occupies Hillock 2 of the Neck 96 Previous Theories concerning the Fortification 96 Remains from Later Periods 96 Division of Activities 97 State of Preservation 98 Trace of the Enceinte in Broad Outline 98 Excavations of the Enceinte 99 Description of the Enceinte 99

The Great Battery (mainly by D.G. Yntema) 105 The torsion in the plan of the battery 106 The curtainwall 108 The westtower 110 The easttower 112 Other constructions on hillock 1 113

The Acropolis 115 Water Channels 120 Staircases 120 Fallen Blocks 121 Style of Masonry of the Enceinte 123 Appendix 1 - A Short Description of the Incisions in the Slopes of Goritsa Hill and of the

Debris of the Fortress Wall found there (by Lenneke Berkhout) 124 Tables 125 Appendix 2 - Walls of Poor Construction in the Westgate Area 128 Appendix 3 - Coping-Stones 129 Appendix 4 - Blocks with Grooves and other Special Stones 133 Appendix 5 - The Later Fort on the Site of the Acropolis 136 Appendix 6 - Stone Balls (by H.R. Reinders) 138 References 139

The Goritsa Fortress in the light of Poliorcetical Practice and Theory (mainly the work of A. Oude Kotte) 140

7

Introduction 140 The Reconstruction of the GorItsa Towers and Curtains ............................................142 Analysis of the GorItsa Enceinte ...........................................................................143

Sector I: the wall that rises on the crest of the slopes which fall off to the sea 144 Sector II: the defence system on the << neck >> ....................................................149

the reconstruction of the Great Battery 14 ...........................................150 Sector III: the Northgate area .........................................................................155 Sector IV: the high ridge, with the Acropolis and the Ridge Fortification ..................156 Sector V: the Westgate area ..........................................................................157

Tables..........................................................................................................159 References.....................................................................................................159 Appendix - The "Impact" of Defensive and Offensive Artillery at GorItsa .......................160 Summary.......................................................................................................160

• Note on the Chronology of the GorItsa Fortifications ................................................163 • Note on the Standard of Measurement used in the GorItsa Fortifications and on its Applications 165

PartIV. The Town ............................................................................................. 167 Spatial Analysis of the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress ................................................. 169 The Town (by J.S. Boersma) ................................................................................. 171 I. Description ................................................................................................... 171

Introduction.................................................................................................. 171 Streets......................................................................................................... 172 AreasI-Ill .................................................................................................... 184 Habitation-Blocks ........................................................................................... 185 Unspecified Remains ....................................................................................... 197 Walls.......................................................................................................... 197 UNITS........................................................................................................ 210

II. Commentary ................................................................................................. 213 Plan............................................................................................................ 213 Streets......................................................................................................... 215 AreasI-Ill .................................................................................................... 218 Habitation-Blocks ........................................................................................... 219 UNITS........................................................................................................ 222 Population.................................................................................................... 225 FinalRemarks ................................................................................................ 225

References..................................................................................................... 227 Tables.......................................................................................................... 228

TheCircular Structure ......................................................................................... 230 The Square Structure ........................................................................................... 234 Thresholds........................................................................................................ 235 Socles.............................................................................................................. 237 Blocks with a Rimmed Rectangular Hole .................................................................. 239 Appendix 1 - Public Districts ................................................................................. 241 Appendix 2 - A Note on the Theoretical Width of the Streets ........................................ 245

Part V. Loose Finds, Non-Architectonical ................................................................. 247 Ceramics.......................................................................................................... 249 Coins............................................................................................................... 255 Mills............................................................................................................... 256 Press Beds and Press Weights ................................................................................ 258 Abaci.............................................................................................................. 263

7

Introduction 140 The Reconstruction of the Gorítsa Towers and Curtains 142 Analysis of the Gorítsa Enceinte 143

Sector I: the wall that rises on the crest of the slopes which fall off to the sea 144 Sector II: the defence system on the « neck » 149

the reconstruction of the Great Battery 14 150 Sector III: the Northgate area 155 Sector IV; the high ridge, with the Acropolis and the Ridge Fortification 156 Sector V; the Westgate area 157

Tables 159 References 159 Appendix - The "Impact" of Defensive and Offensive Artillery at Gorítsa 160 Summary 160

A Note on the Chronology of the Gorítsa Fortifications 163 A Note on the Standard of Measurement used in the Gorítsa Fortifications and on its Applications 165

Part IV. The Town 167 Spatial Analysis of the Interior of the Gorítsa Fortress 169 The Town (by J.S. Boersma) 171 I. Description 171

Introduction 171 Streets ; 172 Areas Mil 184 Flabitation-Blocks 185 Unspecified Remains 197 Walls 197 UNITS 210

II. Commentary 213 Plan 213 Streets 215 Areas I-III 218 Habitation-Blocks 219 UNITS 222 Population 225 Final Remarks 225

References 227 Tables 228

The Circular Structure 230 The Square Structure 234 Thresholds 235 Socles 237 Blocks with a Rimmed Rectangular Hole 239 Appendix 1 - Public Districts 241 Appendix 2 - A Note on the Theoretical Width of the Streets 245

Part V. Loose Finds, Non-Architectonical 247 Ceramics 249 Coins 255 Mills 256 Press Beds and Press Weights 258 Abaci 253

8

Part VI. Drainage and Water Supply ......................................................................265 Introduction, Drainage .........................................................................................267 TheLagoümi .....................................................................................................269

Introduction....................................................................................................269 Cleaning........................................................................................................269 Description.....................................................................................................270 Catalogueof Finds ...........................................................................................272 Interpretation..................................................................................................273 References......................................................................................................274

An Aqueduct from Mt PIlion ..................................................................................275 A Rock-Cut Groove on the Neck which connects GorItsa Hill with Mt PIlion .................275 The Spring and Higher Part of the GorItsa PIlion Aqueduct .......................................276

A Channel in the Northeastern Sector of the Settlement ................................................279 The Cisterns (by C.Th.F. Vermeulen Windsant) ..........................................................280

Introduction...................................................................................................280 Description....................................................................................................281 Conclusion.....................................................................................................282 Appendix - The AyIasma ....................................................................................285 References.....................................................................................................285

Conclusion........................................................................................................286

PartVII. Extra Muros .......................................................................................... 287 The Cemetery outside the Westgate (by C.Th.F. Vermeulen Windsant) ............................. 289

Introduction................................................................................................... 289 The1931 Excavation ........................................................................................ 289 Survey and Cleaning Work 1973 ......................................................................... 290

Plot1 ........................................................................................................ 290 Architecture............................................................................................. 292

MonumentA .......................................................................................... 292 Monument B ......................................................................................... 295 GraveC ............................................................................................... 296 Looseslabs ............................................................................................. 298

Catalogueof finds ...................................................................................... 299 MonumentA .......................................................................................... 299 GraveC................................................................................................... 300

Chronology.............................................................................................. 301 Plot2 ......................................................................................................... 301

Appendix - Other Graves near GorItsa Hill ............................................................ 302 References...................................................................................................... 303

AnInscribed Stele .............................................................................................. 304 The Cave of Zeus Meilichios ................................................................................. 306 The Terrace outside the Postern in the Southwall ....................................................... 308 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 309

PartVIII. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 311 The Foundation, Habitation, Dismantling and Abandonment of the Fortified GorItsa Settlement 313 SomeFinal Observations ...................................................................................... 315

CATALOGUE OF ITEMS OF STONE .................................................................... 317 INDEX............................................................................................................ 319

8

Part VI. Drainage and Water Supply 265 Introduction, Drainage 267 The Lagoúmi 269

Introduction 269 Cleaning 269 Description 270 Catalogue of Finds 272 Interpretation 273 References 274

An Aqueduct from Mt Pílion 275 A Rock-Cut Groove on the Neck which connects Goritsa Hill with Mt Pílion 275 The Spring and Higher Part of the Goritsa Pílion Aqueduct 276

A Channel in the Northeastern Sector of the Settlement 279 The Cisterns (by C.Th.F. Vermeulen Windsant) : 280

Introduction 280 Description 281 Conclusion 282 Appendix - The Ayiasma 285 References 285

Conclusion 286

Part VII. Extra Muros 287 The Cemetery outside the Westgate (by C.Th.F. Vermeulen Windsant) 289

Introduction 289 The 1931 Excavation 289 Survey and Cleaning Work 1973 290

Plot 1 290 Architecture 292

Monument A 292 Monument B 295 Grave C 296 Loose slabs 298

Catalogue of finds 299 Monument A 299 Grave C 300

Chronology 301 Plot 2 301

Appendix - Other Graves near Goritsa Hill 302 References 303

An Inscribed Stele 304 The Cave of Zeus Meilichios 306 The Terrace outside the Postern in the Southwall ; 308 Conclusion 309

Part VIII. Conclusion 311 The Foundation, Habitation, Dismantling and Abandonment of the Fortified Goritsa Settlement 313 Some Final Observations 315

CATALOGUE OF ITEMS OF STONE 317 INDEX 319

THE DUTCH SURVEY OF GORITSA 1970-1981

List of Field Participants, in Alphabetical Order

Bakhuizen, Dr. S.C., ancient historian (1970-1981)

Beijer, A.J., archaeologist (1973)

Berkhout, Miss H., student of history (1981)

Bloemers, J.H.F., archaeologist (1971)

Boersma, Dr. J.S., archaeologist (1971-1972)

Bolten, Miss G.J.A.M., student of history (1972)

Derksen, G.H.M., student of history (1972)

Drukker, Miss A.A., student of archaeology (1972)t

Enckevort, Miss M.G. Van, assistant (1973)

Feye, J.J., archaeologist (1972-1973, 1975)

Galestin, Miss M.C., student of archaeology (1972)

Goester, Miss Y.C., archaeologist (1972-1981)

Heldring, Miss B.H.M., student of archaeology (1973)

Hendrix, H., student of history (1972)

Kroondijk, H.J., student of history (1975)

Lob, Miss S.H., assistant (1973)

Neeft, C.W., archaeologist (1970-1972)

Oude Kotte, A., student of archaeology (1975)

Paymans, J.J., assistant (1973) Reinders, H .R., archaeologist (1971-1974)

Reinders-de Roever, Mrs. J.P., archaeologist (1971-1972)

Riele, Dr. G.J.M.J. Te, ancient historian (1971-1972)

Rooijen, A. Van, draughtsman (1972)

Scholte, Miss J.G., assistant (1975)

Schuyf, Miss J., student of archaeology (1975)

Teuwen, H.A.K., assistant (1975)

Vermeulen Windsant, C.Th.F., archaeologist (1972-1975)

Weiden, Ing. F.L.T. Van der, surveyor (1972) t

Weiss, J.M., student of Latin and Greek (1970) Wielen-van Ommeren, Mrs. F. Van der, archaeologist (1975)

Yntema, D.G., archaeologist (1973)

In 1973 Miss DhIna TsimbrakIdhou, archaeologist, participated in the field work on behalf of the Athanasakeion Museum. In 1974 and 1975 Miss ZóI DhImou, archaeologist, likewise participated in the field

work on behalf of the Museum. In 1981 Dr. A.A. Tátaris, geologist, analysed the limestone quarries. In 1971

one workman was employed. In 1972 there were three.

THE DUTCH SURVEY OF GORlTSA 1970-1981

List of Field Participants, in Alphabetical Order

Bakhuizen, Dr. S.C., ancient historian (1970-1981) Beijer, A.J., archaeologist (1973) Berkhout, Miss H., student of history (1981) Bloemers, J.H.F., archaeologist (1971) Boersma, Dr. J.S., archaeologist (1971-1972) Bolten, Miss G.J.A.M., student of history (1972) Derksen, G.H.M., student of history (1972) Drukker, Miss A.A., student of archaeology (1972) t Enckevort, Miss M.G. Van, assistant (1973) Feye, J.f., archaeologist (1972-1973, 1975) Galestin, Miss M.C., student of archaeology (1972) Goester, Miss Y.C., archaeologist (1972-1981) Heldring, Miss B.H.M., student of archaeology (1973) Hendrix, H., student of history (1972) Kroondijk, H.J., student of history (1975) Löh, Miss S.H., assistant (1973) Neeft, C.W., archaeologist (1970-1972) Oude Kotte, A., student of archaeology (1975) Paymans, J.f., assistant (1973) Reinders, H.R., archaeologist (1971-1974) Reinders-de Roever, Mrs. f.P., archaeologist (1971-1972) Riele, Dr. G.J.M.f. Te, ancient historian (1971-1972) Rooijen, A. Van, draughtsman (1972) Schölte, Miss f.G., assistant (1975) Schuyf, Miss f., student of archaeology (1975) Teuwen, H.A.K., assistant (1975) Vermeulen Windsant, C.Th.F., archaeologist (1972-1975) Weiden, Ing. F.L.T. Van der, surveyor (1972) f Weiss, J.M., student of Latin and Greek (1970) Wielen-van Ommeren, Mrs. F. Van der, archaeologist (1975) Yntema, D.G., archaeologist (1973)

In 1973 Miss Dhína Tsimbrakidhou, archaeologist, participated in the field work on behalf of the Athanasakeion Museum. In 1974 and 1975 Miss Zó'í Dhímou, archaeologist, likewise participated in the field work on behalf of the Museum. In 1981 Dr. A.A. Tátaris, geologist, analysed the limestone quarries. In 1971 one workman was employed. In 1972 there were three.

LIST OF FIGURES

Frontispiece. The GorItsa Fortress, A Bird's-Eye View of the Great Battery 14 - An Axonometric Reconstruc-tion by V.P. Tolstikov and H. Brikina

1. The GorItsa Fortress in Magnesia, Greece - Location 2. GorItsa Hill, Spur of Mt Pelion 3. The Region round GorItsa: Major Localities of Human Settlement (B.C.) 4. View of GorItsa Hill and Mt PIlion from the Sea 5. The Fortress on GorItsa Hill 6. Vólos and GorItsa 7. Modern Features of GorItsa Hill 8. The Turkish Battery near Tower 2 9. Geological Sketch of GorItsa Hill

10. Survey of the Quarrying Areas 11. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ1 12. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ8 13. The Quarrying Zone on the << Neck >> which connects GorItsa Hill with Mt PIlion 14. A Survey of Quarries 24 and 25 15. Quarry 24, Vertical Cross-Sections 16. Q24, Sequence of Exploitation 17. Q24, Westside and Northside, Simplified Sketch 18. Undercutting of a Block, Ledge and Wedge Hole 19. Rock-Cutting south of Q24 20. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ29, Vertical Cross-Section 21. TQ29, Simplified Sketch 22. Eastern Thessaly and Neighbouring Districts 23. Schematic Stratigraphic Column of the Parnasse-Giona Zone Formations 24. Geological Sketch of the Vólos Area 25. Schematic Stratigraphic Column of the Pelagonic Series in Pelion Mountain-Velestinon-Agnanderi Area 26. The Fortified Settlement on GorItsa Hill, and the Approaches to it 27. Supporting Wall of Path to the Eastgate along the side of Ravine d 28. Line of Blocks to the west of the Westgate 29. The GorItsa Fortress 30. Tip of the Outwork in front of the Great Battery, Cleaned 31. Best-Preserved Parts of the Fortress Wall 32. Survey of Tower 7 and Adjacent Postern 33. Survey of the Eastgate and Tower 10 34. Survey of Tower 11 35. The Defences on the << Neck >> 36. Survey of Tower 13 37. Survey of the Great Battery 14 38. The Faces of the Stone Socle of the Great Battery 39. Sally-Gate in Tower 14B of the Great Battery 40. The Great Battery 14, Proteichisma in Trench 41. Survey of the Northgate 42. Plan of the Northgate 43. The Acropolis 44. The Ridge Fortification 45. Western Wall of Ridge Fortification, Filling of Small Broken Stones

LIST OF FIGURES

Frontispiece. The Goritsa Fortress, A Bird's-Eye View of the Great Battery 14 - An Axonometrie Reconstruc- tion by V.P. Tolstikov and H. Brikina

1. The Goritsa Fortress in Magnesia, Greece - Location 2. Goritsa Hill, Spur of Mt Pelion 3. The Region round Goritsa: Major Localities of Human Settlement (B.C.) 4. View of Goritsa Hill and Mt Pilion from the Sea 5. The Fortress on Goritsa Hill 6. Vólos and Goritsa 7. Modern Features of Goritsa Hill 8. The Turkish Battery near Tower 2 9. Geological Sketch of Goritsa Hill

10. Survey of the Quarrying Areas 11. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ1 12. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ8 13. The Quarrying Zone on the « Neck » which connects Goritsa Hill with Mt Pilion 14. A Survey of Quarries 24 and 25 15. Quarry 24, Vertical Cross-Sections 16. Q24, Sequence of Exploitation 17. Q24, Westside and Northside, Simplified Sketch 18. Undercutting of a Block, Ledge and Wedge Hole 19. Rock-Cutting south of Q24 20. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ29, Vertical Cross-Section 21. TQ29, Simplified Sketch 22. Eastern Thessaly and Neighbouring Districts 23. Schematic Stratigraphie Column of the Parnasse-Giona Zone Formations 24. Geological Sketch of the Vólos Area 25. Schematic Stratigraphie Column of the Pelagonic Series in Pelion Mountain-Velestinon-Agnanderi Area 26. The Fortified Settlement on Goritsa Hill, and the Approaches to it 27. Supporting Wall of Path to the Eastgate along the side of Ravine d 28. Line of Blocks to the west of the Westgate 29. The Goritsa Fortress 30. Tip of the Outwork in front of the Great Battery, Cleaned 31. Best-Preserved Parts of the Fortress Wall 32. Survey of Tower 7 and Adjacent Postern 33. Survey of the Eastgate and Tower 10 34. Survey of Tower 11 35. The Defences on the « Neck » 36. Survey of Tower 13 37. Survey of the Great Battery 14 38. The Faces of the Stone Socle of the Great Battery 39. Sally-Gate in Tower 14B of the Great Battery 40. The Great Battery 14, Proteichisma in Trench 41. Survey of the Northgate 42. Plan of the Northgate 43. The Acropolis 44. The Ridge Fortification 45. Western Wall of Ridge Fortification, Filling of Small Broken Stones

12

46. Survey of Tower 28 47. Survey of Tower 29 and of the Platform in front of it 48. Postern between Towers 29 and 30 49. Survey of the Westgate and Tower 33 50. Plan of the Westgate and of Tower 33 51. Water Channel through Rampart north of Tower 11 52. Walls of Poor Construction in the Westgate Area 53. Coping-Stones 54. Blocks with Grooves 55. Late Fortress on the Site of the Acropolis 55A. Front of Late Tower 21 56. Schematic Ground Plan of Average GorItsa Tower (= 6 + 7) 57. Hypothetical Positions of Catapults in the Artillery Room of a Tower 58. Defence Sectors of GorItsa 58A. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Cross-Section - Reconstruction by V.P. Tolstikov and H Brikina 59. The Great Battery, Cuttings suggesting Woodwork 60. The Slopes of GorItsa Hill and the Impact of Defensive Artillery 61. The Design of the Great Battery 62. Numbering of Habitation-Blocks and Habitation-UNITS 63. The Streets of the GorItsa Settlement 64. Survey of Well-Preserved Walls in UNIT E8U9 64A. Clearance no, XV along an Alignment, UNIT E12U13 65. Clearance no. XVIII along an Alignment, UNIT E12U14 66. Clearance no. XI, Junction of an Alignment and a Partition Wall, UNITS E11U4 and 6 67. Clearance no. XVII, Junction of an Alignment and a Partition Wall, UNITS E12U14 and 16 68. Clearance no. XX, Junction of an Alignment and an Inner Wall, UNIT E15U1 69. Clearance no. XII, Junction of an Alignment and an Inner Wall, UNIT G51UI2 70. Clearance no. X of a Partition Wall, UNITS F51U5 and 7 71. Clearance no. XXI of an Inner Wall and a Weight Block in situ, UNIT D10U1 72. Clearance no. IV, Eastwall of Edifice d to the south of the Lagodmi 73. Clearance of Wall running parallel with the Lagodmi (to the south) 74. Clearance no. XXX, Block B5, Floor of Slabs 75. Diagrams of Lengths and Widths of Streets 76. Diagram of Surfaces of Habitation-Blocks 77. The Circular Structure in Area III 78. Lead Plummet and Iron Nail Head found on the Site of the Circular Structure 79. Open Area III and [Area] IV 80. The Square Structure in Area III 81. Thresholds 82. Socles 83. Fragment of Stone in the Shape of a Saucer (sheet 5, no. 321) 84. Blocks with Rimmed Rectangular Holes 85. Public Districts of GorItsa Town 86. Ceramics from the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress 87. Ceramics from the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress 88. Ceramics from the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress 89. Ceramics from the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress 90. Loomweights 91. Grain-Mills, Fragments of 92. Press Beds 93. Press Bed, Unfinished 94. Blocks with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Holes 95. Tentative Reconstruction of a Screw Press - with Press Bed and Weight Stone 96. Abaci 97. Channel Stones 98. The Lagoümi 99. Springs and Caves

100. The Rock-Cut Channel east of Street 18 bOA. The Cisterns in the Acropolis and in the Ridge Fortification 101. Cisterns B and C in the Church in the Acropolis 102. Pair of Bottle-Shaped Cisterns D-E in the Ridge Fortification

12

45. Survey of Tower 28 47. Survey of Tower 29 and of the Platform in front of it 48. Postern between Towers 29 and 30 49. Survey of the Westgate and Tower 33 50. Plan of the Westgate and of Tower 33 51. Water Channel through Rampart north of Tower 11 52. Walls of Poor Construction in the Westgate Area 53. Coping-Stones 54. Blocks with Grooves 55. Late Fortress on the Site of the Acropolis 55A. Front of Late Tower 21 55. Schematic Ground Plan of Average Goritsa Tower (= 6 + 7) 57. Hypothetical Positions of Catapults in the Artillery Room of a Tower 58. Defence Sectors of Goritsa 58A. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Cross-Section - Reconstruction by V.P. Tolstikov and H. Brikina 59. The Great Battery, Cuttings suggesting Woodwork 60. The Slopes of Goritsa Hill and the Impact of Defensive Artillery 61. The Design of the Great Battery 62. Numbering of Habitation-Blocks and Habitation-UNITS 63. The Streets of the Goritsa Settlement 64. Survey of Weil-Preserved Walls in UNIT E8U9 64A. Clearance no. XV along an Alignment, UNIT E12U13 65. Clearance no. XVIII along an Alignment, UNIT E12U14 66. Clearance no. XI, Junction of an Alignment and a Partition Wall, UNITS E11U4 and 6 67. Clearance no. XVH, Junction of an Alignment and a Partition Wall, UNITS E12U14 and 16 68. Clearance no. XX, Junction of an Alignment and an Inner Wall, UNIT E15U1 69. Clearance no. XII, Junction of an Alignment and an Inner Wall, UNIT G51U12 70. Clearance no. X of a Partition Wall, UNITS F51U5 and 7 71. Clearance no. XXI of an Inner Wall and a Weight Block in situ, UNIT D10U1 72. Clearance no. IV, Eastwall of Edifice d to the south of the Lagoúmi 73. Clearance of Wall running parallel with the Lagoúmi (to the south) 74. Clearance no. XXX, Block B5, Floor of Slabs 75. Diagrams of Lengths and Widths of Streets 76. Diagram of Surfaces of Habitation-Blocks 77. The Circular Structure in Area III 78. Lead Plummet and Iron Nail Head found on the Site of the Circular Structure 79. Open Area III and [Area] IV 80. The Square Structure in Area III 81. Thresholds 82. Socles 83. Fragment of Stone in the Shape of a Saucer (sheet 5, no. 321) 84. Blocks with Rimmed Rectangular Holes 85. Public Districts of Goritsa Town 86. Ceramics from the Interior of the Goritsa Fortress 87. Ceramics from the Interior of the Goritsa Fortress 88. Ceramics from the Interior of the Goritsa Fortress 89. Ceramics from the Interior of the Goritsa Fortress 90. Loomweights 91. Grain-Mills, Fragments of 92. Press Beds 93. Press Bed, Unfinished 94. Blocks with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Holes 95. Tentative Reconstruction of a Screw Press - with Press Bed and Weight Stone 96. Abaci 97. Channel Stones 98. The Lagoúmi 99. Springs and Caves

100. The Rock-Cut Channel east of Street 18 100A. The Cisterns in the Acropolis and in the Ridge Fortification 101. Cisterns B and C in the Church in the Acropolis 102. Pair of Bottle-Shaped Cisterns D-E in the Ridge Fortification

103. The Cemetery outside the Westgate 104. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Plot 1 105. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Tomb Monument A 106. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Tomb Monument A, Faces of Substructure 107. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Building Blocks of Monument B 108. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Grave C 109. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Finds from Tomb A and Grave C 110. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Finds from Tomb A and Grave C 111. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Graves of Plot 2 112. A Stele inscribed with the Name of Horos 113. The Cave of Zeus Meilichios

LIST OF SHEETS

1. The Geodetical Foundation of the GorItsa Survey 2. A Survey of the Towers of the Goritsa Fortress 3. Analysis of Space inside the Goritsa Fortress 4. The GorItsa Survey 1970-1981 5. Items of Stone, Find-Spots

13

103. The Cemetery outside the Westgate 104. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Plot 1 105. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Tomb Monument A 105. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Tomb Monument A, Faces of Substructure 107. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Building Blocks of Monument B 108. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Grave C 109. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Finds from Tomb A and Grave C 110. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Finds from Tomb A and Grave C 111. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Graves of Plot 2 112. A Stele inscribed with the Name of Horos 113. The Cave of Zeus Meilichios

LIST OF SHEETS

1. The Geodetical Foundation of the Goritsa Survey 2. A Survey of the Towers of the Goritsa Fortress 3. Analysis of Space inside the Goritsa Fortress 4. The Goritsa Survey 1970-1981 5. Items of Stone, Find-Spots

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

1. View of GorItsa Hill from the North 2. GorItsa Hill on the Shore of the Gulf of Vólos, View from the South 3. Topographical Trench along the Eastern Alignment of Street 18, "stopping" Street J - view in southern

direction 4. Naturally Stratified Rock, TQI 5. Quarry 14, which lies in a Zone of Natural Stratification - Quantities of Chips on the Working Floor 6. Q26, Quadrangular Blocks extracted by means of Separation Trenches 7. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ8a; A Negative: a Slab or Flat Block extracted by means of Separation

Trenches 8. Q2, with Fence for Animal Park (1971) - Zone of Naturally Stratified Rock 9. Q7, slightly slanting Quarry Face and long Separation Trench on top

10. TQ8c, Separation Trench 11. Q9, A Negative in Floor of Quarry - Ends of the Separation Trenches 12. Q24, Northeast Corner; Height 6-7 m. 13. 024, Westside 14. Q24, Northside 15. Q24, Westside, Block Split Erroneously while being prepared for Extraction 16. Rock-Cutting south of Q24 17. Q25, Highest Level, Ledge with Wedge Holes 18. Q25, Highest Level 19. TQ29 20. Q30, Quarry Face with Ledges 21. TQ3, Rock-Cutting 22. 09, Quarry Face - Lime Crust visible 23. Supporting Wall of Path to the Eastgate along the side of Ravine d 24. View of the Southeast Slope of GorItsa Hill - Depressions b and c 25. The Ridge - View from Tower 27 towards Tower 26 26. The Straight Southeast Wall of the Enceinte - Photo taken before Cleaning had begun - on the Slope of the

Hill: Terrace 27. Debris consisting of Wall Blocks - near Towers 30 and 31 28. Tower 6, Cleaned 29. Tower 7, Northside - Passage of Postern 30. Tower 11, Cleaned 31. Curtain joining Tower 11 from the North 32. Inner Face of Rampart at place of Tower 11 - Backs of Blocks are clearly distinguishable 33. Tower 11, Detail of Front 34. Euthyntery Stones under front of Tower 11 35. Tower 11, Northside 36. Tower 12, Rock-Cut Beddings 37. Knoll with Position of Tower 13; Eastern Leg of Outwork, Depression e (wall pushed outward by pressure of

earth) 38. Hillock 1 of the Neck with the Remains of the Great Battery 14 (view from Hillock 2) 39. View of GorItsa Hill from Hillock 5 of the Neck; in front: Hillock 2 (Tip of Outwork), behind: Hillock 1

(Great Battery) 40. The Great Battery 14, Front of Central Curtain near Tower A 41. The Great Battery 14, Westface of Central Curtain inside Tower B - Niche, with Groove in Top Layer 42. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Westface of 43. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Sally-Gate, Cleaned

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

1. View of Goritsa Hill from the North 2. Goritsa Hill on the Shore of the Gulf of Vólos, View from the South 3. Topographical Trench along the Eastern Alignment of Street 18, "stopping" Street J - view in southern

direction 4. Naturally Stratified Rock, TQ1 5. Quarry 14, which lies in a Zone of Natural Stratification — Quantities of Chips on the Working Floor 6. Q25, Quadrangular Blocks extracted by means of Separation Trenches 7. Terrain with Quarry-Workings TQ8a; A Negative: a Slab or Flat Block extracted by means of Separation

Trenches 8. Q2, with Fence for Animal Park (1971) - Zone of Naturally Stratified Rock 9. Q7, slightly slanting Quarry Face and long Separation Trench on top

10. TQ8c, Separation Trench 11. Q9, A Negative in Floor of Quarry - Ends of the Separation Trenches 12. Q24, Northeast Corner; Height 6-7 m. 13. Q24, Westside 14. Q24, Northside 15. Q24, Westside, Block Split Erroneously while being prepared for Extraction 16. Rock-Cutting south of Q24 17. Q25, Highest Level, Ledge with Wedge Holes 18. Q25, Highest Level 19. TQ29 20. Q30, Quarry Face with Ledges 21. TQ3, Rock-Cutting 22. Q9, Quarry Face - Lime Crust visible 23. Supporting Wall of Path to the Eastgate along the side of Ravine d 24. View of the Southeast Slope of Goritsa Hill — Depressions b and c 25. The Ridge - View from Tower 27 towards Tower 26 26. The Straight Southeast Wall of the Enceinte - Photo taken before Cleaning had begun — on the Slope of the

Hill: Terrace 27. Debris consisting of Wall Blocks - near Towers 30 and 31 28. Tower 6, Cleaned 29. Tower 7, Northside - Passage of Postern 30. Tower 11, Cleaned 31. Curtain joining Tower 11 from the North 32. Inner Face of Rampart at place of Tower 11 - Backs of Blocks are clearly distinguishable 33. Tower 11, Detail of Front 34. Euthyntery Stones under front of Tower 11 35. Tower 11, Northside 36. Tower 12, Rock-Cut Beddings 37. Knoll with Position of Tower 13; Eastern Leg of Outwork, Depression e (wall pushed outward by pressure of

earth) 38. Hillock 1 of the Neck with the Remains of the Great Battery 14 (view from Hillock 2) 39. View of Goritsa Hill from Hillock 5 of the Neck; in front; Hillock 2 (Tip of Outwork), behind: Hillock 1

(Great Battery) 40. The Great Battery 14, Front of Central Curtain near Tower A 41. The Great Battery 14, Westface of Central Curtain inside Tower B - Niche, with Groove in Top Layer 42. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Westface of 43. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Sally-Gate, Cleaned

16

44. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Top Surface of Stone Socle of Semicircular Front, Cleaned 45. The Great Battery 14, Tower A, Cross-Section of Semicircular Front 46. The Great Battery 14, Tower A, Southwall, Western Part of 47. The Great Battery 14, Pier (d) 48. The Great Battery 14, Proteichisma in Trench, Cleaned 49. Northgate, Junction with City Wall on southwestern side, Cleaned 50. Northgate, Junction with City Wall on northeastern side, Cleaned - Blocks and Rock-Cuttings 51. Acropolis Gate, Bar-Shaft of - Outer Face of Acropolis Wall, in front: Socle in situ 52. Bar-Shaft of Acropolis Gate 53. Socle in situ against Acropolis Inner Wall near Gate 54. Detail of Structure in front of Acropolis Gate 55. Acropolis, Rock-Levellings in Interior 56. The Ridge with Line of the Rampart, viewed from Tower 29 57. Tower 29, Westside, Cleaned 58. Corner of Tower 29 and Back of the Platform in front of it 59. North Corner of the Platform in front of Tower 29 60. Water Channel through the Rampart to the west of Tower 1 (Top of Ravine a) 61. Enceinte, Outer Face of, southwest of Tower 9 62. Enceinte, Outer Face of, south of Tower 11 63. Enceinte, Outer Face of, northeast of Tower 28 64. Coping-Stone E 65. Coping-Stone H 66. Coping-Stone C 67. Coping-Stone J 68. Coping-Stone D 69. Block with a Hole, southeast of Postern between Towers 29 and 30 (x in Sheet 5) 70. Block with Groove no. 7 71. Block with Groove no. 10 72. Block with Rectangular Groove, in situ between Towers 13 and 14 73. Slab found below Curtain 4-5 74. Slab or Orthostate Block 75. Slab or Orthostate Block 76. Late Acropolis Tower 22, Front 77. Late Acropolis Tower 23, Front 78. Late Acropolis Tower 24, Front 79. Stone Ball of One Talent 80. Stone Balls found on the Slope of the Acropolis 81. Four Stone Balls observed inside the Acropolis 82. Mudbrick Mass outside the Acropolis Inner Wall 83. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Interior of, Southeast Corner with Entrance 84. The Great Battery 14, Central Curtain, Flat Rim 85. The Great Battery 14, Central Curtain, Flat Rim, Close-up 86. Rock-Cut Border of Street B west of Street 1 87. Rock-Cut Border of Street C in Area I 88. Western Alignment of Street 4 north of Street D 89. Well-Worked Stones lying in UNIT D9U7 (302 in Sheet 5) 90. One of the two Well-Worked Stones lying in D9U7 91. One of the two Well-Worked Stones lying in D9U7 92. Rock-Cut Wall south of the Lagoümi 93. Wall of UNIT E8U9 94. Wall of UNIT BO'U2 95. Wall along Eastside of [Area] V 96. Eastern Alignment of Street 12, UNIT E12U13 (photograph taken before cleaning [no. XV]) 97. Eastern Alignment of Street 12, UNIT E12U13, Inner Face of Wall (cleaning no. XV) 98. Western Alignment of Street 13, UNIT E12U14- Groove through Wall (cleaning no. XVIII) 99. Slab-Covered Floor in Block B5 (cleaning no. XXX)

100. Doorpost in UNIT D1U8 101. The Circular Structure in Area III 102. The Circular Structure, Rectangular Stone 103. The Circular Structure, Beginning of Upgoing Wall 104. Lead Plummet found on the Site of the Circular Structure

16

44. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Top Surface of Stone Socle of Semicircular Front, Cleaned 45. The Great Battery 14, Tower A, Cross-Section of Semicircular Front 46. The Great Battery 14, Tower A, Southwall, Western Part of 47. The Great Battery 14, Pier (d) 48. The Great Battery 14, Proteichisma in Trench, Cleaned 49. Northgate, Junction with City Wall on southwestern side, Cleaned 50. Northgate, Junction with City Wall on northeastern side. Cleaned — Blocks and Rock-Cuttings 51. Acropolis Gate, Bar-Shaft of - Outer Face of Acropolis Wall, in front: Socle in situ 52. Bar-Shaft of Acropolis Gate 53. Socle in situ against Acropolis Inner Wall near Gate 54. Detail of Structure in front of Acropolis Gate 55. Acropolis, Rock-Levellings in Interior 56. The Ridge with Line of the Rampart, viewed from Tower 29 57. Tower 29, Westside, Cleaned 58. Corner of Tower 29 and Back of the Platform in front of it 59. North Corner of the Platform in front of Tower 29 60. Water Channel through the Rampart to the west of Tower 1 (Top of Ravine a) 61. Enceinte, Outer Face of, southwest of Tower 9 62. Enceinte, Outer Face of, south of Tower 11 63. Enceinte, Outer Face of, northeast of Tower 28 64. Coping-Stone E 65. Coping-Stone H 66. Coping-Stone C 67. Coping-Stone J 68. Coping-Stone D 69. Block with a Hole, southeast of Postern between Towers 29 and 30 (x in Sheet 5) 70. Block with Groove no. 7 71. Block with Groove no. 10 72. Block with Rectangular Groove, in situ between Towers 13 and 14 73. Slab found below Curtain 4-5 74. Slab or Orthostate Block 75. Slab or Orthostate Block 76. Late Acropolis Tower 22, Front 77. Late Acropolis Tower 23, Front 78. Late Acropolis Tower 24, Front 79. Stone Ball of One Talent 80. Stone Balls found on the Slope of the Acropolis 81. Four Stone Balls observed inside the Acropolis 82. Mudbrick Mass outside the Acropolis Inner Wall 83. The Great Battery 14, Tower B, Interior of, Southeast Corner with Entrance 84. The Great Battery 14, Central Curtain, Flat Rim 85. The Great Battery 14, Central Curtain, Flat Rim, Close-up 86. Rock-Cut Border of Street B west of Street 1 87. Rock-Cut Border of Street C in Area I 88. Western Alignment of Street 4 north of Street D 89. Well-Worked Stones lying in UNIT D9U7 (302 in Sheet 5) 90. One of the two Well-Worked Stones lying in D9U7 91. One of the two Well-Worked Stones lying in D9U7 92. Rock-Cut Wall south of the Lagoúmi 93. Wall of UNIT E8U9 94. Wall of UNIT BO'U2 95. Wall along Eastside of [Area] V 96. Eastern Alignment of Street 12, UNIT E12U13 (photograph taken before cleaning [no. XV]) 97. Eastern Alignment of Street 12, UNIT E12U13, Inner Face of Wall (cleaning no. XV) 98. Western Alignment of Street 13, UNIT E12U14 - Groove through Wall (cleaning no. XVIII) 99. Slab-Covered Floor in Block B5 (cleaning no. XXX)

100. Doorpost in UNIT D1U8 101. The Circular Structure in Area III 102. The Circular Structure, Rectangular Stone 103. The Circular Structure, Beginning of Upgoing Wall 104. Lead Plummet found on the Site of the Circular Structure

17

105. The Square Structure in Open Area III 106. Threshold B 107. Threshold C 108. Socle A - in situ against Inner Acropolis Wall 109. Socle B (Sheet 5, 312) 110. Socle C (Sheet 5, 313) 111. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (A; Sheet 5, 21) 112. Well-Cut Side (with Pry Hole) of Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (A) 113. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (B; Sheet 5, 22) 114. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (C; Sheet 5, 23) 115. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (D; Sheet 5, 24) 116. Rock-Cut Wall south of the Lagoümi, Detail 117. Line of three finely cut Building Stones in [Area] VI, Cleaned 118, Building Stone from northeast Corner of "Important Building" east of Street 18 (furrowed to broached work;

see Scranton 1941) 119. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 5, Inv. no. IV A 14 120. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 11, Inv. no. IV A 1, 2 121. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 14, Inv. no. XVII A 4 122. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Inv. no. 0 A 6 123. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 17, Inv. no. IV A 24 124. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 18, Inv. no. XVII A 12 125. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 19, Inv. no. IV A 23 126. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 20, Inv. no. XVII A 3 127. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 21, Inv. no. XVII A 2 128. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 23, Inv. no. 0 A 5 129. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Inv. no. XVII A 1 130. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 25, Inv. no. XI A I 131, From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 26, Inv. no. IV C 1 132. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 28, Inv. no. IV C 2 133. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 36, Inv. no. XV E 1 134. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Drawing no. 37, Inv. no. XVII L 1 135. From the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress; Inv. no. XII E 5 136. Three Loomweights 137. Disk possibly used as a Loomweight, Inv. no. IV L 2 138. Three Coins from the Interior of the GorItsa Fortress 139. Saddle-Quern, Upper Stone (Sheet 5, 31) 140. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment 141. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment (= Photo 140) 142. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment (= Photo 140) 143. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment (Sheet 5, 33) 144. Press Bed (Sheet 5, 41) 145. Press Bed (Sheet 5, 42) 146. Unfinished Press Bed (Sheet 5, 43) 147. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (A; Sheet 5, 51) 148. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (B; Sheet 5, 52) 149. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (C; Sheet 5, 53) 150. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (D; Sheet 5, 54) - Cleaned; in situ in UNIT D1OU1 151. Abacus a (Sheet 5, 331) 152. Abacus a, Lines and a Cross visible 153. Abacus a, Cavity 154. Abacus a, one of the Long Sides 155. Abacus a, Short Side with Anathyrosis 156. Abacus a, Short Side, roughly worked 157. Abacus b (Sheet 5, 332) 158. Abacus b, "Five Lines" and small Semicircle 159. Abacus b, Cavity 160. Abacus b, Short Side with Anathyrosis 161. Abacus b, other Short Side, with Anathyrosis 162. Channel Block no. 15 (Sheet 5), e situ 163. Channel Block in B5, no. 12 164. Channel Block in B5, no. 13

17

105. The Square Structure in Open Area III 106. Threshold B 107. Threshold C 108. Socle A - in situ against Inner Acropolis Wall 109. Socle B (Sheet 5, 312) 110. Socle C (Sheet 5, 313) 111. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (A; Sheet 5, 21) 112. Well-Cut Side (with Pry Hole) of Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (A) 113. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (B; Sheet 5, 22) 114. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (C; Sheet 5, 23) 115. Block with Rimmed Rectangular Hole (D; Sheet 5, 24) 116. Rock-Cut Wall south of the Lagoúmi, Detail 117. Line of three finely cut Building Stones in [Area] VI, Cleaned 118. Building Stone from northeast Corner of "Important Building" east of Street 18 (furrowed to broached work;

see Scranton 1941) 119. From the Interior of 120. From the Interior of 121. From the Interior of 122. From the Interior of 123. From the Interior of 124. From the Interior of 125. From the Interior of 126. From the Interior of 127. From the Interior of 128. From the Interior of 129. From the Interior of 130. From the Interior of 131. From the Interior of 132. From the Interior of 133. From the Interior of 134. From the Interior of 135. From the Interior of 136. Three Loomweights 137. Disk possibly used as a Loomweight, Inv. no. IV L 2 138. Three Coins from the Interior of the Goritsa Fortress 139. Saddle-Quern, Upper Stone (Sheet 5, 31) 140. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment 141. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment (= Photo 140) 142. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment (= Photo 140) 143. "Hopper-Rubber", Fragment (Sheet 5, 33) 144. Press Bed (Sheet 5, 41) 145. Press Bed (Sheet 5, 42) 146. Unfinished Press Bed (Sheet 5, 43) 147. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (A; Sheet 5, 51) 148. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (B; Sheet 5, 52) 149. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (C; Sheet 5, 53) 150. Block with Swallow-Tailed Rectangular Hole (D; Sheet 5, 54) — Cleaned; in situ in UNIT D10U1 151. Abacus a (Sheet 5, 331) 152. Abacus a, Lines and a Cross visible 153. Abacus a, Cavity 154. Abacus a, one of the Long Sides 155. Abacus a, Short Side with Anathyrosis 156. Abacus a, Short Side, roughly worked 157. Abacus b (Sheet 5, 332) 158. Abacus b, "Five Lines" and small Semicircle 159. Abacus b, Cavity 160. Abacus b, Short Side with Anathyrosis 161. Abacus b, other Short Side, with Anathyrosis 162. Channel Block no. 15 (Sheet 5), e situ 163. Channel Block in B5, no. 12 164. Channel Block in B5, no. 13

the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa the Goritsa

Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress Fortress

Drawing Drawing Drawing Inv. no. Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Inv. no. Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Inv. no.

no. 5, Inv. no. no. 11, Inv. no no. 14, Inv. no

0 A 6 no. 17, Inv. no no. 18, Inv. no no. 19, Inv. no no. 20, Inv. no no. 21, Inv. no no. 23, Inv. no XVII A 1 no. 25, Inv. no no. 26, Inv. no no. 28, Inv. no no. 36, Inv. no no. 37, Inv. no XII E 5

IV A 14 . IV A 1, 2 . XVII A 4

. IV A 24

. XVII A 12

. IV A 23 , XVII A 3 . XVII A 2 . 0 A 5

. XI A 1

. IV C 1

. IV C 2

. XV E 1 , XVII L 1

18

165. Channel Block in B5, no. 14 166. Gutter along Wall of Ridge Fortification (see Fig. 44) 167. The Lagotimi, Western End 168. The Lagoümi, Covering Slabs 169. The Lagoilmi, Covering Slabs 170. The Lagoi.imi, Interior of the Channel 171. The Lagoümi, Bend and Short Leg 172. The Lagoümi, Short Leg, Cleaned - Blocking-Slab 173, The Lagotimi, Blocking-Slab 174. End of Short Leg of the Lagoümi - Deposit of White Lime against Rock - Eastwall of Edifice d built against

this Deposit 175. The Aqueduct from Mt PIlion, Rock-Cut Passage on the Neck, stretch CD 176. The Aqueduct from Mt PIlion, Long Trench cut into the Rock in the Area near the Spring (photo 1981) 177. The Channel east of Street 18, viewed from the west - Covering Slabs 178. The Channel east of Street 18, viewed from the east - Covering Slabs 179. The Channel east of Street 18, cut into the Rock 180. Cistern A in the Acropolis 181. Cistern E in the Ridge Fortification, Well-Mouth (Top Layer more recent than Antiquity) 182. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, the Site of Tomb Monument A before we cleaned it 183. Tomb Monument A cleaned 184. Tomb Monument A, Side ab 185. Tomb Monument A, Sarcophagus 186. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Building Block B1 from Monument B, Top 187. Building Block BI from Monument B, Side 188. Building Block B2 from Monument B 189. Building Block B3 from Monument B 190. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Grave C 191. Grave C, Tub becomes visible 192. Tub of Grave C cleaned 193. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Loose Slabs, and Blocks from Monument B 194. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Loose Slabs, and Blocks from Monument B 195. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Askos from Tomb Monument A (Inv. no. XXIV A 7) 196. Alabastron from Tomb Monument A (Inv. no. XXIV E 3) 197. Bronze Nail and three Bronze Rings from Tomb Monument A and Grave C 198. Limestone Socle from Tomb Monument A (Inv. no. XXIV L 2) 199. Fish Plate, Grave C 200. Bolsal, Grave C 201. Askos, Grave C (Inv. no. XXIV A 3) 202. Lamp, Grave C 203. Prochous, Grave C 204. Bronze Mirror, Grave C (Inv. no. XXIV K 3) 205. A Stele with the Name of Horos 206. The Rock-Cut Inscription of Zeus M(e)ilichios 207. The Terrace below the Postern in the Southeast Wall of the Fortress, Northeastern Side

18

165. Channel Block in B5, no. 14 166. Gutter along Wall of Ridge Fortification (see Fig. 44) 167. The Lagoúmi, Western End 168. The Lagoúmi, Covering Slabs 169. The Lagoúmi, Covering Slabs 170. The Lagoúmi, Interior of the Channel 171. The Lagoúmi, Bend and Short Leg 172. The Lagoúmi, Short Leg, Cleaned - Blocking-Slab 173.. The Lagoúmi, Blocking-Slab 174. End of Short Leg of the Lagoúmi - Deposit of White Lime against Rock — Eastwall of Edifice d built against

this Deposit 175. The Aqueduct from Mt Pílion, Rock-Cut Passage on the Neck, stretch CD 176. The Aqueduct from Mt Pílion, Long Trench cut into the Rock in the Area near the Spring (photo 1981) 177. The Channel east of Street 18, viewed from the west - Covering Slabs 178. The Channel east of Street 18, viewed from the east — Covering Slabs 179. The Channel east of Street 18, cut into the Rock 180. Cistern A in the Acropolis 181. Cistern E in the Ridge Fortification, Well-Mouth (Top Layer more recent than Antiquity) 182. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, the Site of Tomb Monument A before we cleaned it 183. Tomb Monument A cleaned 184. Tomb Monument A, Side ab 185. Tomb Monument A, Sarcophagus 186. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Building Block B1 from Monument B, Top 187. Building Block B1 from Monument B, Side 188. Building Block B2 from Monument B 189. Building Block B3 from Monument B 190. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Grave C 191. Grave C, Tub becomes visible 192. Tub of Grave C cleaned 193. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Loose Slabs, and Blocks from Monument B 194. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Loose Slabs, and Blocks from Monument B 195. The Cemetery outside the Westgate, Askos from Tomb Monument A (Inv. no. XXIV A 7) 196. Alabastron from Tomb Monument A (Inv. no. XXIV E 3) 197. Bronze Nail and three Bronze Rings from Tomb Monument A and Grave C 198. Limestone Socle from Tomb Monument A (Inv. no. XXIV L 2) 199. Fish Plate, Grave C 200. Bolsal, Grave C 201. Askos, Grave C (Inv. no. XXIV A 3) 202. Lamp, Grave C 203. Prochous, Grave C 204. Bronze Mirror, Grave C (Inv. no. XXIV K 3) 205. A Stele with the Name of Horos 206. The Rock-Cut Inscription of Zeus M(e)ilichios 207. The Terrace below the Postern in the Southeast Wall of the Fortress, Northeastern Side

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Ministery of Culture and Sciences at Athens generously gave permission for the Dutch survey of GorItsa. We owe a particular debt of gratitude to the Magnesian Ephorla of Classical Archaeology in the Athanasakeion Museum of Vólos for the cordial welcome offered to our team. The late Professor D.R. Theokháris and Professor G.Ch. Khourmouziádhis were very helpful in supporting the survey. The staff and assistants of the Museum were a constant source of help. We are thankful that we could work at Vólos in this way.

The GorItsa project 1970-1981 would not have been possible without the financial support by the Faculty of Arts of Utrecht University. From 1970 to 1980 the Faculty supplied the basic means and provided us with technical facilities which enabled Vermeulen Windsant and Goester to file and classify the field data and to prepare interim reports. These files and reports smoothed the way for the final publication. Three departments of Utrecht University had joined their efforts in making the survey possible: the Geographical Institute, the Archaeological Institute and the Historical Institute. Members devoted part of their time to the preparation of the campaigns and to the elaboration of the field data. We are grateful for the fruitful co-operation between these disciplines. In the years 1971-1981 the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.) supplemented and extended the basic provisions of our university, in the form of travel allowances and by supplying technical field equipment. Various Greek institutions offered us their spontaneous help. The NomarkhIa of Magnesia provided information and maps for our geodetical measurings. In the Ministery of Public Works at Athens air-photographs and maps were obtained or studied. The DhasarkhIa (Forestry Commission) of Magnesia supplied valuable information concerning the GorItsa terrain.

The GorItsa settlement bears a historical relationship to the nearby site of Demetrias. We appreciate the kind co-operation with the German research team, in particular with the surveyor of the city, dr.-ing. P. Marzolff. Various geologists gave us their opinions on the GorItsa terrain and its ancient quarries. I want to single out here Professor I. Papayeorgákis and dr. A.A. Tátaris. Their visits to the site were of major importance.

Special words of gratitude and respect are due to the members of the GorItsa survey team. Among these members there was a permanent group taking part in field work in three, four or five consecutive years: Neeft, Reinders, Feye, Goester and Vermeulen Windsant. This group guaranteed the continuity of the documentation. The contributions of the other participants were equally important for the final results. Field work and reports have not been consistently in the same hands. The survey and description of the ancient GorItsa settlement was the achievement of the whole team. This study would never have taken its present shape without the drawings made by Reinders, Van Rooijen, Goester, Jos Marsman, Marc Verlaan and Ing. V.P. Tolstikov (Moscow). There are many others who have been associated with the GorItsa project. We are very grateful for their help. I would like to thank Anne Veerman, who typed the last version of the manuscript. Feelings of appreciation are due to the members of the editorial and technical staff of <<L'ERMA >> di BRETSCHNEIDER for their careful attention to every stage in the production of this book.

SCB

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Ministery of Culture and Sciences at Athens generously gave permission for the Dutch survey of Goritsa. We owe a particular debt of gratitude to the Magnesian Ephoria of Classical Archaeology in the Athanasakeion Museum of Vólos for the cordial welcome offered to our team. The late Professor D.R. Theokháris and Professor G.Ch. Khourmouziádhis were very helpful in supporting the survey. The staff and assistants of the Museum were a constant source of help. We are thankful that we could work at Vólos in this way.

The Goritsa project 1970-1981 would not have been possible without the financial support by the Faculty of Arts of Utrecht University. From 1970 to 1980 the Faculty supplied the basic means and provided us with technical facilities which enabled Vermeulen Windsant and Goester to file and classify the field data and to prepare interim reports. These files and reports smoothed the way for the final publication. Three departments of Utrecht University had joined their efforts in making the survey possible: the Geographical Institute, the Archaeological Institute and the Historical Institute. Members devoted part of their time to the preparation of the campaigns and to the elaboration of the field data. We are grateful for the fruitful co-operation between these disciplines. In the years 1971-1981 the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.) supplemented and extended the basic provisions of our university, in the form of travel allowances and by supplying technical field equipment. Various Greek institutions offered us their spontaneous help. The Nomarkhia of Magnesia provided information and maps for our geodetical measurings. In the Ministery of Public Works at Athens air-photographs and maps were obtained or studied. The Dhasarkhia (Forestry Commission) of Magnesia supplied valuable information concerning the Goritsa terrain.

The Goritsa settlement bears a historical relationship to the nearby site of Demetrias. We appreciate the kind co-operation with the German research team, in particular with the surveyor of the city, dr.-ing. P. Marzolff. Various geologists gave us their opinions on the Goritsa terrain and its ancient quarries. I want to single out here Professor I. Papayeorgákis and dr. A.A. Tátaris. Their visits to the site were of major importance.

Special words of gratitude and respect are due to the members of the Goritsa survey team. Among these members there was a permanent group taking part in field work in three, four or five consecutive years: Neeft, Reinders, Feye, Goester and Vermeulen Windsant. This group guaranteed the continuity of the documentation. The contributions of the other participants were equally important for the final results. Field work and reports have not been consistently in the same hands. The survey and description of the ancient Goritsa settlement was the achievement of the whole team. This study would never have taken its present shape without the drawings made by Reinders, Van Rooijen, Goester, Jos Marsman, Marc Verlaan and Ing. V.P. Tolstikov (Moscow). There are many others who have been associated with the Goritsa project. We are very grateful for their help. I would like to thank Anne Veerman, who typed the last version of the manuscript. Feelings of appreciation are due to the members of the editorial and technical staff of « L'ERMA » di BRETSCHNEIDER for their careful attention to every stage in the production of this book.

SCB

PREFACE

The study of ancient Greek society may base itself on three categories of sources, (1) written sources, (2) archaeological field sources (evidence visible on the surface, and remains found or excavated), and (3) the landscape. The written sources (texts, papyri, inscriptions, graffiti) have, on the whole, been published and are readily available. Although much remains to be done on palaeobotany and on ancient land use, the shape of the landscape can be studied on the complete set of maps of the National Statistical Service of Greece (scale 1:200,000). Military maps 1:100,000 can be consulted in some Athenian institutes and elsewhere, and a series of morphological maps 1:50,000 is gradually becoming available in the form of geological surveys. As to the archaeological field sources, documentation is or recently was somewhat underdeveloped. The reasons for this situation are cultural and will not be discussed here. The majority of the archaeological field sources that are visible on the surface, e.g. settlements, fortresses, aqueducts, farms, towers, quarries, road grooves, bridges, etc. have not been published in graphic form, or have been documented incompletely. Their remains deteriorate due to deep-ploughing, road construction, settlement expansion, the erection of electricity pylons, the building of factories and hotels, etc. Efforts are consequently made to publish the archaeological field evidence and, if desirable and possible, to preserve it (McDonald 1966).

A current method of documentation is surveying, i.e. accurately mapping the visible surface remains of a given site or area on topographical sheets (Dhoxiádhis 1972, Wurster 1974, Snodgrass 1982; see e.g. Martin 1947-1948, Pouilloux 1954, Jones, Sackett and Eliot 1957, Mussche 1961, Hoepfner 1966, McCredie 1966, Tomlinson and Fossey 1970, Dhákaris 1971, Dhákaris 1972, Borchhardt 1975). Sometimes clearance of vegetation precedes this work. Occasionally a survey is accompanied by limited cleaning and excavation (Vanderpool, McCredie and Steinberg 1962, Marzolff 1975). The site surveyed is described in its geographical context (for an example of a survey of an ancient region see Tchalenko 1953-1958). The

potentials of aerial photography in the Greek world are beginning to be appreciated. The GorItsa survey 1970-1981 aimed at the documentation of an incompletely published, threatened,

fortified settlement of the historical period, sheet 4. Earlier publications treating the site in graphic form had confined themselves to plans of the fortification circuit. The first survey was completed within a day and was based on tape and compass measurings (Fredrich 1905: P1. 9). A more recent survey was established on a tachymetrical base (Stählin, Meyer and Heidner 1934: plan 3, cf. Winter 1971: 45, fig. 38). A separate survey plan was made of the Great Battery 14 (new numbering) (Meyer 1956: P1. 52, cf. Winter 1971: 182, fig. 179). The interior of the settlement had not been surveyed. I visited GorItsa in 1965 and 1967. In spite of reforestation of the hill during the past sixty years, the observations by earlier visitors regarding an orthogonal pattern of streets and remains of dwellings in the interior of the fortress (e.g. Leake 1835: 376, Mézières 1854: 154, Mágnis 1860: 38, Yeoryiddhis 1880: 187, Fredrich 1905: 237-238, Meyer 1934: 256) could be confirmed. In 1970 we carried out trial measurings in the southwestern part of the site. In that year the local dhasarkhIa built a fence several kilometres long to convert GorItsa Hill, which lies on the outskirts of the city of Vólos (fig. 6), into an animal park. It was then decided to attempt to organize a GorItsa survey project.

SCB

PREFACE

The study of ancient Greek society may base itself on three categories of sources, (1) written sources, (2) archaeological field sources (evidence visible on the surface, and remains found or excavated), and (3) the landscape. The written sources (texts, papyri, inscriptions, graffiti) have, on the whole, been published and are readily available. Although much remains to be done on palaeobotany and on ancient land use, the shape of the landscape can be studied on the complete set of maps of the National Statistical Service of Greece (scale 1:200,000). Military maps 1:100,000 can be consulted in some Athenian institutes and elsewhere, and a series of morphological maps 1:50,000 is gradually becoming available in the form of geological surveys. As to the archaeological field sources, documentation is or recently was somewhat underdeveloped. The reasons for this situation are cultural and will not be discussed here. The majority of the archaeological field sources that are visible on the surface, e.g. settlements, fortresses, aqueducts, farms, towers, quarries, road grooves, bridges, etc. have not been published in graphic form, or have been documented incompletely. Their remains deteriorate due to deep-ploughing, road construction, settlement expansion, the erection of electricity pylons, the building of factories and hotels, etc. Efforts are consequently made to publish the archaeological field evidence and, if desirable and possible, to preserve it (McDonald 1966).

A current method of documentation is surveying, i.e. accurately mapping the visible surface remains of a given site or area on topographical sheets (Dhoxiádhis 1972, Wurster 1974, Snodgrass 1982; see e.g. Martin 1947-1948, Pouilloux 1954, Jones, Sackett and Eliot 1957, Mussche 1961, Hoepfner 1966, McCredie 1966, Tomlinson' and Fossey 1970, Dhákaris 1971, Dhákaris 1972, Borchhardt 1975). Sometimes clearance of vegetation precedes this work. Occasionally a survey is accompanied by limited cleaning and excavation (Vanderpool, McCredie and Steinberg 1962, Marzolff 1975). The site surveyed is described in its geographical context (for an example of a survey of an ancient region see Tchalenko 1953-1958). The potentials of aerial photography in the Greek world are beginning to be appreciated.

The Goritsa survey 1970-1981 aimed at the documentation of an incompletely published, threatened, fortified settlement of the historical period, sheet 4. Earlier publications treating the site in graphic form had confined themselves to plans of the fortification circuit. The first survey was completed within a day and was based on tape and compass measurings (Fredrich 1905: PI. 9). A more recent survey was established on a tachymetrical base (Stählin, Meyer and Heidner 1934: plan 3, cf. Winter 1971: 45, fig. 38). A separate survey plan was made of the Great Battery 14 (new numbering) (Meyer 1956: PI. 52, cf. Winter 1971. 182, fig. 179). The interior of the settlement had not been surveyed. I visited Goritsa in 1965 and 1967. In spite of reforestation of the hill during the past sixty years, the observations by earlier visitors regarding an orthogonal pattern of streets and remains of dwellings in the interior of the fortress (e.g. Leake 1835; 376, Mézières 1854. 154, Mágnis 1860: 38, Yeoryiádhis 1880: 187, Fredrich 1905: 237-238, Meyer 1934: 256) could be confirmed. In 1970 we carried out trial measurings in the southwestern part of the site. In that year the local dhasarkhia built a fence several kilometres long to convert Goritsa Hill, which lies on the outskirts of the city of Vólos (fig. 6), into an animal park. It was then decided to attempt to organize a Goritsa survey project.

SCB

22

REFERENCES

Borchhardt, J. (cum suis), Myra, Fine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit, Berlin, 1975 (Istanbuler Forschun-gen 30).

Dhdkaris, S., Cassopaia and the Elean Colonies, Athens, 1971 (the Athens Center of Ekistics: Ancient Greek Cities Monograph 4).

Dhákaris, S., eea2rpwr-ta, Athens, 1972 (the Athens Center of Ekistics: Ancient Greek Cities Monograph 15). Dhoxiádhis, C.A., The Method for the Study of the Ancient Greek Settlements, Athens, 1972 (the Athens Center of Ekistics:

Ancient Greek Cities Monograph 2). Fredrich, C., "Demetrias", MDAI(A) 30 (1905), 221-244. Hoepfner, W., Herakleia Pontike-Ereli: Fine baugeschichtliche Untersuchung, Vienna, 1966 (Forschungen an der Nordkuste

Kleinasiens II, 1, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-Hist. Kiasse Denkschriften 89). Jones, J.E., Sackett, L.H. and Eliot, C.W.J., "Ta fp.tx: a Survey of the Aigaleos-Parnes Wall", ABSA 52 (1957), 152-189. Leake, W.M., Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. 4, London, 1835. Mágnis, NI., Hsptijyrja&ç TmroypaçoIa Tiç ®scicraAi'aç xai eErTaAx7)5 Mayvrvtaç, Athens, 1860. Martin, R., "Les enceintes de Gortys d'Arcadie", BCH 71-72 (1947-1948), 81-147. Marzolff, P., "Demetrias: Elemente einer hellenistischen Hauptstadt", Architectura, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Architektur 5

(1975), 43-60. McCredie, J.R., Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton, N.J., 1966 (Hesperia Supplement 11) McDonald, W.A., "Some Suggestions on Directions and a Modest Proposal", Hesperia 35 (1966), 413-418. Meyer, E., "Goritsa (Orminion)", in F. Stählin, E. Meyer and A. Heidner, Pagasai und Demetrias: Beschreibung der Reste und

Stadtgeschichte, 251-257, Berlin and Leipzig, 1934. Meyer, E., "Goritsa", MDAI(A) 71(1956), 98-100. Mézières, A., "Mémoire sur le Phlion et 1'Ossa", Archives des Missions S cient(fiques et Littéraires [Série I], 3 (1854), 149-266, cf.

267-278. Mussche, HF., "La forteresse maritime de Thorikos", BCH 85 (1961), 176-205. Pouilloux, J., La forteresse de Rhamnonte: Etude de topographie et d'histoire, Paris, 1954 (BEFAR 179). Snodgrass, AM., "La prospection archéologique en Grèce et dans le monde mhditerranéen", Annales (ESC) 37 (1982), 800-812. Stählin, F., Meyer, E. and Heidner, A., Pagasai und Demetrias: Beschreibung der Reste und Stadtgeschichte, Berlin and Leipzig,

1934. Tchalenko, G., Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord, le massif du Bélus a l'époque romaine, three Volumes, Paris, 1953-1958

(Institut français d'archeologie de Beyrouth, Bibliothèque archhologique et historique 50). Tomlinson, R.A. and Fossey, J.M., "Ancient Remains on Mount Mavrovouni, South Boeotia", ABSA 65 (1970), 243-263. Vanderpool, E., McCredie, J.R. and Steinberg, A., "Koroni: a Ptolemaic Camp on the East Coast of Attica", Hesperia 31(1962),

26-61. Winter, FE., Greek Fortifications, London, 1971. Wurster, W., "Survey als Methode zur Erforschung antiker Städte", in W. Hoepfner and E.L. Schwandner (eds.), Die Antike

Stadt und i/ire Teilbereiche: Ergebnisbericht über ein Kolloquium veranstaltet vom Architektur-Referat des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts (DAI)... in Berlin vom 2. his 4. Mai 1974, 22-27, Berlin, 1974.

Yeoryiddhis, N., esaaatta, Athens, 1880.

22

REFERENCES

Borchhardt, R {cum suis), Myra, Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit, Berlin, 1975 (Istanbuler Forschun- gen 30).

Dhákaris, S., Cassopaia and the E lean Colonies, Athens, 1971 (the Athens Center of Ekistics: Ancient Greek Cities Monograph

Dhákaris, S., ©sanpmía, Athens, 1972 (the Athens Center of Ekistics: Ancient Greek Cities Monograph 15). Dhoxiádhis, C.A., The Method for the Study of the Ancient Greek Settlements, Athens, 1972 (the Athens Center of Ekistics:

Ancient Greek Cities Monograph 2). Fredrich, C., "Demetrias", MDAI(A) 30 (1905), 221-244. Hoepfner, W., Herakleia Pontike-Eregli: Eine baugeschichtliche Untersuchung, Vienna, 1966 (Forschungen an der Nordküste

Kleinasiens II, 1, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-Hist. Klasse Denkschriften 89). Jones, J.E., Sackett, L.H. and Eliot, C.W.J., "Tè Aspa: a Survey of the Aigaleos-Parnes Wall", ABSA 52 (1957), 152-189. Leake, W.M., Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. 4, London, 1835. Mágnis, N.I., nspLTTYVcni fj TonoypaqiLa zpç, QsaaaUaç xai GsTrahxîjç Mayvpaiaç, Athens, 1860. Martin, R., "Les enceintes de Gortys d'Arcadie", BCH 71-72 (1947-1948), 81-147. Marzolff, P., "Demetrias: Elemente einer hellenistischen Hauptstadt", Architectura, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Architektur 5

(1975), 43-60. McCredie, J.R., Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton, N.J., 1966 (Hesperia Supplement 11) McDonald, W.A., "Some Suggestions on Directions and a Modest Proposal", Hesperia 35 (1966), 413-418. Meyer, E., "Goritsa (Orminion)", in F. Stählin, E. Meyer and A. Heidner, Pagasai und Demetrias: Beschreibung der Reste und

Stadtgeschichte, 251-257, Berlin and Leipzig, 1934. Meyer, E., "Goritsa", MDAI(A) 71 (1956), 98-100. Mézières, A., "Mémoire sur le Pélion et l'Ossa", Archives des Missions Scientifiques et Littéraires [Série IJ, 3 (1854) 149-266 cf

267-278. Mussche, H.F., "La forteresse maritime de Thorikos", BCH 85 (1961), 176-205. Pouilloux, J., La forteresse de Rhamnonte: Etude de topographie et d'histoire, Paris, 1954 (BEFAR 179). Snodgrass, A.M., "La prospection archéologique en Grèce et dans le monde méditerranéen". Annales (ESC) 37 (1982), 800-812. Stählin,Meyer, E. and Heidner, A., Pagasai und Demetrias: Beschreibung der Reste und Stadtgeschichte, Berlin and Leipzig,

Tchalenko, G., Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord, le massif du Bélus à l'époque romaine, three Volumes, Paris, 1953-1958 (Institut français d'archéologie de Beyrouth, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 50).

Tomlinson, R.A. and Fossey, J.M., "Ancient Remains on Mount Mavrovouni, South Boeotia", ABSA 65 (1970), 243-263. Vanderpool, E., McCredie, J.R. and Steinberg, A., "Koroni: a Ptolemaic Camp on the East Coast of Attica", Hesperia 31 (1962)

26-61. Winter, F.E., Greek Fortifications, London, 1971. Wurster, W., "Survey als Methode zur Erforschung antiker Städte", in W. Hoepfner and E.L. Schwandner (eds.). Die Antike

Stadt und ihre Teilbereiche: Ergebnisbericht über ein Kolloquium veranstaltet vom Architektur-Referat des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (DAI)... in Berlin vom 2. bis 4. Mai 1974, 22-27, Berlin, 1974.

Yeoryiádhis, N., QsaaaXia, Athens, 1880.

Part I

INTRODUCTION

Part I

INTRODUCTION

GORITSA HILL

The fortified GorItsa settlement, the survey and description of which is the subject of this book, lies on the shore of the Gulf of Vólos (in antiquity the Pagasitic Gulf (1)), Magnesia, Greece (figs. 1, 5, 6). It is situated on an outspur that Mt PIlion (Pelion, height: 1551 m.) sends out in southwestern direction to the shore of the gulf (figs. 2-6). PIlion, commanding the head of the gulf, is the Gorá, "Mountain", a Slavonic word (2) Its outspur, which is a remarkable landmark of the region, is called GorItsa, "Small Mountain" . Compare the way in which Heraclides Cr., in Hellenistic times, referred to it as "the largest outspur of the

mountain" (-oii ... pouç 'i] ycrr ... II, 1; see figs. 2 and 4, and photos 1 and 2. A narrow neck (length: c. 1 km., average width on the top: c. 70 m., average height: c. 150 m.)

connects GorItsa Hill with the flanks of Mt PIlion (fig. 99). GorItsa Hill itself, which lies between 22° 58' and 59' east of Greenwich and 39° 20' north of the equator, is wider: c. 300-450 m. Its upper part is shaped like a plateau which slopes gently in southeastern direction with an average inclination of c. 13%, at an average height of c. 140 m. Along the northwestern flank of the hill it is topped by a steep, long ridge (length: c. 680 m.) of at times only a few metres width at the summit (between c. 2 and 10 rn). Its highest point, where tower 26 was placed, lies exactly 200.00 m. above sea-level. The average inclination of the flanks of GorItsa Hill, including those of the "neck", is c. 30-50%. The fortress lies on the upper part of the hill. It encircles the plateau. The fortification wall takes advantage of the ridge, and encompasses part of the neck in an outwork, covering it over a distance of c. 220 rn. The throughout length of fortress and outwork together is c. 1150 m.

On either side of GorItsa Hill lies a plain (fig. 3). The plain of Agriá and Lekhónia extends in southeastern direction (length c. 7 km., max. width c. 3 km.). To the west of GorItsa lies the plain of Vólos, which reaches to Palátia (Demetrias) and Sésklo in the west and to Melissátika in the north. Its diameter varies between 4 and 9 km. Its shore curves from the Bourboülithra marsh to the base of GorItsa Hill, passing by the Paliá (Kástro) district and modern Vólos itself. It is surrounded by the hills of Palioüri, which stretch between Demetrias and Sésklo (heights between 168 and 415 m.) in the south, the hills of Kápourna (Káprena, GlafiraI) to the north (heights: c. 300-550 m.) and Mt PIlion and GorItsa Hill to the east. By the low Pildftepé Pass (height: c. 130 m.) the plain communicates with the Pelasgiotian Thessalian plain of Velestinó and Lárissa. Its silt soil differs in composition from the loamy soils of the inland plains.

GorItsa Hill consists of limestone of the crystalline variety (geologically a marble). There are karstic phenomena like cracks and caves. For the cave north of street K see sheet 4. For the Cave of Zeus Meilichios see p. 306 with figs. 26 and 113. At the southwestern base of the hill lies the Cave of Panayla

(1) Hdt. VII, 193: "...the gulf that leads to Pagasai" %6kTco-v 'r6v iTct Hwycwfwv cpfpov-ro, Ps.-Scylax 63-65: Hyyn.xç x6X7coç (5x), Strabo IX, 5, 15, p. 436C, alii.

(2) The Slavonic name survives in the toponym Za-gorá "beyond the Mountain". This is the name of a town which is situated on the southeastern flank of Pilion. It is also used for the highest but one peak of the mountain (height: 1468 m.), which lies to the north of Megaló Kotróni, the summit (1551 rn). The name of Zagorá was also associated with (the southern parts of) Mt PIlion in a general way (Gell 1819: 256, 262, Leonárdhos 1836: 116, 118). We use the spelling PIlion when referring to modern times, the spelling Pelion when referring to antiquity.

Russian: gorotschka, goroka. -itsa is partly a modern-Greek suffix. Alongside GorItsa, the spelling GorItza was used in the old days (e.g. FilippIdhis and Konstandás 1791: 213, 225, Leake 1835: 375, Admiralty Chart 1556 [18901], Fredrich 1905: 244). Besides GorItza, Agorftza is found as a variant name in Baedeker 1883: 201 (H.G. Lolling).

GORlTSA HILL

The fortified Gorítsa settlement, the survey and description of which is the subject of this book, lies on the shore of the Gulf of Vólos (in antiquity the Pagasitic Gulf(1)), Magnesia, Greece (figs. 1, 5, 6). It is situated on an outspur that Mt Pílion (Pelion, height: 1551 m.) sends out in southwestern direction to the shore of the gulf (figs. 2-6). Pílion, commanding the head of the gulf, is the Gorá, "Mountain", a Slavonic word (2). Its outspur, which is a remarkable landmark of the region, is called Gorítsa, "Small Mountain" (3). Compare the way in which Heraclides Cr., in Hellenistic times, referred to it as "the largest outspur of the mountain" (xoû ... opouç iq pEyhrnQ ... piÇoc), II, 1; see figs. 2 and 4, and photos 1 and 2.

A narrow neck (length: c. 1 km., average width on the top: c. 70 m., average height: c. 150 m.) connects Gorítsa Hill with the flanks of Mt Pílion (fig. 99). Gorítsa Hill itself, which lies between 22° 58' and 59' east of Greenwich and 39° 20' north of the equator, is wider: c. 300-450 m. Its upper part is shaped like a plateau which slopes gently in southeastern direction with an average inclination of c. 13%, at an average height of c. 140 m. Along the northwestern flank of the hill it is topped by a steep, long ridge (length: c. 680 m.) of at times only a few metres width at the summit (between c. 2 and 10 m.). Its highest point, where tower 26 was placed, lies exactly 200.00 m. above sea-level. The average inclination of the flanks of Gorítsa Hill, including those of the "neck", is c. 30-50%. The fortress lies on the upper part of the hill. It encircles the plateau. The fortification wall takes advantage of the ridge, and encompasses part of the neck in an outwork, covering it over a distance of c. 220 m. The throughout length of fortress and outwork together is c. 1150 m.

On either side of Gorítsa Hill lies a plain (fig. 3). The plain of Agriá and Lekhónia extends in southeastern direction (length c. 7 km., max. width c. 3 km.). To the west of Gorítsa lies the plain of Vólos, which reaches to Palátia (Demetrias) and Sésklo in the west and to Melissátika in the north. Its diameter varies between 4 and 9 km. Its shore curves from the Bourboúlithra marsh to the base of Gorítsa Hill, passing by the Paliá (Kástro) district and modern Vólos itself. It is surrounded by the hills of Palioúri, which stretch between Demetrias and Sésklo (heights between 168 and 415 m.) in the south, the hills of Kápourna (Káprena, Glafiraí) to the north (heights: c. 300-550 m.) and Mt Pílion and Gorítsa Hill to the east. By the low Piláftepé Pass (height: c. 130 m.) the plain communicates with the Pelasgiotian Thessalian plain of Velestinó and Lárissa. Its silt soil differs in composition from the loamy soils of the inland plains.

Gorítsa Hill consists of limestone of the crystalline variety (geologically a marble). There are karstic phenomena like cracks and caves. For the cave north of street K see sheet 4. For the Cave of Zeus Meilichios see p. 306 with figs. 26 and 113. At the southwestern base of the hill lies the Cave of Panayia

Hdt. VII, 193: "...the gulf that leads to Pagasai" (...tòv xóLreov tòv iizì nctyaoiuv cpépov-ca), Ps.-Scylax 63-65: Tla.ya.a-ritwòc, xoXtoç (5 x), Strabo IX, 5, 15, p. 436C, alii.

(2) The Slavonic name survives in the toponym Za-gorá "beyond the Mountain". This is the name of a town which is situated on the southeastern flank of Pílion. It is also used for the highest but one peak of the mountain (height: 1468 m.), which lies to the north of Megaló Kotróni, the summit (1551 m.). The name of Zagorá was also associated with (the southern parts of) Mt Pílion in a general way (Gell 1819: 256, 262, Leonárdhos 1836: 116, 118). We use the spelling Pílion when referring to modern times, the spelling Pelion when referring to antiquity.

'3) Russian: gorotschka, gorocka. -itsa is partly a modern-Greek suffix. Alongside Gorítsa, the spelling Goritza was used in the old days (e.g. Filippidhis and Konstandás 1791: 213, 225, Leake 1835: 375, Admiralty Chart 1556 [18901], Fredrich 1905: 244). Besides Goritza, Agoritza is found as a variant name in Baedeker 1883: 201 (H.G. Lolling).