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Qarakhanid Coins as a Source for theHistory of SaghaniyanMICHAEL FEDOROV

Re c e n t rese arch a nd f re sh d is cover ie s have now made o bso le te th e articlewhich I wrote in 1968 on the history of eleventh century ad Saghaniyan using theQarakhanid coins of the period as a source.1 The present article is an updatetaking account of the new material.2

The medieval principality of Saghaniyan (or Chaghaniyan) was situated in thevalley of the Surkhan Darya river which flows south from the Gissar mountainsinto the Amu Darya (or Oxus). The capital of Saghaniyan was near the moderntown of Denau, about 100 km to the north of Termez. The earliest Qarakhanidcoin of Saghaniyan, a dirham, was minted in ah 395/ad 1004/5. It cited twoQarakhanids: the suzerain Nasir al-Haqq Khan (Tongha Khan Ahmad b. 'Air)and his vassal Mu'ayid al-'Adl Ilek Nasr (b. 'Air, brother of Ahmad) on thereverse. The subvassal Muzaffar Kia was cited on the obverse. Dirhams of thesame type were minted in 396. Some coins of 396 and 397 cited Muzaffar insteadof Muzaffar Kia. Dirhams of 398 cited the suzerain Nasir al-Haqq Khan, thevassal Mu'ayid al-'Adl Ilek Nasr and the subvassal Muzaffar (Kia?) on thereverse. The name of th e s ubva ss al w as therefore transferred from the obverse toa more honourable place on the reverse where the caliph and suzerain were alsocited. The fulus of 398 cited the Qarakhanid suzerain Nasr b. 'Air in the reversefield and Amir al-Jalil Ahmad b. Muhammad in the circular legend. Muzaffarwas cited on the obverse.3 (Kl p. 214, no. 153; p. 215, nos 170-1; p. 217, nos196-7) The fulus of 398 do not cite the supreme Qarakhanid suzerain TonghaKhan Ahmad b. 'AH, though he was cited on the Saghaniyan dirhams of that year.

1 M.N. Fedorov, 'Numizmaticheskie dannye k istorii Saganiana pervoi poloviny XI v.', IstoriiaMaterial'noi Kul'tury Uzbekistana8 (1969), pp. 193-9. For later research see E.A. Davidovich, 'Klad saganianskikh monet vtoroi chelverti XI v. kakistoricheskii istochnik', Pis'mennyePamiatniki Vostoka 1968 (Moscow, 1970), pp. 73-97 = D in text.E.V. Rtveladze, 'K biografii Farrukhi', Khudozhjestvennaia Kul'tura SredneiAzii IX-XHI vekov,(Tashkent, 1983), pp. 177-81. E.V. Rtveladze, 'K istorii Saganiiana pervoi chetverti XI v. ponumizmaticheskim dannym', Epigrafika Vostoka 24 (1988), pp. 48-56. M.N. Fedorov, 'RedkiiSaganianskii fel's iz okrestnostei Uzgenda'. Izvestiia Akaclemii Ntutk Kirgizskoi SSR,Obshchestvennye Nauki 4 (1989), pp. 73-7.3 B.D. Kochnev, 'Svod nadpisei na karakhanidskikh monetakh: antroponimy i tittilatura, I' ,Vosrochnoe istoricheskoe istochnikovedenie i spetsial'nye istoricheskiedistsipliny 4 (Moscow, 1995)= Kl in text. B.D. Kochnev, 'Svod nadpisei na karakhanidskikh monetakh: antroponimy i titulatura,2' Vostochnoe istoricheskoe istochnikovedenie i spetsial'nye istoricheskie distsipliny 5 (Moscow,1997) = K2 in text.

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202 MICHAEL FEDOROV

It w as not unusual f or t he men ti on of one or both suzerains to be omit ted on smallcopper coins which only served as a local petty currency.

Saghaniyan dirhams of 400-24 cited as suzerain both Nasir al-Haqq Khan, thevassal al-Mu'ayrdal-'AdlTlek andthe subvassal Muzaffar (written in smalllettersabove the main legend in the field) on the reverse. Rukn al-Daula was cited on theobverse. The Saghaniyan dirham of 400 from the Qysmychi hoard differed fromother recorded specimens in that both Muzaffar and Rukn al-Daula ( the latterwritten in big letters in the main legend of the field) were cited on the reverse.5

The reverse of the 401 Saghaniyan fulus cited Nasr b. 'Air (field) as suzerain andAmir al-Jalil Ahmad b. Muhammad (circular legend). Muzaffar was cited on theobverse. As with the fulus of 398 the supreme Qarakhanid suzerain Ahmad b. 'Airwas not cited. (Kl p. 217, no. 197) In 402 the Saghaniyan fulus cited Amir Fakhr al-Daula Ahmad b. Muhammad in the reverse circular legend. Muzaffar was againcited in the obverse field. Neither of the Qarakhanid suzerains, Ahmad, or Nasr b.'Al l, were cited. The Qarakhanids, involved in civil war, were unable to conrolSaghaniyan which is why no Qarakhanid suzerein was cited. There are someobscure words in the reverse field. E.V. Rtveladze suggested '(Muha?)mmad b.Nasr' while B.D. Kochnev merely put a question-mark. (Kl p. 223, nos 292-3)6Rtveladze thought that this (Muha?)mmad b. Nasr was the son of Ilek Nasr, but sinceKochnev could see neither Nasr or Muhammad, Rtveladze's reading is doubtful.

In 402 the warring Qarakhanid factions made peace. Soon after, in 403, Nasrdied. His dominions fell to his brother Tongha Khan Ahmad.7 Saghaniyandirhams of 403 cited Nasir al-Haqq Khan (Ahmad b. 'All") as suzerain in thereverse field, and Rukn al-Daula as vassal. Muzaffar was wri tten in small lettersabove the central legend of the reverse field. Saghaniyan fulus of 403 cited thevassal Amir al-Jalal Fakhr al-Daula Ahmad b. Muhammad in the reverse circularlegend and the suzerain Ahmad b. 'Air in the field, with Muzaffar in the obversefield. (Kl.p. 225, nos 313-14) Some Saghaniyan fulus of 405 cited the suzerainAhmad b. 'Air in the reverse field and t he vassa l Amir al- 'Adil Fakhr al-Daula inthe circular legend with Muzaffar in the obverse field.8 Other fulus of 405 ci tedAmu- al-Jalal Fakhr al-Daula Ahmad b. Muhammad in the reverse circular legendand Muzaffar in the obverse field but no Qarakhanid suzerain. (Kl p. 231,no . 390) In 406 Amir al-Jalal Fakhr al-Daula Ahmad b. Muhammad was cited inthe reverse circular legend and Muzaffar in the field. On the obverse twoQarakhanids, Khan Shams al-Daula, and Ilek (superior and immediate suzerain)appeared again. (Kl p. 233, no. 426)

4 F. Schwarz, SNATubingen XIVc: Balkhetc. p. 140, no. 1214.5 M. Fedorov, 'The Qysmychi hoard of Qarakhanid dirhams', NC 160 (2000), pp. 171-202 atp. 190, nos 1-2.6 Rtveladze, 'K istorii Saganiiana'. p. 49.7 V.V. Bartold, Turkestan vepokhu mongol'skogo nashestviia, Sochineniia, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1963).p. 336.

8 M.N. Fedorov, 'Rare Qarakhanid coins from the collections of Bishkek', ONSN 161 (Autumn1999), p. 8.

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QARAKHANID COINS 203In 405 the head of Western Qarakhanids, Ahmad b. 'All, was waging an

unsuccessful war against his brother Shams al-Daula Arslan Khan Mansur. Thecoins minted at th e tim e ind ica te that as a result h e lost c on tro l of Akhslke t andother towns to Arslan Khan. Since Ahmad b. 'AH was not a close neighbour, theruler of Saghaniyan took the opportunity to throw off his allegiance and startedto mint coins as an independent ruler. In 406 he had to recognize Shams al-DaulaKhan (Arslan Khan) as supreme suzerain and Ilek (Arslan Khan's brother, allyand vassal Muhammad b. 'AH) as immediate suzerain on the fu lus which heminted in Saghaniyan.

In 1983 Rtveladze noted that the name and laqab of the Saghaniyan ruler(Faklir ad-Daula Ahmad h. Muhammad) found on Saghaniyan fulus coincidedwith those of Fakhr al-Daula Abu-1-Muzaffar Ahmad b. Muhammad, the ruler ofSaghaniyan and patron of the famous Persian poet Farrukhl.'' Since the kunia (i.e.the statement of the relationship) of this ruler was Abu-1-Muzaffar ('Father ofMuzaffar ') , the vassal Muzaffar, cited on his coins, was most probably his son.This Muzaffar, sometimes with the Persian surname Kid ('guardian of thefrontier' or 'hero') appeared on Saghaniyan dirhams of 395 as a vassal of theQarakhanids and disappeared from the coins struck after 406. Ahmad b.Muhammad appeared on the coins of Saghaniyan as a vassal of the Qarakhanidsand the suzerain of Muzaffar in 398 and also disappeared after 406. During thistime, excluding only part of 405, the four brothers: Qarakhanids Nasir al-HaqqKhan Ahmad b. 'AH, Mu'ayid al-'Adl I lek Nasr b. 'AH, Shams al-Daula ArslanKhan Mansur and Muhammad b. 'AH, were supreme or immediate suzerains ofthe rulers of Saghaniyan. Muhammad b. 'AH, received the title ilek' after thedeath of Nasr in 403. Samarqand coins of 406-7, citing Khan and his vassalMuhmmad b. 'AH flek, show that the anonymous ilek' cited on Saghaniyanfulus dated 406 was Muhammad b. 'AH. (Kl p. 233, no. 427)

It is strange that Muzaffar Kia should have appeared on the coins ofSaghaniyan as a vassal of the Qarakhanids from 395-8, before Ahmad b.Muhammad but, when Ahmad was cited on the coins in 398, Muzaffar wasrelegated to subvassal. Could it be that Ahmad b. Muhammad was absent fromSaghaniyan between and 395-7? On dirhams of 395-8 the hierarchy was asfollows. The supreme Qarakhanid suzerain was Nasir al-Haqq Khan (TonghaKhan Ahmad b. 'AH); the immediate Qarakhanid suzerain was Ilek Nasr b. 'AH(who captured Bukhara in 389, put an end to the Samanid state and created aQarakhanid dominion in Mawarannahr) and the subvassal was Muzaffar Kia.Ahmad b. Muhammad appeared on Saghaniyan fulus of 398 being cited in thecircular legend after the formula Aj ja\ U-o which shows that he was now theruler of Saghaniyan and coins were minted there by his authority. Muzaffar wascited on the obverse where as a rule the vassal or subvassal was cited. It isinteresting that the supreme suzerain Ahmad b. 'AH is not cited on these fulus.

" Rtveladze, 'K biografii Farrukhi '. p. 179.

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204 MICHAEL FEDOROV

Nasr b. 'AH was cited on the reverse as the immediate and only suzerain. Thiswas also the case on the 401 fulus of Saghaniyan. It is strange that Ahmad b.Muhammad was not cited on Saghaniyan dirhams of 400 and 401, so I wouldsuggest that the laqab 'Rukn al-Daula' on these coins belongs to him. Otherwiseit would be very strange for Ahmad b. Muhammad to be cited on fulus as theimmediate ruler of Saghaniyan, but not to be cited on Saghaniyan dirhams struckin the same years.

Some Saghaniyan fulus of 402 cited Fakhr al-DaulaAhmad b. Muhammad andMuzaffar but no Qarakhanid suzerain. This was probably because a Qarakhanidcivil war had broken out. After Ilek Nasr died in 403 the rulers of Saghaniyanwere vassals of Ahmad b. 'AH until 405. For part of 405 they minted inSaghaniyan as independent rulers because civil war had broken out yet again andAhmad b. 'AH had been defeated. In 406 they again became vassals of two newlyvictorious Qarakhanids. This time it was Shams al-Daula Arslan Khan Mansurb. 'AH (supreme suzerain) and Ilek Muhammad b. 'All (immediate suzerain).

In 410 anonymous dirhams were minted in Saghaniyan with no mention of asuzerain or a vassal. (Kl p. 241, no. 534) This is strange because it was a time ofpeace and stability in the Western Qarakhanid khaqanate and all the other mintscited Arslan Khan as suzerain. Could it have been a diplomatic move? Byminting anonymous coins the ruler of Saghaniyan avoided having to choosebetween citing either a Qarakhanid or a Ghaznavid suzerain. Rtveladze mentionsanonymous Saghaniyan dirhams of 414 but, curiously, omits them from his tableof coins of years 395-416.'" If they do really exist, it would mean that such coinswere minted in Saghaniyan not only in 410 but probably up to 414 as well.

Between 414 and 418 most coins of Saghaniyan cited the Qarakhanid Nasir al-Haqq Khan as suzerain. (Kl p. 241, no. 534) One coin of 417 cited ' . . . al-Daula'on the reverse instead, while another of the same year cited Nasir al-Haqq Khanon the reverse and '... al-Daula' on the obverse. (D p. 83, nos 1 and 2) Could this'... al-Daula' be the vassal of Nasir al-Haqq Khan and ruler of Saghaniyan?Davidovich, following O. Pritsak's suggestion that the laqab Nasir al-Haqqbelonged to Ahmad b. 'AH and then to Qadir Khan, deemed that the Nasir al-Haqq Khan cited on coins of Saghaniyan of 414-18, was Qadir Khan. (D p. 85)."The laqab Nasir al-Haqq va al-Din appeared on the coins of Qadir Khan only

after he had conquered vast territories from the Western Qarakhanids in 416-18.The first instances are on fulus of Farghana of 416 and Ishtlkhan of 419. (Klpp. 249-51, nos 416 and 699) I believe Kochnev mistook Ispljab for Ishtlkhan.Likewise an Uzgend coin citing Nasir al-Haqq va al-Din Qadir Khan dated byKochnev to 407 (Kl p. 237, no. 407) was, I believe, minted in 417. The only timeNasir al-Haqq (not Nasir al-Haqq va al-Din) occurs is on a Kashghar coin of 423and never in the combination Nasir al-Haqq Khan.12 On the other hand coins of

10 Rtveladze. 'K biograiii Farrukhi', p. 55 and p. 50 (tables)." O. Pritsak, 'Die Karachaniden', Der Islam 31, 1 (1953) , pp. 27, 32-3.12 T. Mayer. SNA Tubingen XVb, Nord- itndOstzentralasien, p. 64. no. 523.

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QARAKHANID COINS 205Shash dated 415 (Kl p. 248, no. 640) cited Nasir al-Haqq flek al-'Adil 'AH bHasan. Kochnev'-1 thought that the laqab Nasir al-Haqq belonged to 'AH but thisis out of the question because 'AH b. Hasan only started to place the title Khanon his coins in 423. (Kl p. 225, no. 768) The Nasir al-Haqq Khan on the coins ofSaghaniyan was his brother and suzerain Tongha Khan Muhammad, head of theWestern Qarakhanids since 415. The coin of 414 must have been struck using anold die with an obsolete date. In 418 the name of Tongha Khan disappeared fromcoins of Akhslket. The contemporary chronicler BaihaqI wrote that there was awar and Toghan Khan, brother of 'AH Tegin, was killed.w In 418 mention ofNasir al-Haqq Khan also disappeared from the coins of Saghaniyan.

From 418 to 424 most of the coins minted in Saghaniyan (D p. 83, nos 4 and6) were anonymous though some coins of 420 cited a 'Nasr'. (D p. 83, no. 5)These may also have been struck from mis-matched dies, one of them beingobsolete. The minting of anonymous coins in Saghaniyan ceased in 424. Coins of424-6 and 428 cited Malik al- 'Adil Abu al-Qasim. (D p. 83, no. 7) I believe thatNasr (proper name) and Abu al-Qasim (kunia) referred to the same individual: theruler of Saghaniyan, though Rtveladze considered Nasr and Abu al-Qasim to bedifferent persons.15 It could be that Abu al-Qasim came to power in 424 andchanged the policy of his predecesor who had minted anonymous coins.

BeihaqI mentions Abu al-Qasim as a ruler of Saghaniyan in 426 and says thathe was the son-in-law of the Ghaznavid sultan Mas'ud. This ruler of Saghaniyanwas also mentioned in Safar (second month) of 430 (November 1038). But inSha'ban (eighth month) of 430 he was already dead because in Sha'ban Mas'udreceived a letter from Burl Tegin, which said that since the ruler of Saghaniyanhad died young and left no heir, he, Buri Tegin, had taken possession ofSaghaniyan.'61 deem that Abu al-Qasim was the hereditary ruler of Saghaniyan.If so it means that he was the relative of that same F ak hr a d-Daula Abu al-Muzaffar Ahmad b. Muhammad, who was the ruler of Saghaniyan and patron ofthe famous Persian poet Farrukhi.The Qarakhanid prince Burl Tegin Ibrahim, son of Ilek Nasr (conqueror ofBukhara in 389), was the prisoner of Yusuf b. 'AH, son of the ruler of Bukharaand Samarqand 'AH b. Hasan (called 'AH Tegin by BeihaqI). In 429 Burl Teginescaped from Yusuf, gained the suport of the Kenjlne and Kumljl nomads andraised an army of 3,000 horsemen. With that force he captured Saghaniyan in 430and started a war against Yusuf b. 'AH. The coins show that Burl Teginconquered Kesh and Samarqand in 431 and Bukhara in 433.1?

13 B.D. Kochnev, 'Zametki po srednevekovoi numizmatike Srednei Azii. Chast' 2 (Karakhanidy)',lstoriia Material'noi Kul'turyUzbekistana 15 (1979), p. 134.14 Beihaqi, Abu-1-Fazl, Istoriia Mas'uda 1030-1041, trans. A.K. Arendsa. (Tashkent. 1962),

p. 467.15 Rtveladze, 'K biografii Farrukhi'. p. 55."' Beihaqi, Istoriia Mas 'uda, pp. 411, 435, 499 and 504.17 M.N. Fedorov, 'Politicheskaiia istoriia Karakhanidov vo vtoroi polovine XI v.' NE 13 (1980),

pp. 40-2.

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206 M IC HA EL F ED OR O V

These events were also reflected in the coins of Saghaniyan. In 430 and 431Saghaniyan dirhams cited Fakhr al-Daula (or Malik al-Mu'ayyad) Burl Tegin onthe reverse and the vassal 'Ali on the obverse. (Kl p. 261, nos 849, 856, 857) Onsome 431 dirhams 'AH was not cited. Other Saghaniyan dirhams of 431 cited thenew khanian title of Burl Tegin Ibrahim: Tafghach Boghra Khan. (K2 p. 248,no. 863)

There are two strange 431 Saghaniyan coins which cited Malik al- 'Adil Nasr.Davidovich noted that on Saghaniyan coins of 424-6 and 428 the ruler ofSaghaniyan, Abu al-Qasim, was cited with the same title Malik al-'Adil. (D p. 82,p. 84, no. 24, p. 86) This corroborates my opinion that Abu al-Qasim and Nasrwere the same person. We have two equations: Malik al-'Adil = Nasr and Malikal-'Adil = Abu al-Qasim. This would give a third equation: Abu al-Qasim = Nasr,but the Abu al-Qasim who was the ruler of Saghaniyan died in 430 having left noheir. I would argue therefore that these coins were also struck using obsolete diesciting Malik al-'Adil Nasr.

Saghaniyan dirhams of 432 cited Tafghach Khan on the reverse and Mu'ayidal- 'Adl Ibrahim on the obverse. (K2 p. 248, no. 866) Some coins dated 432-4cited an anonymous Khaqan al-Ajall. i.e. Ibrahim b. Nasr. (K2 p. 248, no. 867)Saghaniyan dirhams of 433 cited Mu'ayid al-'Adl Khan, or Tafghach BoghraKhan Ibrahim b. Nasr on the reverse and his vassal 'AH (obverse), or Khaqan al-Ajall (reverse) and his vassal 'AH (obverse). (K2 p. 249, nos 875-7)The dirhams of 434 are the last eleventh century Qarakhanid coins ofSaghaniyan. That same year coins of Saghaniyan cited the Ghaznavid sultanMaudud. (D p. 84, nos 25-6) After his disastrous defeat in the battle ofDandanaqan (8 Ramadan 431/23 May 1040) Mas'ud was killed in Sha'ban432/January 1041 by his mutinous warriors. His son Maudud took revenge on themurderers of his father and stemmed the Seljuq expansion. He retained control ofBalkh and Tirmidh and was acknowledged by the 'king of Turks inMawarannahr' (i.e. Tafghach Khan Ibrahim).'8 The coins corroborate this.Tafghach Khan Ibrahim ceded Saghaniyan to Maudud. A year later, however,Saghaniyan was captured by the Seljuqs: there are 435 Saghaniyan dirhamswhich cite the Seljuq Chaghry Bek Dawud b. Mika' il or [Chaghry Bek Dawud]and Shams al-D|au!a|.

Finally, Kochnev mentions a coin of Saghaniyan (?) minted after 574/1178-9by a certain Arslan Khan. (K2 p. 275, no. 1163) If the mint really is Saghaniyanthis coin means that a Qarakhanid principality existed in Saghaniyan in the lastquarter of the twelfth century ad.

18 Bartold. Turkestan, p. 366.19 B.D. Kochnev. 'A group of coins from a hoard containing eleventh century coins ofSaghaniyan', ONSN 164 (Summer 2000). p. 8.

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QARAKHANID COINSTable 1

Names laqabs and titles on the coins ofSaghaniyanD = Dirham. F = Fals. W = Western Qarakhanid. G = Ghaznavid. S = Seljuk.

207

Yeai Suzerain Vassal Subvassal395 D W. Nasir al-Haqq Khan

(Ahmad b. 'Air)W. Mu'ayfd al-'AdlIlek Nasr (b. 'Air)

Muzaf fa r K ia

396 D The sam e The s ame T he s am e396- 7 D T he sa me T he s am e Muzaf fa r398 D The same The same Muzaffar K i a ?398, 401 F W. Nas r b. 'A i r Ahmad b.

MuhammadMuzaf fa r

402 F ? The same The sam e400- .? D W. Nasir al-Haqq Khan

(Ahmad b. 'Air)W. Mu'ayrd al-'AdlNek Nasr (b. 'Air)

Rukn a l-Dau la andMuzaf fa r

402 F Fakh r a l -Dau l aAhmad b. Muhammad

?

403 D W. Nasir al-Haqq Khan Rukn a l-Dau la Muzaf fa r403 F W. Ahmad b . 'A i r Fakhr al-Daula Ahmad

b. MuhammadT he sa me

405 F The sam e The s ame The same405 F Fakhr a l-Daul a Ahmad

b. MuhammadMuzaf fa r

406 F W. Khan Shams al -Daula(Mansur b. 'All")

W. I lek (Muhammadb. 'Air)

Amad b. Muhammadand Muzaffar

410 D Not ci ted Not ci ted Not ci ted414 - 18 D Nasir al-Haqq Khan? D The same .. . al-Daula?417 D No t c it ed . . . al-Daula?418- 24 D Anonymous Anonymous424 --2 8 D Malik Abu-I-Qasim430 D W. Fakhr al-Daula Buntegrn

(Ibrahnri b. Nasr)Ai r

431 D W. Malik al-Mu'ayyadBuiTtegrn

T he s am e

431? D T he sa me431 D W. Tafghach Boghra Khan432 D W. Mu'ayfd al-'Adl Tafghach

Khan Ibrahim (b. Nasr)Continued

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208 MICHAEL FEDOROVTable 1 Continued

432 -4 D W. Khaqan al Ajall (Ibrahfrn)433 D T he s am e 'A i r433 D W. Tafghach Boghra Khan

Ibrahim b. Nasr The same433 D W. Mu'ayrd al- 'Adl Khan434 D G. Mawdud (b. Mas'ud)435 D S. Chaghry Bek Dawud

b. Mika ' i lSources: B. Kochnev, 'Svod nadpisei na karakhanidskikh monetakh: antroponimy i titulatura 1',Vostochnoe istoricheskoe istochnikovedenie i spetsial'nye istoricheskie distsipliny 4 (Moscow, 1995),nos 153,170-1, 196-7, 239, 292-3, 313-14, 390, 426, 534, 609, 680, 690, 849,855-7; B. Kochnev,'Svod nadpisei na karakhanidskikh monetakh: antroponimy i titulatura 2', Vostochnoe istoricheskoeistochnikovedenie i spetsial'nye istoricheskiedistsipliny 5 (Moscow, 1997) nos 863, 866-7, 875-80;B. Kochnev, 'A group of coins from a hoard containing 1lth century coins of Saghaniyan', ONSN 164(2000), nos 4, 7-8; E. Davidovich. 'Klad saganianskikh monet vtoroi chetverti XI v. kak istoricheskiiistochnik', Pis'mennye Pamiatniki Vostoka 196S (Moscow, 1970), p. 83, nos 4, 6, 7; M. Fedorov,'Rare Qarakhanid Coins from the Collections of Bishkek', ONSN 161 (1999) p. 8, no. 2; F. Schwarz,SNA Tubingen XIVc, Balkh etc., no. 1214.