CLINICAL SIGNS, ANTEMORTEM DIAGNOSTICS, AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN MISHMI TAKIN (BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR TAXICOLOR) Adam D. Naylor, Douglas Richardson, Morag Sellar, Jane Harley, Adrian W. Philbey, Simon J. Girling 49(2), 412-419, (1 June 2018) https://doi.org/10.1638/2017-0215.1

Which of the following is true regarding Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis infection?A) Fecal culture has a low specificityB) It has 2 forms (wet and diphtheritic) C) A heat-inactivated MAP vaccine is availableD) Diarrhea is the earliest clinical sign in Mishmi TakinE) ELISA serologic testing is the gold standard

Answer: C, A- high sensitivity (around 100%- but not really seen in this case), 2 forms in domestic sheep (tuberculoid or paucibacillary, and lepromatous or pleuribacillary ), but in exotic species not always fall in one category or the other; D) Diarrhea was late and not present in all, E. Culture is the gold standard

INTERDIGITAL NECROBACILLOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH TRUEPERELLA PYOGENES IN GOITERED GAZELLES (GAZELLA SUBGUTTUROSA) Göksen Çeçen, Esra K. Buyukcangaz, Ülke G. Çalışkan, Taci I. Cangul, Ezgi Akdesir 49(2), 429-434, (1 June 2018) https://doi.org/10.1638/2017-0050.1

Name the most likely bacterial etiologic agent in the below photo (photo of a goitered gazelle) and the most likely pre-disposing factor.

Grøndahl, C., Andersen-Ranberg, E. U., Mosbacher, J. B., Stelvig, M., Hansen, L. H., & Schmidt, N. M. (2018). Immobilizing muskox (Ovibos moschatus) under high arctic conditions. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine, 49(4), 856-862.

Immobilizing and handling large, free-ranging animals without proper facilities in harsh environmental conditions poses significant challenges. During two field expeditions, a total of 29 female muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) were immobilized in Northeast Greenland (74°N, 20°E). Fixed doses of immobilizing drugs were used regardless of animal size: 2 mg etorphine, 30 mg xylazine, 0.3 mg medetomidine, and 40 mg ketamine. Physiologic and behavioral monitoring was performed during the second expedition on 15 female muskoxen. The observed heart rates were 35–58 beats/min and respiratory rates were 25–30 breaths/min. Mean arterial pressures measured using oscillometry ranged between 117–142 mmHg. Pulse oximeter readings ranged from 91–98% with oxygen supplementation, nasal end-tidal carbon dioxide values were 24–42 mmHg, and rectal temperature ranged from 38.9–39.6°C. Induction time was 6–8 min, recovery time 2–6 min after reversal, and duration of anesthesia was 50–100 min. This anesthetic regime thus provided reliable immobilization with minimal pathophysiologic alterations.

Question:

During a study evaluating the immobilization of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) with etorphine, xylazine, medetomidine, and ketamine under high arctic conditions, which of the following was observed?

A. Induction times were prolonged compared to potent opioid anesthesia regimes.B. Rectal temperatures were lower compared to previous reference ranges.C. Cortisol levels were markedly higher than helicopter-immobilized muskoxen.D. Depth was easily manipulated by drug supplementation or partial reversal.E. Tachycardia, hypotension, and moderate metabolic acidosis was common.

Answer: D

Martinez, M. E., Zimmerman, D., Seeley, K. E., Zhang, L., Bapodra, P., & Cianciolo, R. E. (2019). Systemic amyloidosis in a population of pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 50(1), 147-158.

Abstract: Thirteen pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) from a single captive herd at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium underwent complete or partial necropsies between 1997 and 2016. Ten of the 13 animals had histologic evidence of amyloidosis resulting in a 77% prevalence. Histologic and ultrastructural changes were characterized in an attempt to determine the underlying cause of the amyloid. Amyloid detection was performed through histologic examination of hemotoxylin and eosin and Congo red–stained microscopic slides for all 13 animals. Transmission electron microscopy and mass spectrometry was performed on renal tissue from two animals. Pedigree analysis and retrospective investigation into the clinical histories was performed. Histologically, 9/10 animals had amyloid present in the kidneys, 8/10 in the liver, 9/10 in the spleen, 4/10 in the gastrointestinal tract, 3/10 in the adrenal glands, and 2/10 in the thyroid glands. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated glomerular deposits consistent with amyloid. Mass spectrometry performed on renal specimens from two animals revealed the presence of serum amyloid A. Eight of the 10 animals diagnosed with systemic amyloidosis had a clinical history of haemonchosis (elevated fecal strongyle count), 5/10 were diagnosed with pneumonia postmortem, and 7/10 had postmortem findings consistent with negative energy balance. Serum amyloid A, and β and γ globulin levels were evaluated in four cases of amyloidosis, and all were within normal ranges for healthy domestic cattle. It was possible that the herd's amyloidosis was

associated with a hereditary defect that could be exacerbated by chronic inflammation. However, there was no significant association between the mean degree of relatedness and presence of amyloidosis. In conclusion, systemic amyloidosis in this captive population of pronghorn is common. It is likely reactive and secondary to underlying chronic inflammation caused by haemonchosis and/or pneumonia.

Question:

Which of the following immunohistochemical stains is used to confirm a diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis?

A. Masson’s trichromeB. Jones’s methenamine silverC. Congo redD. Periodic acid-SchiffE. Acid-fast

Answer: C

Bartlett, S. L., Arheart, K. L., & Garner, M. M. (2019). Retrospective analysis of mortality in captive bongo (tragelaphus eurycerus), 1995–2015. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 50(2), 303-307.

Abstract: A retrospective histologic study was performed for 96 deceased bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) submitted to Northwest ZooPath from 1995 to 2015. Histologic data were assessed for associations with sex, age, cause of death/euthanasia, and affected organ systems. Female bongo lived significantly longer than males. Males were more likely to die from infectious causes (41.2%), whereas most females died from chronic noninfectious conditions (54.4%) and trauma/stress (28.1%). Of those that died from infectious disease, the respiratory tract was the most commonly affected organ system. The most common infectious agents included acid-fast bacteria and fungi. Chronic conditions included amyloidosis (31.0%), inanition/emaciation (23.8%), and neoplasia (21.4%). Of the 31 animals that died with amyloidosis, 58% appeared to be clinically affected, and amyloidosis was likely an underlying cause of death in 42% of the animals. The most commonly affected organs included the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal tract. Also noteworthy was a high prevalence of adrenal gland hyperplasia and neoplasia, cystic thyroid glands, and aspiration pneumonia, which were not consistently associated with a prior anesthetic event or other obvious predisposing cause.

Question: Which of the following is true regarding an analysis of mortality in captive bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus)?

A. The majority of females died from aspiration pneumonia.B. Males were more likely to die from infectious causes.

C. Neonatal animals died more often from amyloidosis.D. All adults were particularly susceptible to liver disease.E. Rhodococcus equi was the most common cause of pneumonia.

Answer: B

HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THYROID GLAND NEOPLASMS IN THOMSON'S GAZELLES (EUDORCUS THOMSONII)

French SJ, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2018 Mar;49(1):64-9.

Among ventral neck tumors in Thomson’s gazelles, which histologic diagnosis was the most common?

A. Microfollicular thyroid adenoma B. Solid thyroid adenoma C. Papillary thyroid adenomaD. Thyroid carcinoma E. Parathyroid adenoma

Answer: D

CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WILD IMPALA (AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS) DURING INTENSIVE IMMOBILIZATION AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA STUDY TRIALS

Zeiler GE, Meyer LC. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2017 Dec;48(4):1058-71.

Name 5 recommendations for enclosures to provide safe and effective confinement of wild-caught impala for short term research.

Answer: Name any of the following… Having adequate size for the number of animals Having space for a latrine separate from feeding, drinking, and resting areas Provision of shelter Internal partitions with high walls to allow sense of escape Interleading swing gates allowing confinement to one part of the enclosure High walls to prevent escape and injury through jumping Ample gates to allow access to both boma partitions from outside Allowance of adequate ventilation

DISTAL LIMB SWELLING AND PERIOSTEAL PRODUCTIVE REACTION IN PERIPARTURIENT SICHUAN TAKIN (BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR TIBETANA): FIVE CASES OF PRESUMPTIVE HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 50(2): 437–446, 2019

Question:

A female Sichuan takin is being evaluated for lameness. The following radiograph was taken during an immobilization. What is a possible cause of the radiographic lesion, assuming the lesion is seen in other limbs? What are possible causes of this disease process?

VALIDATION OF IMMUNOCRIT AS A DIAGNOSTIC TEST TO DETECT FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY IN HAND-REARED NONDOMESTIC RUMINANT NEONATES

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 50(3): 627–633, 2019

Question:

Which of the following is true with regards to the diagnosis of failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPI) in non-domestic ruminants?

a) Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the primary immunoglobulin measured to diagnose FPIb) The radial immunodiffusion test enables direct measurement of passive transfer of

immunity and is not species specificc) Immunocrit was found to be a reliable diagnostic test for FPI in springboks (Antidorcas

marsupialis)d) The passive transfer of immunity cutoff point of serum IgM is 2,000 mg/dle) Immunocrit is a non-species-specific test that can be used to diagnose FPI

RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN CAPTIVE GAZELLE SPECIES

Kadie Anderson, Michael Garner, Nancy Stedman

J Zoo Wildl Med, 47 (1), 113-9 Mar 2016

Based on a retrospective pathology review, which species has the highest incidence of thyroid neoplasia?

a. Dorcas gazelle, Gazella dorcasb. Grant's gazelle, Nanger grantic. Soemmerring's gazelled. Thomson's gazelle, Eudorcas thomsoniie. Speke's gazelle, Gazella spekei

THE EFFECT OF A SLOW-RELEASE FORMULATION OF ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (ACUNIL®) ON CAPTIVE BLUE WILDEBEEST (CONNOCHAETES TAURINUS) BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

Liesel L Laubscher, Louwrens C Hoffman, Neville I Pitts, Jacobus P Raath

J Zoo Wildl Med, 47 (2), 514-22 Jun 2016

Which of the following is an anticipated consequence of administering Acunil (zuclopenthixol acetate) to wildebeest?

a. Mild extrapyramidal signsb. Decreased time eatingc. Injection site reactiond. Increased groominge. Decreased respiratory rate

BILIRUBIN CONCENTRATIONS IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY AND DISEASED CAPTIVE WATERBUCK (KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS) AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO SAFARI PARK

Ryan A Sadler, Nadine Lamberski, Mary M Christopher

J Zoo Wildl Med, 47 (2), 523-30 Jun 2016

A waterbuck with a moderate lameness has a total bilirubin of 10.1 g/dL. What is the most likely interpretation of this result?

a. Fasted stateb. Normalc. Hemolytic anemiad. Cholestasise. Gastrointestinal disease