NA’VI - ENGLISH DICTIONARY v. 11.293

Compiled by Taronyu (Richard Littauer)www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: August 13th, 2010

This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer forthe film Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Frommer. Thanksare certainly to be given to the following people for their monumental efforts: Dr. Frommer,Tuiq, and everyone on the IRC, Skype, TeamSpeak, and the Learn Na’vi site who uses thisdocument.

Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Frommer has been maintainedthroughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loanwords from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the officialcorpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situatedafter it.

Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-tical categorisation: parentheses indicate «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»onare the positions: I have included periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dotsto show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii).Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, ortheir transitivity is unable to be deduced. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes willbe assumed. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subject only to personal prefe-rence, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that holdfurther information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary+ = leniting morpheme boundary« » = infix morphemeadj. = adjectiveadp. = adpositionadv. = adverbconj. = conjunctionc.w. = compound worddem. = demonstrativeintj. = interjection

inter. = interrogativen. = nounnum. = numberpart. = particlepn. = pronounprop. n. = proper nounv. = verbsvin. = stative intransitive verbvtr. = transitive verbvin. = intransitive verb

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorised by Parts of Speech are pro-vided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian,German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations inother languages available.

1

Sources

I have sourced every word as best as I could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the IPAtranscription, and tells where I, or the source from which I received a word, initially got theirword from Frommer. In early March, Frommer sent us a list of words which he had: these arethe definitive source now, and not the ASG. Some words are not present in that list, but havebeen confirmed by Frommer if they are here. Words that are modified by unproductive affixesare included here if Frommer has used them: words that have a modified semantic meaningdue to a productive affix have also been included likewise. In order of canonicity, from mostto least:

• PF = Paul Frommer• M = The Movie• JC = James Cameron• G = the Avatar Games• ASG = The Survival Guide

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words whichare illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up manywords, which Frommer then legalised. Frommer legalised some pronounciation errors madeduring filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon regardless. Finally, Frommer has deigned so-me constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL forRichard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, and CM and Skxawng. LN isfor LearnNavi, where the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables alwaysuse a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is norule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [>tsun] or [>tsUn],but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI

ˆ], [aI

ˆ], [EU

ˆ], and [aU

ˆ].

Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Frommer, the divisions have been split in ac-cordance with the Maximum Onset Principle.

I have edited this dictionary too many times not to assume that it will have errors. Rutxe, ifyou note any, let me know here, and I will change them. As for version number, I’ll change thefirst digit when there is a big change. I’ll update .0x0 when I make a significant, but not largechange. Finally, I’ll edit the .00x number when I’ve made tiny edits. Refer to the Change Logfor explanation.

Many, many thanks are to be given to Tuiq, who took the time and had the skill to put thisdictionary into an online database, to help other translators and make the process of changingthis dictionary much easier.

2

P

’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] PF adj. a few, several (Usedwith countable nouns in the singular form)

’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] PF v. touch’ango: ["Pa.No] PF adj. soft (of a sound)’aw: [Paw] PF num. one’awkx: [Pawk’] PF n. cliff’awlie: [Paw."li.E] PF adv. once (in the past)’awlo: ["Paw.lo] PF adv. once’awm: [Pawm] PF n. camp’awpo: ["Paw.po] PF pn. one individual’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] PF adv. together (c.w.

from ’aw one and teng same, equal)’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] PF vtr. join two

things together (ii) (c.w. from ’awsiteng to-gether and yem put)

’awve: ["Paw.vE] PF adj. first (ordinal) (derivedfrom ’aw one)

’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] PF adj. complete’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. move’e’al: ["PE.Pal] PF adj. worst’efu: ["P·E.f·u] PF vtr. feel, sense, perceive’eko: ["P·E.k·o] PF v. attack’ekong: ["PE.koN] PF n. beat (rhythmic)’em: [P·Em] PF vtr. cook’engeng: ["PEN.EN] PF adj. level’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] PF adj. ceremonious’eveng: ["PE.vEN] PF n. child’evi: ["PE.vi] PF n. kid (affectionate form of

’eveng child)

’ewan: ["PE.wan] PF adj. young’ewll: ["PE.wl

"] PF n. plant

’eylan: ["PEj.lan] PF n. friend’eyng: [P·EjN] PF v. answer, respond’eyt: [PEjt^] PF n. the symbol 8 (not the value

eight)’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] PF vin. end, conclude’ia: ["P·i.·a] PF vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)’it: [Pit^] PF n. bit, a small amount’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,PF n. son’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,PF n. daughter’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.

>tsjIp^] PF n. little daughter (term

of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] PF vin. remain, stay’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] PF n. spiral’ok: [Pok^] PF n. remembrance’okrol: [Pok."Rol] PF n. history (ancient) (deri-

ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)’okvur: [Pok."vuR] PF n. history (non-ancient)

(derived from ’ok remembrance and vur sto-ry)

’ong: [P·oN] PF v. unfold, blossom’opin: ["Po.pin] PF n. color, colour’ora: ["Po.Ra] PF n. lake’u: [Pu] PF n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)’uo: ["Pu.o] PF pn. something’upe: ["Pu.pE] PF inter. what (thing) (c.w. from

’u thing and pe inter. marker)’upxare: [Pu."p’a.RE] PF n. message

A

–a–: [a] PF adjectival attributive markera: [a] PF pn. which, thatalaksi: [a."lak.si] PF adj. readyalìm: [a."lIm] PF adv. far away, at a distance (de-

rived from lìm far, be far)alo: [a."lo] PF n. time, turn, instance, one of a

number of repeated or recurring actionsalu: ["a.lu] PF conj. that is, in other words (de-

rived from a attributive marker and lu be)(Used for adpositions)

alunta: [a."lun.ta] PF conj. because, from the rea-son

apxa: [a."p’a] PF adj. largeasim: [a."sim] PF adv. nearby, at close range (de-

rived from sim near, be near)

atan: [a."tan] JC n. lightatanvi: [a."tan.vi] PF n. ray (derived from atan

light)atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP^] JC n. seeds of the

great treeatxkxe: [at’."k’E] PF n. landau: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternationaungia: [a."u.Ni.a] PF n. sign, omenawnga: [aw."Na] PF pn. we (derived from ayo-

eng we)ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] PF pn. they (derived

from po he, she)aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] PF pn. to the others (contrac-

tion of ay+lahe–ru)

3

aynga: [aj."Na] PF pn. you all, you (pl.) (derivedfrom nga you)

ayoe: [aj."o.E] PF pn. we, us (exclusive) (derivedfrom oe I)

ayoeng: [aj."wEN] PF pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-es)

ayu: [a."ju] PF n. things (derived from ’u thing)(never plural u)

Ä

äie: [æ."i.E] PF n. vision (spiritual)äo–: ["æ.o] PF adp. belowätxäle: [æ."t’æ.lE] PF n. request

ätxäle si: [æ."t’æ.lE s·i] PF vin. request (withtsnì clause for object) (c.w. from ätxäle re-quest and si make)

E

ean: ["E.an] PF adj. blue, greenekxan: [E."k’an] PF n. barricade, obstructioneltu: ["El.tu] PF n. braineltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] Prr n. computer

(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] PF vin. be

interesting, intriguing (c.w. from eltu-r brain(dative) and tìtxen awakeness)

eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] PF vin. pay attention, quit goo-fing off (c.w. from eltu brain and si do, make)

emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] PF v. pass (a test), over-come (c.w. from za’u come)

eo–: ["E.o] PF adp. before, in front of (place)etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] PF adj. favourable, favorable,

auspiciouseyawr: [Ej."awR] PF adj. correct, righteyk: [·Ejk^] JC,PF v. leadeyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from

eyk lead)

F

fa–: [fa] PF adp. with, by means offahew: [fa."hEw] PF n. smellfay+: [faj] PF prefix these (c.w. from fì this and

ay+ plural)fäpa: ["fæ.pa] PF n. topfewi: ["f·E.w·i] PF vtr. chasefì–: [fI] PF prefix thisfì’u: [fI."Pu] PF pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u

thing)fìfya: [fI."fja] PF adv. this way, like this (derived

from fya’o path)fìkem: [fI."kEm] PF pn. this (action) (derived

from kem action, deed)fìpo: ["fI.po] PF pn. this one (person or thing)

(derived from po he, she)fìtrr: [fI."tr

"] PF adv. today (derived from trr day)

fìtseng(e): [fI.">tsEN(E)] PF adv. here, this place(derived from tseng place)

fìtxan: [fI."t’an] PF adv. so, to such an extent (de-rived from txan great, much)

fìtxon: [fI."t’on] PF adv. tonight (derived fromtxon night)

fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] PF v. peel

fkay: [fkaj] PF adj. hatefulfkew: [fkEw] PF adj. mightyfkip–: [fkip^] PF adp. up amongfko: [fko] PF pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-

specified agent)fkxake: ["fk’·a.k·E] PF v. itchfkxen: [fk’En] PF n. vegetable (food)flä: [fl·æ] PF vin. succeedflew: [flEw] PF n. throatfmal: [fm·al] PF vtr. sustainfmawn: [fmawn] PF n. news, something to reportfmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] PF v. testfmi: [fm·i] PF vtr. try, attempt (with the subjun-

ctive)fnawe’: [fna."wEP^] PF adj. cowardlyfnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] PF n. coward (derived

from fnawe’ cowardly)fne–: [fnE] PF prefix kind, type (derived from

fnel kind, type)fnel: [fnEl] PF n. kind, typefnepe: ["fnE.pE] PF inter. which kind allomorph

of pefnelfngap: [fNap^] PF n. metal

4

fnu: [fn·u] PF v. quiet, be quietfo: [fo] PF pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted

plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)fpak: [fp·ak^] PF v. hold off, suspend actionfpe’: [fp·EP^] PF vtr. sendfpeio: [fpE."i.o] PF n. challenge (ceremonial)fpi+: [fpi] PF adp. for the sake of, for the benefit

offpìl: [fp·Il] PF vtr. thinkfpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] PF n. thought pattern, way of

thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)fpom: [fpom] PF n. well-being, peace, happinessfpomtokx: [fpom."tok’] PF n. health (physical)

(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)fpxäkìm: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] PF v. enterfra’u: ["fRa.Pu] PF pn. everything (derived from

’u thing)frakrr: ["fRa.kr

"] PF adv. always, all the time (de-

rived from krr time)fralo: [fRa."lo] PF n. every time, every instance,

each time (derived from alo time)frapo: ["fRa.po] PF pn. everyone (derived from

po he/she)frato: ["fRa.to] PF superlative marker than allfratrr: [fRa."tr

"] PF adv. daily, every day (derived

from trr day)fratseng: ["fRa.

>tsEN] PF adv. everywhere (deri-

ved from tseng place)fratxon: [fRa."t’on] PF adv. every night (derived

from txon night)frawzo: [fRaw."zo] PF intj. all is well, everything

is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everythingand zo be well)

frìp: [fR·Ip^] PF vtr. bitefrrfen: ["f·r

".f·En] PF vtr. visit

frrtu: ["fr".tu] PF n. guest, visitor

ftang: [ft·aN] PF v. stopftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr

"] PF n. past (c.w.

from ft«awn»em pass by (passive participleform) and krr time)

ftär: [ftæR] PF adj. left (not right)

fte: [ftE] PF conj. so that, in order to (withsubjunctive verb in dependant clause)

fteke: ["ftE.kE] PF conj. so that not, lest (c.w.from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-ctive verb in dependant clause)

ftem: [ft·Em] PF vtr. pass by (something)ftia: [ft·i.·"a] PF v. studyftu–: [ftu] PF adp. from (direction)ftue: ["ftu.E] PF adj. easy, simpleftxavang: ["ft’a.vaN] PF adj. passionateftxey: [ft’·Ej] PF vtr. chooseftxey: [ft’Ej] PF conj. whether, orftxì: [ft’I] PF n. tongueftxìlor: [ft’I."loR] PF adj. delicious, good tasting

(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)ftxìvä’: [ft’I."væP^] PF adj. bad tasting (c.w. from

ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)ftxozä: [ft’o."zæ] PF n. celebration, happy occa-

sionfu: [fu] PF conj. orfuke: [fu."kE] PF conj. or not (c.w. from fu or

and ke not)furia: ["fu.Ri.a] PF conj. that (subordinate clause

marker) (c.w. from fì’uri this (topical) and arelative clause marker)

futa: ["fu.ta] PF conj. that (subordinate clausemarker) (c.w. from fì’u-t this (accusative) anda relative clause marker)

fwa: [fwa] PF conj. that (subordinate clause mar-ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (nominative) and arelative clause marker)

fwel: [fwEl] PF adj. brokenfwew: [fw·Ew] PF vtr. look for, seek, searchfya’o: ["fja.Po] PF n. path, way, mannerfyape: ["fja.pE] PF inter. how allomorph of pe-

fyafyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t’·u] PF vin. guide (with

dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o pathand wìntxu show)

fyeyn: [fjEjn] PF adj. ripe, mature, adultfyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] PF n. adult person (derived

from fyeyn ripe, mature)

H

ha: [ha] PF adv. so, in that caseha’ngir: [haP."NiR] PF n. afternoonhahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] PF vin. sleepham: [ham] PF adj. previous

hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] PF adv. last time (c.w. fromham previous and alo time)

hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] PF vin. laugh

hapxì: [ha."p’I] PF n. part

5

hapxìtu: [ha."p’I.tu] PF n. member (c.w. fromhapxì part)

hasey: [ha."sEj] PF adj. done, finishedhawl: [h·awl] PF v. preparehawng: [hawN] PF n. overabundancehawngkrr: ["hawN.kr

"] PF adv. late (c.w. from

hawng overabundance and krr time)hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] PF v. protect, shelterhay: [haj] PF adj. nexthayalo: [ha."ja.lo] PF adv. next time (c.w. from

hay next and alo time)hek: [h·Ek^] PF vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-

expectedhewne: ["hEw.nE] PF adj. soft (of an object)heyn: [h·Ejn] PF vin. sithiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] PF adj. funny, strangehì’ang: ["hI.PaN] PF n. insect (c.w. from hì’i

small and ioang animal)

hì’i: ["hI.Pi] PF adj. small, little (in size)hìkrr: ["hI.kr

"] PF n. second, very short time (c.w.

from hì’i little, small and krr time)hìm: [hIm] PF adj. small (in quantity)hìmtxampe: [hIm."t’am.pE] PF inter. how much

allomorph of pìmtxanhìmtxan: [hIm."t’an] PF n. amount (c.w. from

hìm small and txan much)hol: [hol] PF adj. fewholpxay: [hol."p’aj] PF n. number (c.w. from

hol few and pxay many)holpxaype: [hol."p’aj.pE] PF inter. how many

(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)hrrap: ["hr

".ap^] PF n. danger

hu–: [hu] PF adp. with (accompaniment)hufwa: [hu."fwa] PF conj. althoughhufwe: [hu."fwE] PF n. windhum: [h·um] PF v. leave, depart

I

i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrumentio–: ["i.o] PF adp. aboveioang: [i."o.aN] PF n. animal, beast

irayo: [i."Raj.o] JC n., intj. thank you, thanksirayo si: [i."Raj.o s·i] PF vin. thank, give thanks

(c.w. from irayo thanks and si make)

Ì

ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] PF adp. by, via, following ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry

K

ka–: [ka] PF adp. acrosskakrel: [kak."REl] PF adj. blind (derived from

rel image, picture)kalin: [ka."lin] PF adj. sweetkaltxì: [kal."t’I] PF intj. hellokame: ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. see, see into, understand,

know (spiritual sense)kan: [k·an] PF v. aimkangay: [ka."Naj] PF adj. valid (cognate with

ngay true)kanu: ["ka.nu] PF adj. smart, intelligent (for a

person)kar: [k·aR] PF v. teachkaryu: ["kaR.ju] PF n. teacher (derived from kar

teach)kato: ["ka.to] PF n. rhythmkavuk: [ka."vuk^] PF n. treacherykavuk si: [ka."vuk^ s·i] PF vin. betray (c.w. from

kavuk treachery and si make)

kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] PF adv. at all, not at all (seeke...kaw’it not...at all) (c.w. from ke ’aw notone and ’it bit)

kawkrr: ["kaw.kr"] PF adv. never (c.w. from ke

’aw not one and krr time)kawng: [kawN] PF adj. bad, evilkawtu: ["kaw.tu] PF pn. no-one (c.w. from ke

’aw not one and tute person)kaym: [kajm] PF n. evening (before twilight), late

afternoonkä: [k·æ] PF vin. gokä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. push (c.w. from

kä go and ’ärìp move)kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] PF v. ride out (c.w.

from kä go and makto ride)käpxì: [kæ."p’I] PF n. rear (part or section) (c.w.

from kä go and hapxì part)käsatseng: [kæ."sa.

>tsEN] PF adv. out there (c.w.

from kä go and tseng place)

6

ke: [kE] PF adv. notke’aw: [kE."Paw] PF adj. divided, torn apart,

strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)ke’u: ["kE.Pu] PF pn., adv. nothing, nothing at

all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing)kea: ["kE.a] PF adj. no (before a noun)keftxo: [kE."ft’o] PF adj., intj. unhappy, upset,

’How sad!’kefyak: [kE."fjak^] PF,Prr part. isn’t it?, right?

(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-tion marker)

kehe: ["kE.hE] PF adv. nokelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok’] PF adj. unhealt-

hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)kelku: ["kEl.ku] PF n. home, housekelku si: ["kEl.ku s·i] PF vin. live, dwell (c.w.

from kelku home and si make)keltsun: [kEl."

>tsun] PF adj. impossible (c.w.

from ke not and tsun be able)kem: [kEm] PF n. thing (action), deedkemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] PF n. verb (c.w. from kem

action and lì’u word)kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] PF n. infix (derived

from kemlì’u verb)kempe: ["kEm.pE] PF inter. what (action) allo-

morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action,deed)

kem si: [kEm s·i] PF vin. do (c.w. from kem ac-tion, deed and si do)

keng: [kEN] PF adv. even, so much askenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] PF v. model, re-

present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not andnong follow)

kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] PF adj. dead (c.w. from kenot and r«us»ey alive (participial infix))

keteng: ["kE.tEN] PF adj. different (c.w. from kenot and teng same, equal)

ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] PF n. alienkew: [kEw] PF num. zerokewong: ["kE.woN] PF adj. alien

key: [kEj] PF n. facekeyawr: [kE."jawR] PF adj. incorrect, not right

(c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] PF n. insanityki: [ki] PF conj. but rather, but insteadkifkey: [ki."fkEj] PF n. world (physical, solid)kilvan: [kil."van] PF n. riverkin: [k·in] PF v. needkinam: [ki."nam] PF n. legkinamtil: [ki."nam.til] PF n. knee (c.w. from ki-

nam leg and til joint)kinä: ["ki.næ] PF num. sevenkip–: [kip^] PF adp. amongkive: ["ki.vE] PF adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived

from kinä seven)kì’ong: [kI."PoN] PF adj. slowkìm: [k·Im] PF v. spinkìng: [kIN] PF n. threadkìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] PF n. servicekllfro’: [kl

"."fR·oP^] PF v. be responsible

kllkä: [kl"."k·æ] PF v. descend (c.w. from kä go)

kllkulat: [kl"."k·u.l·at^] PF v. dig up

kllkxem: [kl"."k’·Em] PF v. stand

kllpa: ["kl".pa] PF n. bottom

kllpxìltu: [kl"."p’Il.tu] PF n. territory

kllte: ["kl".tE] PF n. ground

klltseng: ["kl".>tsEN] PF n. position (c.w. from

tseng place)ko: [ko] PF part. solicit agreementkoak: ["ko.ak^] PF adj. old, aged (for living

things)kop: [kop^] PF adv. too, alsokoren: [ko."REn] PF n. rule, guidelinekrr: [kr

"] PF n. time

krrnekx: [kr"."n·Ek’] PF v. take/consume time (ii)

(c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)krrpe: ["kr

".pE] PF inter. when allomorph of pe-

hrr (c.w. from krr time)ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] PF adj. heavy (physical weight)kurakx: [k·u."R·ak’] PF v. drive out

Kx

kxa: [k’a] PF n. mouthkxam: [k’am] PF n. middle, midpointkxamlä–: ["k’am.læ] PF adp. through (via the

middle of) (derived from kxam middle)

kxamtrr: ["k’am.tr"] PF n. mid-day, noon (c.w.

from kxam middle and trr day)

kxamtrrmaw: ["k’am.tr".maw] PF n. the time

immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w.from kxamtrr noon and maw after)

kxamtseng: ["k’am.>tsEN] PF n. center, place in

the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tsengplace)

7

kxamtxomaw: ["k’am.t’o.maw] PF n. after mid-night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight andmaw after)

kxamtxon: ["k’am.t’on] PF n. midnight (c.w.from kxam middle and txon night)

kxangangang: ["k’aN.aN.aN] PF intj. boom (ono-matopoeic)

kxanì: ["k’a.nI] PF adj. forbiddenkxawm: [k’awm] PF adv. perhaps, maybekxayl: [k’ajl] PF adj. highkxener: ["k’E.nER] PF n. smoke

kxetse: ["k’E.>tsE] PF n. tail

kxeyey: ["k’E.jEj] PF n. error, mistakekxitx: [k’it’] PF n. deathkxll: [k’l

"] PF n. charge, running attack

kxll si: [k’l"

s·i] PF vin. charge (c.w. from kxllcharge and si make)

kxu: [k’u] PF n. harmkxuke: ["k’u.kE] PF adj. safe (c.w. from kxu

harm and ke not)kxutu: ["k’u.tu] PF n. enemy (derived from kxu

harm)

L

lahe: ["la.hE] PF adj. other, elselam: [l·am] PF vin. seem, appearlapo: ["la.po] PF pn. other one (person or thing)

(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)laro: ["la.Ro] PF adj. cleanlatem: ["l·a.t·Em] PF vin. change (l«eyk»atem

vtr. change)latsi: [l·a."

>ts·i] LA v. keep up with someone

law: [law] PF adj. clear, certainlayon: [la."jon] PF adj. blackle–: [lE] PF adjective deriving affixlefkrr: [lEf."kr

"] PF adj. current (derived from

fìkrr this time)lefngap: [lE."fNap^] PF adj. metallic (derived

from fngap metal)lefpom: [lE."fpom] PF adj. happy, peaceful, joy-

ous (not for people) (derived from fpom hap-piness, peace)

lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok’] PF adj. healthy (de-rived from fpomtokx health)

lehawng: [lE."hawN] PF adj. excessive (derivedfrom hawng overabundance)

lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr"] PF adj. late (derived

from hawngkrr late)lehrrap: [lE."hr

".ap^] PF adj. dangerous (derived

from hrrap danger)lek: [l·Ek^] PF v. heed, obeylekin: [lE."kin] PF adj. necessary (derived from

kin need)lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] PF adj. lawlike (derived

from koren rule)lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] PF adj. insane, crazy

(derived from keye’ung insanity)lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] PF adj. patient (de-

rived from maweypey be patient)

len: [l·En] PF vin. happen, occurleNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] PF adj. having to do with the

Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-ople)

lenomum: [lE."no.mum] PF adj. curious (deri-ved from newomum be curious)

lerìk: [lE."RIk^] PF adj. leafy (derived from rìkleaf )

lertu: ["lER.tu] PF n. colleaguelesar: [lE."saR] PF adj. useful (derived from sar

use)letam: [lE."tam] PF adj. sufficient (derived from

tam suffice)letrr: [lE."tr

"] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)

letrrtrr: [lE."tr".tr

"] PF adj. ordinary (derived

from trr day)letsranten: [lE.">tsRan.tEn] PF adj. important

(derived from tsranten matter)letsunslu: [lE.">tsun.slu] PF adj. possible (deri-

ved from tsunslu may, be possible)lew: [lEw] PF n. cover, lidlew si: [lEw s·i] PF vin. cover (c.w. from lew

cover and si make)leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr

"] PF adj. early (derived from

ye’krr early)lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] PF n. language (c.w. from lì’u

word and fya’o way)lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP^] PF n. language group,

language users (c.w. from lì’fya language andolo’ clan)

lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] PF n. expression, bit of lan-guage (derived from lì’fya language)

lì’u: ["lI.Pu] PF n. wordlì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] PF n. accent (c.w. from

lì’u word and pam sound)

8

lì’upe: [lI."Pu.pE] PF inter. what (word, utteran-ce) allomorph of pelì’u

lìm: [l·Im] PF svin. far, be farlìng: [l·IN] PF vin. float in the air, hoverlok: [l·ok^] PF v. approachlok–: [l·ok^] PF adp. close tolonu: [l·o."n·u] PF vtr. release, let golor: [loR] PF adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses

(non-human)lrrtok: ["lr

".tok^] PF n. smile

lrrtok si: ["lr".tok^ s·i] PF vin. smile (c.w. from

lrrtok smile and si make)

lu: [l·u] PF vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-session with dative of possessor)

luke–: ["lu.kE] PF adp. withoutlumpe: ["lum.pE] PF inter. why allomorph of

pelun

lun: [lun] PF n. reason

M

ma: [ma] PF part. O (vocative marker)makto: ["m·ak.t·o] PF v. ridemaw–: [maw] PF adp. after (time)mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calmmaweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] PF svin. be patient

(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)mawkrr: ["maw.kr

"] PF adv. after, afterwards

(c.w. from maw after and krr time)me’em: [mE."PEm] PF adj. harmoniousmefo: ["mE.fo] PF pn. they, those two (derived

from me+ dual marker and po he/she)mekre: ["mEk.RE] PF n. suppliesmelo: ["mE.lo] PF adv. twice (derived from me+

dual marker and alo time)menari: [mE."na.Ri] PF n. eyes (two) (derived

from me+ dual and nari eye)meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] PF n. harmo-

ny, living at one with naturemeuia: [mE."u.i.a] PF n. honor (honour)meyp: [mEjp^] PF adj. weakmi: [mi] PF adv. yet, still, as beforemikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. earmip: [mip^] PF adj. newmì+: [mI] PF adp. in, onmìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] PF n., adv. insidemìkam–: [mI."kam] PF adp. betweenmìn: [m·In] PF v. turnmìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner (derived from

mìn turn)

mìso: [mI."so] PF adv. away (position) (derivedfrom mì in)

mllte: [m·l"."t·E] PF v. agree

moe: ["mo.E] PF pn. we two, us two (exclusive)(derived from me+ dual and oe I)

mokri: ["mok.Ri] PF n. voicemowan: [mo."wan] PF adj. pleasing, enjoyable

(physically, sexually)mrr: [mr

"] PF num. five

mrrve: ["mr".vE] PF adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived

from mrr five)muiä: [mu."i.æ] PF adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-

edmun’i: [m·un."P·i] PF v. cutmune: ["mu.nE] PF num. twomunge: ["m·u.N·E] PF vtr. take, bringmungwrr–: [muN."wr

"] PF adp. except

muntxa: [mun."t’a] PF adj. mated, marriedmuntxa si: [mun."t’a s·i] PF vin. mate (with so-

meone), marry (c.w. from muntxa mated andsi do, make)

muntxatan: [mun."t’a.tan] PF n. husband, malespouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)

muntxate: [mun."t’a.tE] PF n. wife, femalespouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)

muntxatu: [mun."t’a.tu] PF n. spouse (derivedfrom muntxa mated)

muve: ["mu.vE] PF adj. second (ordinal) (deri-ved from mune two)

N

na–: [na] PF adp. like, as

na’rìng: ["naP.RIN] PF n. forest

nafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] PF adj. such (c.w. from na asand fì’u this)

nang: [naN] PF part. surprise, exclamation, en-couragement

nari: ["na.Ri] PF n. eye

9

nari si: ["na.Ri s·i] PF vin. watch out, be careful(c.w. from nari eye and si make)

natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] na conj. for example, asan example

nawm: [nawm] PF adj. great, noblenawmtu: ["nawm.tu] PF n. great person (deri-

ved from nawm great)nayn: [najn] PF n. the symbol 9 (not the value

nine)näk: [n·æk^] PF vtr. drinkne–: [nE] PF adp. to, towards (direction)ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] PF adv. back (direction)nefä: [nE."fæ] PF adv. up (direction)nekll: [nE."kl

"] PF adv. down (direction)

ne kllte: [nE "kl".tE] PF intj. get down (c.w. from

ne to and kllte ground)nekx: [n·Ek’] PF vtr. burn, consumenemfa–: ["nEm.fa] PF adp. into, inside (c.w.

from ne towards and mìfa inside)neto: [nE."to] PF adv. away (direction) (derived

from ne to)netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] PF adv. luckily, happilynew: [n·Ew] PF vtr. want (with subjunctive verb)newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] PF vin. be curious,

want to know (c.w. from new want andomum know)

niä: [n·i.·"æ] PF vtr. grabnikre: ["nik.RE] PF n. hairnitram: [nit."Ram] PF adj. happy (of people)nì–: [nI] PF adverbial deriving affixnì’aw: [nI."Paw] PF adv. only (derived from ’aw

one)nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] PF adv. alone (as one per-

son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] PF adv. first (derived

from ’awve first)nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] PF adv. ceremoniously (de-

rived from ’eoio ceremonious)nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] PF adv. like a child, imma-

turely (derived from ’eveng child)nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] PF adv. back, in response, in

answer (derived from ’eyng answer)nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] PF adv. finally, at long last (de-

rived from ’i’a end)nì’it: [nI."Pit^] PF adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-

stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)nì’ul: [nI."Pul] PF adv. more

nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] PF adv. as youknow, as is known (derived from «awn» pas-sive participle infix and omum know)

nìayoeng: [naj."wEN] PF adv. like us, as we do(derived from ayoeng us (inclusive))

nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] PF adv. easily (derived fromftue easy)

nìftxavang: [nI."ft’a.vaN] PF adv. passionately,with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-nate)

nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] PF adv. in a manner (deri-ved from fya’o way)

nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] PF adv. like an adult,maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)

nìhawng: [nI."hawN] PF adv. too, excessively(derived from hawng overabundance)

nìhek: [nI."hEk^] PF adv. strangely, oddly (deri-ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, notmanner, adverbial)

nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] PF adv. slowly (derivedfrom kì’ong slow)

nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] PF adv. intelligently, in asmart way (derived from kanu smart)

nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft’o] PF adv. unfortunately,sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)

nìlaw: [nI."law] PF adv. clearly (derived fromlaw clear)

nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] PF adv. continuously,incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from lukewithout and ftang stop)

nìltsan: [nIl.">tsan] PF adv. well (derived from

sìltsan good)nìmun: [nI."mun] PF adv. againnìmwey: [nIm."wEj] PF adv. calmly, peacefully

(derived from mawey calm)nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] PF adv. patiently

(derived from maweypey be patient)nìn: [n·In] PF vtr. look atnìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] PF adv. like the Na’vi,

Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)nìngay: [nI."Naj] PF adv. truly (derived from

ngay true)nìprrte’: [nI."pr

".tEP^] PF adv. pleasurably, wel-

come (assumed zola’u), gladly, with pleasure(derived from prrte’ pleasurable)

nìpxi: [nI."p’i] PF adv. especially, pointedly, un-ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)

nìpxim: [nI."p’im] PF adv. erectly, rightly (deri-ved from pxim erect, upright)

10

nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] PF adv. wish (contrary tofact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive)(derived from rangal wish)

nìsti: [nI."sti] PF adv. angrily (derived from stibe angry)

nìsung: [nI."suN] PF adv. besides, additionally,furthermore (derived from sung add)

nìswey: [nI."swEj] PF adv. optimally, best (deri-ved from swey best)

nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] PF adv. by chance or coin-cidence (derived from syayvi luck)

nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] PF adv. lastly (derived fromsyen last)

nìtam: [nI."tam] PF adv. enough (after an adjecti-ve) (derived from tam suffice)

nìteng: [nI."tEN] PF adv. too, also, as well, likewi-se (derived from teng same, equal)

nìtut: [nI."tut^] PF adv. continually (derivedfrom tut continuation marker)

nìtxan: [nI."t’an] PF adv. much (abstract), very(derived from txan much)

nìwin: [nI."win] PF adv. fast (derived from winfast)

nìwotx: [nI."wot’] PF adv. all (of), in toto, com-pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)

nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] PF adv. safely (deri-ved from «awn» passive participle infix andzong save)

nong: [n·oN] PF v. follow, proceed afternulkrr: [nul."kr

"] PF adv. longer (time) (derived

from krr time)nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] PF v. prefer (ii) (derived

from new want)nume: ["n·u.m·E] PF v. learnnumeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] PF n. student (derived

from nume learn)numtseng: ["num.

>tsEN] PF n. school (c.w. from

nume learn and tseng place)numtsengvi: ["num.

>tsEN.vi] PF n. classroom, di-

vision of a school (derived from numtsengschool)

Ng

nga: [Na] PF pn. youngatsyìp: ["Na.

>tsjIp^] PF pn. little you, you little

(derived from nga you)ngawng: [NawN] PF n. wormngay: [Naj] PF adj. truengaytxoa: [Naj."t’o.a] PF intj. sorry, my apologi-

es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)

ngäng: [NæN] PF n. stomachngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] PF adj. difficult, hard

ngenga: [NE."Na] PF pn. you (honorific (honouri-fic) form) (derived from nga you)

ngeyn: [NEjn] PF adj. tiredngian: [Ni."an] PF,SW adv. howeverngim: [Nim] PF adj. long (physical length)ngop: [N·op^] PF v. createngopyu: ["Nop.ju] PF n. creator (derived from

ngop create)ngrr: [Nr

"] PF n. root

nguway: ["Nu.waj] PF n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-rived from way song)

O

oe: ["o.E] PF pn. I, meoeng: ["wEN] PF pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-

sive), you and I (derived from oe I)oetsyìp: ["wE.

>tsjIp^] PF pn. little me, little I (de-

rived from oe I)oeyk: [o."Ejk^] PF n. causeoeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] PF v. explain (why) (ii)

(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)ohakx: [o."hak’] PF adj. hungry

ohe: ["o.hE] PF pn. I (deferential or ceremonialform)

oìsss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’olo’: [o."loP^] PF n. clanolo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader

(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)omum: [·"o.m·um] PF vtr. know (note infix)ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose

11

P

pa’o: ["pa.Po] PF n. sidepak: [pak^] PF part. disparagementpam: [pam] PF n. soundpamrel: [pam."REl] PF n. writing (c.w. from

pam sound and rel image)pamrel si: [pam."REl s·i] PF vin. write (c.w. from

pamrel writing and si make)pamtseo: ["pam.

>tsE.o] PF n. music (c.w. from

pam sound and tseo art)pamtseotu: ["pam.

>tsE.o.tu] PF n. musician (de-

rived from pamtseo music)pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrivepawm: [p·awm] PF v. askpay: [paj] PF n. water, liquidpayfya: ["paj.fja] PF n. stream (c.w. from pay

water and fya’o way)payoang: [paj."o.aN] PF n. fish (c.w. from pay

water and ioang animal)pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] PF vin. arrivepängkxo: [p·æN."k’·o] PF vin. chat, converse, ha-

ve a conversationpängkxoyu: [pæN."k’o.ju] PF n. chatter, conver-

ser (derived from pängkxo chat)pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k’o.ju lE.ko."REn]

PF n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatterand lekoren lawlike)

pänu: ["pæ.nu] PF n. promisepänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] PF vtr. promise (a thing

to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise andtìng give)

pätsì: ["pæ.>tsI] PF n. badge

pe+: [pE] PF affix inter. markerpe’un: ["p·E.P·un] PF vtr. decidepefnel: [pE."fnEl] PF inter. which kind allo-

morph of fnepepefya: [pE."fja] PF inter. how allomorph of fy-

apepehem: [pE."hEm] PF inter. what (action) allo-

morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,deed)

pehrr: [pE."hr"] PF inter. when allomorph of krr-

pe (c.w. from krr time)pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] PF inter. what (word, utteran-

ce) allomorph of lì’upe

pelun: [pE."lun] PF inter. why allomorph oflumpe

peng: [p·EN] PF vtr. tellpeseng: [pE."sEN] PF inter. where allomorph of

tsengpepesu: [pE."su] PF inter. who allomorph of tupepeu: [pE."u] PF inter. what (thing) allomorph of

’upepewn: [pEwn] PF n. neckpey: [p·Ej] PF v. wait, wait forpiak: [pi."ak^] PF adj. openpiak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] PF vin. open (c.w. from piak

open and si make)pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] PF n. ancestorpìmtxan: [pIm."t’an] PF inter. how much allo-

morph of hìmtxampeplltxe: [p·l

"."t’·E] PF v. speak

po: [po] PF pn. he, shepoan: [po."an] PF pn. he (derived from po he,

she)poe: [po."E] PF pn. she (derived from po he, she)polpxay: [pol."p’aj] PF inter. how many (c.w.

from holpxay number and pe how)pom: [p·om] PF v. kisspongu: ["po.Nu] PF n. group of people, party (de-

rived from po he/she)prrkxentrrkrr: [pr

".k’En.tr

".kr

"] Skxawng n. day ti-

me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’viidiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasure, kxenersmoke, trr day and krr time)

prrnen: ["pr".nEn] PF n. infant, baby

prrnesyul: ["pr".nE.sjul] PF n. bud (c.w. from

prrnen baby and syulang flower)prrte’: ["pr

".tEP^] PF adj. pleasurable (of an activi-

ty)prrwll: ["pr

".wl

"] Prr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen

baby and ’ewll plant)pukap: ["pu.kap^] PF num. sixpum: [pum] PF pn. possession, thing possessed

(dummy pronoun for modified nouns or pro-nouns)

puve: ["pu.vE] PF adj. sixth (ordinal) (derivedfrom pukap six)

12

Px

pxan: [p’an] PF adj. worthypxasìk: ["p’a.sIk^] PF intj. screw that!, no way!

(vulgar)pxasul: ["p’a.sul] PF adj. fresh, appealing as foodpxaw–: [p’aw] PF adp. aroundpxawpa: ["p’aw.pa] PF n. perimeter, circumfe-

rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around andpa’o side)

pxay: [p’aj] PF adj. many (used with singularor plural noun forms)

pxel–: [p’El] PF adp. like, aspxey: [p’Ej] PF num. threepxeyve: ["p’Ej.vE] PF adj. third (ordinal) (deri-

ved from pxey three)pxi: [p’i] PF adj. sharppxim: [p’im] PF adj. erect, uprightpximaw–: [p’i."maw] PF adp. right after (c.w.

from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)

pxiset: [p’i."sEt^] PF adv. right now (c.w. fromset now and pxi sharp)

pxisre+: [p’i."sRE] PF adp. right before (c.w. fromsre before (time) and pxi sharp)

pxiswawam: [p’i.swaw."am] PF adv. just a mo-ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –ampast)

pxiswaway: [p’i.swaw."aj] PF adv. in just a se-cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment anday future marker)

pxiye’rìn: [p’i."jEP.RIn] PF adv. immediately (notas soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soonand pxi sharp)

pxìm: [p’Im] PF adv. oftenpxor: [p’·oR] PF vin. explodepxun: [p’un] PF n. armpxuntil: ["p’un.til] PF n. elbow (c.w. from pxun

arm and til joint)

R

ral: [Ral] PF n. meaningralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] PF v. interpret (ii) (c.w. from

ral meaning and peng tell)ram: [Ram] PF n. mountainramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] PF n. wellrangal: ["R·a.N·al] PF v. wishrawke: ["Raw.kE] PF intj. alarm cry, call to defen-

serä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] PF part. do not (for negative impe-

ratives, commands only)re’o: ["RE.Po] PF n. headrel: [REl] PF n. image, picturereltseo: ["REl.>tsE.o] PF n. visual art (c.w. from

rel image and tseo art)reltseotu: ["REl.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. artist (derived

from reltseo art)reng: [REN] PF adj. shallow (physically)renu: ["RE.nu] PF n. patternrewon: ["RE.won] PF n. morningrey: [R·Ej] PF vin. live

rey’eng: [REj."PEN] PF n. the Balance of Life (de-rived from rey live)

reypay: ["REj.paj] PF n. blood (c.w. from rey liveand pay water)

rikx: [R·ik’] PF vin. move, shift positionrim: [Rim] PF adj. yellowrina’: [Ri."naP^] PF n. seed (derived from atoki-

rina’ seeds of the great tree)rìk: [RIk^] PF n. leafro+: [Ro] PF adp. at (locative)rofa–: ["Ro.fa] PF adp. beside, alongsiderol: [R·ol] PF v. singrolun: [Ro."lun] PF intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] PF n. mindrum: [Rum] PF n. ballrun: [R·un] PF vtr. find, discoverrusey: [Ru."sEj] PF adj., n. alive, living, living

thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-ticiple infix)

rutxe: [Ru."t’E] PF intj. please

S

sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] PF n. mother(fromsa’atenuk C)

sa’nu: ["saP.nu] PF n. mum, mommy (affectiona-te form of sa’nok mother)

sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.>tsjIp^] PF n. little mommy

(used for young girls) (derived from sa’numommy)

13

sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] PF n. parent (derived fromsa’nok mother and sempul father)

saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening crysalew: [s·a."l·Ew] PF v. proceed, gosan: [san] PF adv. saying, quotesar: [s·aR] PF vtr. usesat: [sat^] PF pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irre-

gularly lenited after ftu from)sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,

urghsä–: [sæ] PF prefix instrumental noun (c.w. from

sänume teaching and säspxin disease)säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] PF n. ideasänume: [sæ."nu.mE] PF n. teaching, instruction

(derived from nume learn)sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] PF n. lesson (derived

from sänume teaching)säspxin: [sæ."sp’in] PF n. disease, sickness, ill-

ness (derived from spxin sick)säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp’in.

>tsjIp^] PF n. minor ail-

ment (derived from säspxin illness)sekrr: ["sE.kr

"] PF adv. present (c.w. from set now

and krr time)sempu: ["sEm.pu] PF n. daddy (affectionate

form of sempul father)sempul: ["sEm.pul] PF n. fatherset: [sEt^] PF adv. nowsevin: [sE."vin] PF adj. pretty (of people)seykxel: [sEj."k’El] PF adj. strong (emotionally,

spiritually, not physical), confidentseyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lipsi: [s·i] PF auxiliary verb, postpositional non-

bound verb do, make deriving affixsim: [s·im] PF svin. near, be nearsì: [sI] PF conj. and (connects two things, can

be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)sìk: [sIk^] PF adv. unquotesìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] PF vin. hope (with tsnì for thing

hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.from sìltsan good and pey wait)

sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] PF adj. clever, smart(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsemmind)

sìltsan: [sIl.">tsan] PF adj. goodsìn–: [sIn] PF adp. on, ontoska’a: [sk·a."P·a] PF vtr. destroyskepek: ["skE.pEk^] M adj. formalskien: ["ski.En] PF adj. right (not left)

skxakep: ["sk’a.kEp^] PF adj., adv. probable, pro-bably

skxawng: [sk’awN] PF n. moron, idiotskxom: [sk’om] PF n. chance, opportunityslä: [slæ] PF conj. butsleyku: [slEj."k·u] PF vtr. produce (derived from

slu become and «eyk» causative infix)slu: [sl·u] PF v. becomesmar: [smaR] PF n. prey, hunted thingsngap: [sN·ap^] PF vtr. stingsngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] PF vin. begin, start (with

subjunctive)sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr

"] PF n. beginning, starting

time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] PF n. beginner (derived

from sngä’i begin)sngel: [sNEl] PF n. garbage, trash, rubbishsngeltseng: ["sNEl.

>tsEN] PF n. rubbish place, gar-

bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage andtseng place)

snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim (of a person)soaia: [so."a.i.a] PF n. familysok: [sok^] PF adj. recentsom: [som] PF adj. hotsop: [s·op^] PF vin. travelspaw: [sp·aw] PF v. believespä: [sp·æ] PF v. jumpspe’e: [sp·E."P·E] PF vtr. capturespe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] PF n. captive (derived

from spe’e capture)speng: [sp·EN] PF v. restorespule: ["sp·u.l·E] PF vtr. propelspuwin: ["spu.win] PF adj. old (not for people),

formerspxam: [sp’am] PF n. mushroom, fungusspxin: [sp’in] PF adj. sicksrak(e): ["sRak(E)] PF part. inter. marker for yes

or no questionssran: [sRan] PF adv., intj. yes (colloquial)srane: ["sRa.nE] PF adv., intj. yessraw: [sRaw] PF adj. painfulsre+: [sRE] PF adp. before (time)sre’: [sREP^] PF n. toothsrekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr

"] PF n. the time before

noon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtrr mid-day)

srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t’on] PF n. before mid-night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxonmidnight)

14

srekrr: [sRE."kr"] PF adv. before, already, ahead of

time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] PF v. prophetize, prophesi-

ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’asee)

sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr"."PoN] PF n. before dawn (c.w.

from sre before and trr’ong dawn)sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] PF n. dusk, evening

before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-on’ong night-fall)

srew: [sR·Ew] PF vin. dancesrung: [sRuN] PF n. help, assistancesrung si: [sRuN s·i] PF vin. help (c.w. from

srung help and si make, do)starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] PF vtr. gather, collectstawm: [st·awm] PF vtr. hearstä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] PF vtr. catchsteftxaw: [st·E."ft’·aw] PF vtr. examine, checksteyki: [stEj."k·i] PF vtr. anger, make someone an-

gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»causative infix)

sti: [st·i] PF vin. anger (intransitive), be angrysto: [st·o] PF v. refuse (to do something)stum: [stum] PF adv. almost

stxong: [st’oN] PF adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-nown

sung: [s·uN] PF vtr. addsunu: ["s·u.n·u] PF vin. be pleasing or likeable,

bring enjoymentsutx: [s·ut’] PF vtr. track, follow, lock upswaw: [swaw] PF n. momentswey: [swEj] PF adj. bestswirä: [swi."Ræ] PF n. creatureswizaw: [swi."zaw] PF n. arrowswok: [swok^] PF adj. sacredswotu: ["swo.tu] PF n. sacred placesyaw: [sj·aw] PF vin. call, namesyay: [sjaj] PF n. fatesyayvi: ["sjaj.vi] PF n. luck, chance (derived

from syay fate)syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] PF adj. bittersyen: [sjEn] PF adj. last, finalsyep: [sj·Ep^] PF vtr. trapsyo: [sjo] PF adj. light (physical weight),

lightweightsyulang: ["sju.laN] PF n. flowersyuve: ["sju.vE] PF n. food

T

ta–: [ta] PF adp. from (various uses)ta’em: [ta."PEm] PF adv. from aboveta’leng: ["taP.lEN] PF n. skintafkip–: [ta."fkip^] PF adp. from up among (c.w.

from ta from and fkip– up among)tafral: [ta."fRal] PF adv. therefore, because of thattakip: [ta."kip^] PF adp. from among (c.w. from

ta from and kip– among)takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] PF vtr. striketalun(a): [ta."lun(a)] PF conj. because, from the

reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)tam: [t·am] PF vin., intj. that will suffice, that

will do, OKtam tam: [tam tam] M intj. calm, be content, the-

re theretangek: ["ta.NEk^] PF n. trunk (of a tree)tanhì: [tan."hI] PF n. star, bioluminescent freckletaron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,PF vtr. hunttaronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,PF n. hunter (c.w. from

taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.

>tsjIp^] PF n. little hun-

ter (derived from taronyu hunter)

tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] PF vtr. lose track, lose aware-ness of something

tatlam: [tat."lam] PF adv. apparently (derivedfrom lam seem)

taw: [taw] PF n. skytaweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] PF conj. because, based

on the causetawng: [t·awN] PF vin. duck, divetäftxu: [t·æ."ft’·u] PF vtr. weavetäftxuyu: [tæ."ft’u.ju] PF n. weaver (derived

from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)tätxaw: [t·æ."t’·aw] PF vin. returnte: [tE] JC part. used in full namestei: [tE.i] G n. plaintel: [t·El] PF vtr. receivetelem: [tE."lEm] PF n. cordtem: [t·Em] PF vin. shootteng: [tEN] PF adj. same, equaltengfya: ["tEN.fja] PF conj. as, same way as (c.w.

from teng same, equal and fya’o path)tengkrr: [tEN."kr

"] PF conj. while, same time as

(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)

15

teri–: [tE."Ri] PF adp. about, concerningterkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] PF vin. dieteswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] PF v. grant (ii) (c.w.

from tìng give)tete: ["tE.tE] PF adj. dull (as a blade)tewti: ["tEw.ti] PF intj. wow, expression of surpri-

se and pleasureteya: [tE."ja] PF adj. fullteya si: [tE."ja s·i] PF vin. fill (with dative of thing

filled) (c.w. from teya full and si do, make)teyr: [tEjR] PF adj. whitetil: [til] PF n. joint, hingetirea: [ti."RE.a] PF n. spirittireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] PF n. spirit path (c.w.

from tirea spirit and fya’o path)tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] PF n. spirit animal

(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k’·o] PF v. commu-

ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)tì–: [tI] LN noun. deriving affixtì’awm: [tI."Pawm] PF n. camping (derived

from ’awm camp)tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm s·i] PF vin. camp (c.w.

from ’awm camp and si make)tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] PF n. individuality (nega-

tive connotation), selfishness (derived from’awpo one individual)

tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] PF n. feeling (derived from’efu feel)

tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] PF n. friendship (derivedfrom ’eylan friend)

tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] PF n. answer, response (deri-ved from ’eyng answer)

tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] PF adv. until the end(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)

tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] PF n. test (derived fromfmetok test)

tìfnu: [tI."fnu] PF n. quiet, silence (derived fromfnu quiet)

tìftang: [tI."ftaN] PF n. stopping (derived fromftang stop)

tìftia: [tI."fti.a] PF n. study (derived from ftiastudy)

tìftia kifkeyä: [tI."fti.a ki."fkE.jæ] PF n. science,the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-tia study and kifkey world)

tìftxey: [tI."ft’Ej] PF n. choice (derived from ftx-ey choose)

tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u] PF n. guidance(derived from fyawìntxu guide)

tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] PF n. ripeness, maturity, fullfruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)

tìhawl: [tI."hawl] PF n. preparations, plan (deri-ved from hawl prepare)

tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] PF n. protection (derivedfrom hawnu protect, shelter)

tìkan: [tI."kan] PF n. aim, goal, purpose, target(derived from kan aim)

tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] PF n. work (derivedfrom kem action, deed)

tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm s·i] PF vin. work(c.w. from tìkangkem work and si do, make)

tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] PF n. project, pie-ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)

tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] PF n. intelligence (derivedfrom kanu smart)

tìkawng: [tI."kawN] PF n. evil (derived fromkawng bad)

tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] PF n. example (derivedfrom kenong model)

tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] PF n. difference (c.w. fromke not and teng same)

tìkin: [tI."kin] PF n. need (derived from kinneed)

tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] PF n. teaching (the act) (de-rived from kar teach)

tìkxey: [tI."k’Ej] PF n. incorrectness, mistakeness(derived from kxeyey mistake)

tìkxey si: [tI."k’Ej s·i] PF vin. mess up, foul, dowrong (c.w. from tìkxey incorrectness and simake)

tìlam: [tI."lam] PF n. appearance (derived fromlam seem)

tìlor: [tI."loR] PF n. beauty (derived from lorbeautiful)

tìm: [tIm] PF adj. lowtìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] PF n. harmony (general

sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t’a] PF n. mating, marriage

(derived from muntxa mated)tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] PF n. patience (deri-

ved from maweypey be patient)tìng: [t·IN] PF v. givetìngay: [tI."Naj] PF n. truth (derived from ngay

true)tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] PF n. difficulty, problem

(derived from ngäzìk difficult)

16

tìng mikyun: [t·Im "mik.jun] PF vin. listen (de-rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)

tìng nari: [t·In "na.Ri] PF vin. look (derivedfrom tìng give and nari eye)

tìngop: [tI."Nop^] PF n. creation (derived fromngop create)

tìng tseng: [t·IN >tsEN] PF vin. back down, give

ground (derived from tìng give and tsengground)

tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] PF n. curiosity (derivedfrom newomum be curious)

tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] PF n. explanation (de-rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Casualspeech [tI."o.Ejk.tIN)

tìohakx: [tI.o."hak’] PF n. hunger (derived fromohakx hungry)

tìpawm: [tI."pawm] PF n. question (derivedfrom pawm ask)

tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] PF n. arrival (derivedfrom pähem arrive)

tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k’o] PF n. conversation, di-scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)

tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k’o.>tsjIp^] PF n. little

conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-versation)

tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] PF n. decision (derivedfrom pe’un decide)

tìprrte’: [tI."pr".tEP^] PF n. pleasure (derived

from prrte’ pleasurable)tìran: [t·I."R·an] PF vin. walktìrey: [tI."REj] PF n. life (derived from rey live)tìrol: [tI."Rol] PF n. song (derived from rol sing)tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] PF n. destruction (derived

from ska’a destroy)tìsop: [tI."sop^] PF n. journey (derived from sop

travel)tìspxin: [tI."sp’in] PF n. the state of being ill, sick-

ness (derived from spxin sick)tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] PF n. pain (derived from sraw

painful)tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] PF vtr. hurt (so-

meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw painand s«eyk»i make (causative))

tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw s·i] PF vin. hurt, be painful(c.w. from tìsraw pain and si make)

tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] PF n. prophecy (derivedfrom srese’a prophetize)

tìsti: [tI."sti] PF n. anger (derived from sti beangry)

tìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived fromtakuk strike)

tìtslam: [tI.">tslam] PF n. understanding, intelli-gence (derived from tslam understand)

tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] PF n. hunting (derivedfrom taron hunt)

tìtxanew: [tI."t’a.nEw] PF n. greed (derivedfrom txanew greedy)

tìtxen: [tI."t’En] PF n. awakeness, the state of wa-king (derived from txen awake)

tìtxula: [tI."t’u.la] PF n. construction, construc-ted thing (derived from txula build)

tìtxur: [tI."t’uR] PF n. strength, power (derivedfrom txur strong)

tì– –us–: [tI us] PF gerund (verbal noun) de-riving affix (Productive)

tìvawm: [tI."vawm] PF n. darkness (derivedfrom vawm dark)

tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] PF n. hatred (derived fromve’kì hate)

tìyawn: [tI."jawn] PF n. love (derived fromyawne beloved)

tìyawr: [tI."jawR] PF n. correctness (derivedfrom eyawr correct)

tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] PF n. eating (the act) (de-rived from yom eat)

to: [to] PF superlative marker than (behaves li-ke an adp.)

tok: [t·ok^] PF vtr. be at, occupy a spacetokx: [tok’] PF n. bodytolel: [to."lEl] PF intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-

derstand! (synonym: tslolam)toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] PF vtr. shoottompa: ["tom.pa] PF n. raintoruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-

der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and maktoride)

trr: [tr"] PF n. day

trr’awve: [tr"."Paw.vE] PF n. Sunday (c.w. from

trr day and ’awve first)trr’ong: [tr

"."PoN] PF n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from

trr day and ’ong unfold)trr’ongmaw: [tr

"."PoN.maw] PF n. dawn after

sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-ter)

trram: [tr"."am] PF adv. yesterday (derived from

trr day and ham previous)trray: [tr

"."aj] PF adv. tomorrow (derived from

trr day and hay next)

17

trrkive: [tr"."ki.vE] PF n. Saturday (c.w. from trr

day and kive seventh)trrmrrve: [tr

"."mr

".vE] PF n. Thursday (c.w. from

trr day and mrrve fifth)trrmuve: [tr

"."mu.vE] PF n. Monday (c.w. from

trr day and muve second)trrpeve: [tr

"."pE.vE] PF inter. which day (derived

from trr day and –pe interrogative markerand –ve ordinal number marker)

trrpuve: [tr"."pu.vE] PF n. Friday (c.w. from trr

day and puve sixth)trrpxeyve: [tr

"."p’Ej.vE] PF n. Tuesday (c.w. from

trr day and pxeyve third)trrtsìve: [tr

".">tsI.vE] PF n. Wednesday (c.w. from

trr day and tsìve fourth)trrtxon: [tr

".t’on] PF n. the day and night cycle of

Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night)–tu: [tu] PF person noun from non-verbal

stem deriving affix (derived from tute per-

son)tukru: [tuk."Ru] PF n. speartul: [t·ul] PF vin. runtung: [t·uN] PF v. allowtungzup: [tuN."z·up^] PF vtr. drop (ii) (c.w. from

tung allow and zup fall)tup: [tup^] PF conj. instead of, rather thantupe: ["tu.pE] PF inter. who allomorph of pesutut: [tut^] PF part. continuation markertutan: [tu."tan] PF n. male (person) (derived

from tute person)tute: ["tu.tE] PF n. persontute: [tu."tE] PF n. female (person) (derived from

tute person)tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] PF pn. somebody, someone (de-

rived from tute person)tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] PF v. lean

Ts

tsa–: [>tsa] PF prefix thattsa’u: [">tsa.Pu] PF dem. that (thing) (c.w. from

tsa that and ’u thing)tsafya: [>tsa."fja] PF pn. that way, like that (c.w.

from tsa- that and fya’o way)tsa-hey: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning

or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’tsaheyl si: [>tsa."hEjl s·i] PF vin. bond with,

establish a neural connection (c.w. from tsa-heylu bond and si make)

tsaheylu: [>tsa."hEj.lu] JC,PF n. bond (neural con-nection)

tsakem: [">tsa.kEm] or [>tsa."kEm] PF dem. that

(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-tion)

tsakrr: [>tsa."kr"] PF dem. then, at that time (deri-

ved from tsa- that and krr time)tsakrrvay: [>tsa."kr

".vaj] PF adv. until then, in the

meantime (c.w. from tsakrr then and vay upto)

tsal: [>tsal] PF pn. that, it (transitive subject)tsalsungay: [>tsal.su."Naj] PF adv. nevertheless,

even sotsam: [>tsam] PF n. wartsampongu: [">tsam.po.Nu] PF n. war party (c.w.

from tsam war and pongu party)

tsamsiyu: [">tsam.si.ju] PF n. warrior (derivedfrom tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)

tsap’alute: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE] PF n. apologytsap’alute si: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE s·i] PF vin. apolo-

gise (apologize) (c.w. from tsap’alute apologyand si make)

tsaria: [">tsa.Ri.a] PF conj. that (subordinate clau-se marker) (c.w. from tsa’u-ri that (topical)and a relative clause marker)

tsat: [>tsat^] PF pn. that, it (as object)tsata: [">tsa.ta] PF conj. that (subordinate clau-

se marker) (c.w. from tsa’u-t that (accusative)and a relative clause marker)

tsatseng: [>tsa.">tsEN] or ["

>tsa.

>tsEN] PF dem. there,

that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place)tsatu: [">tsa.tu] PF dem. that person (c.w. from

tsa that and tute person)tsaw: [>tsaw] PF dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive

subject)tsawa: [">tsa.wa] PF conj. that (subordinate mar-

ker) (c.w. from tsa’u that (nominative) and arelative clause marker)

tsawke: [">tsaw.kE] PF n. suntsawl: [>tsawl] PF adj. big (in size), talltsawlhì’: [>tsawl."hIP^] PF n. size (c.w. from

tsawl big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))

18

tsawl slu: [>tsawl sl·u] PF vin. grow (c.w. fromtsawl big and slu become)

tsä’: [>ts·æP^] PF v. squirttse: [>tsE] PF part. well (conversation starter)tse’a: [>ts·E."P·a] PF vtr. see (physical sense)tseng(e): [">tsEN(E)] PF n. placetsengo: [">tsE.No] PF pn. somewhere (derived

from tseng place)tsengpe: [">tsEN.pE] PF inter. where allomorph

of pesengtseo: [">tsE.o] PF n. arttsewtx: [>tsEwt’] PF adj. dirtytsim: [>tsim] PF n. sourcetsìng: [>tsIN] PF num. fourtsìve: [">tsI.vE] PF adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived

from tsìng four)tskalep: [">tska.lEp^] PF n. crossbowtsko: [>tsko] PF n. bow (weapon)tsko swizaw: [>tsko swi."zaw] PF n. bow and ar-

row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)tskxe: [>tsk’E] PF n. rock, stonetskxekeng: [">tsk’E.kEN] PF n. training, exercisetslam: [>tsl·am] PF vtr. understandtsleng: [>tslEN] PF adj. falsetslolam: [>tslo."lam] PF intj. get it, I understand

(derived from tslam understand and «ol»perfect aspect infix)

tsmuk: [>tsmuk^] PF n. siblingtsmukan: [">tsmu.kan] PF n. brother (derived

from tsmuk sibling)tsmuke: [">tsmu.kE] PF n. sister (derived from

tsmuk sibling)tsmuktu: [">tsmuk.tu] PF n. sibling (derived

from tsmuk sibling)tsngal: [>tsNal] PF n. cuptsngan: [>tsNan] PF n. meattsngawvìk: [">tsN·aw.v·Ik^] PF vin. cry, weeptsnì: [>tsnI] PF conj. that (function word) (with

subjunctive verb in dependant clause)

tsopì: [">tso.pI] PF n. lungtspang: [>tsp·aN] PF vtr. killtsranten: [">tsR·an.t·En] PF vin. matter, be of im-

porttsray: [>tsRaj] PF n. villagetsre’i: [">tsR·E.P·i] PF vtr. throwtstal: [>tstal] PF n. knifetstew: [>tstEw] PF adj. bravetstu: [>tstu] PF adj. closed, shuttstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, thoughtful,

consideratetstu si: [>tstu s·i] PF vin. close (c.w. from tstu

closed and si make)tstxo: [>tst’o] PF n. nametstxolì’u: [">tst’o.lI.Pu] PF n. noun (c.w. from

tstxo name and lì’u word)tsuksìm: [">tsuk.sIm] PF n. chintsulfä: [>tsul."fæ] PF n. masterytsulfä si: [>tsul."fæ s·i] PF vin. master (c.w. from

tsulfä mastery and si do, make)tsulfätu: [>tsul."fæ.tu] PF n. master of an art,

craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfämastery)

tsun: [>ts·un] PF vin. can, be able (with subjuncti-ve)

tsunslu: [">ts·un.sl·u] PF vin. may, be possible(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)

tsurokx: [>ts·u."R·ok’] PF v. resttswa’: [>tsw·aP^] PF v. forgettswayon: [">tsw·aj.·on] PF vin. flytswin: [>tswin] PF n. queue, braidtswintsyìp: [">tswin.

>tsjIp^] PF n. little queue (de-

rived from tswin queue)tsyal: [>tsjal] PF n. wingtsyo: [>tsjo] PF n. flourtsyokx: [>tsjok’] PF n. handtsyosyu: [">tsjo.sju] PF n. food made from flour

(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

Tx

txa’: [t’aP^] PF adj. hard

txal: [t’al] PF n. back (of the body)

txampay: [t’am."paj] PF n. sea, ocean (c.w. fromtxan great and pay water)

txampxì: [t’am."p’I] PF n. majority, most, largepart (derived from txan much)

txan: [t’an] PF adj. great, much, many (in quan-tity)

txanew: ["t’a.nEw] PF adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-an much and new want)

txantsan: ["t’an.>tsan] PF adj. excellent

txantslusam: ["t’an.>tslu.sam] PF adj. wise (c.w.

from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)

19

txantstew: ["t’an.>tstEw] PF n. hero (c.w. from

txan very and tstew brave)txantur: ["t’an.tuR] PF adj. powerful (c.w. from

txan much and txur strong)txayo: ["t’a.jo] PF n. field, open terraintxe’lan: [t’EP."lan] PF n. hearttxele: ["t’E.lE] PF n. matter (subject)txen: [t’En] PF adj. awaketxep: [t’Ep^] PF n. firetxeptsyìp: ["t’Ep.

>tsjIp^] PF n. dear or cute little

fire (derived from txep fire)txepvi: ["t’Ep.vi] PF n. spark (derived from txep

fire)txewk: [t’Ewk^] PF n. club (weapon)txey: [t’·Ej] PF v. halttxìm: [t’Im] PF n. butt, rear end, asstxìng: [t’·IN] PF v. leave, abandontxo: [t’o] PF conj. iftxoa: ["t’o.a] PF n. forgivenesstxokefyaw: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] PF conj. if not, or else,

otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not

one path)txon: [t’on] PF n. nighttxon’ong: [t’on."PoN] PF,Prr n. night-fall, sun-

set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)

txon’ongmaw: [t’on."PoN.maw] PF n. twilight,the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-on’ong sunset and maw after)

txonam: [t’o."nam] PF adv. last night (derivedfrom txon night and ham previous)

txonay: [t’o."naj] PF adv. tomorrow night (deri-ved from txon night and hay next)

txopu: ["t’o.pu] PF n. feartxopu si: ["t’o.pu s·i] PF vin. be afraid (c.w. from

txopu fear and si do, make)txukx: [t’uk’] PF adj. deep (physically)txula: ["t’·u.l·a] PF v. build, constructtxum: [t’um] PF n. poisontxur: [t’uR] PF adj. strong (physically)

U

u’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendantukxo: [u."k’o] PF adj. dryulte: ["ul.tE] PF conj. and (clausal conjunction)ultxa: [ul."t’a] PF n. meetingultxarun: [ul."t’a.R·un] PF v. encounter, meet by

chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and runfind)

ultxa si: [ul."t’a s·i] PF vin. meet with someoneintentionally (use with)

unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dreamuniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’] JC,PF n. ava-

tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu

dreamwalker and tokx body)

uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] PF n. dreamwalker(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)

uo–: ["u.o] PF adp. behind

utral: ["ut.Ral] PF n. tree

utraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.>tsjIp^] PF n. bush (derived

from utral tree)

uvan: [u."van] PF n. game

uvan si: [u."van s·i] PF vin. play (a game) (c.w.from uvan game and si make, do)

V

vawm: [vawm] PF adj. darkvay–: [vaj] PF adp. up tovaykrr: [vaj."kr

"] PF conj. until (c.w. from vay–

up to and krr time)vä’: [væP^] PF adj. unpleasant to the senses, no-

isomeve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] PF vtr. hatevenu: ["vE.nu] PF n. footvenzek: ["vEn.zEk^] PF n. toe (c.w. from venu

foot and zekwä finger)vey: [vEj] PF n. food made from animal origin,

flesh

virä: [v·i."R·æ] PF v. spread, proliferatevitra: [vit."Ra] PF n. soulvol: [vol] PF num. eightvolve: ["vol.vE] PF adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived

from vol eight)vrrtep: ["vr

".tEp^] PF n. demon

vul: [vul] PF n. branch (of a tree)vur: [vuR] PF n. storyvurvi: ["vuR.vi] PF n. summary, synopsis (deri-

ved from vur story)

20

W

way: [waj] PF n. songwaytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] PF n. song chord (c.w.

from way song and telem cord)wä+: [wæ] PF adp. against (as in: fight against)wem: [w·Em] PF vin. fightwempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] PF n. squad, milita-

ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight andpongu group)

wew: [wEw] PF adj. coldweyn: [w·Ejn] PF v. draw, illustratewin: [win] PF adj. fast

win säpi: [win sæ."p·i] PF vin. hurry (c.w. fromwin fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))

win si: [win s·i] PF vin. rush something, makesomething fast (c.w. from win fast and si do)

wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning orfrustration, ’damn!’

wìntxu: [w·In."t’·u] PF v. showwok: [wok^] PF adj. loudwotx: [wot’] PF n. totality, wholewrrpa: ["wr

".pa] PF n., adv. outside

wutso: ["wu.>tso] PF n. dinner, served meal

Y

ya: [ja] PF n. airyawne: ["jaw.nE] PF adj. belovedyawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] PF n. loved one (derived

from yawne beloved)yawntu: ["jawn.tu] PF n. loved one (derived

from yawne beloved)yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] PF adj. foolish, ignorantyayo: ["ja.jo] PF n. bird (c.w. from ya air and

ioang animal)yän: [j·æn] PF vtr. fasten, tie downye’krr: ["jEP.kr

"] PF adv. early (derived from

ye’rìn soon and krr time)ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] PF adv. soonyem: [j·Em] PF vtr. put, place

yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] PF n. dipping, immersion(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put)

yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj s·i] PF vin. dip into liquid(c.w. from yemfpay dipping and si make, do)

yey: [jEj] PF adj. straightyìm: [j·Im] PF vtr. bindyol: [jol] PF adj. short (of time)yom: [j·om] PF vtr. eatyomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] PF vin. feed (with dative ob-

ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)–yu: [ju] LN nominative agent noun deriving

affix, as in taron-yu hunteryur: [j·uR] PF v. wash

Z

za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. pull (derivedfrom ’ärìp move)

za’u: ["z·a.P·u] PF vin. comezam: [zam] PF num. sixty fourzamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] PF vtr. bring (derived

from munge bring)zapxì: [za."p’I] PF n. front (part or section) (deri-

ved from hapxì part)zawng: [z·awN] PF vin. screamzekwä: ["zEk.wæ] PF n. fingerzene: ["z·E.n·E] PF vin. must (with subjunctive)zenke: ["z·EN.k·E] PF vin. must not (with subjun-

ctive) (ii) (c.w. from zene must and ke not)zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] PF v. rememberzeyko: [zEj."k·o] PF vtr. heal, fix (derived from

zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)

zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr"] PF n. season (derived from

zìsìt year and krr time)

zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] PF n. yearzo: [z·o] PF vin. be well, be intact, be as it should

be, work correctly or as nature intendedzong: [z·oN] PF v. save, defendzongtseng: ["zoN.

>tsEN] PF n. safe place, refuge

(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)

zoplo: [zop."lo] PF n. offence, insultzoslu: ["zo.sl·u] PF vin. heal, become well, get fix-

ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)

zup: [z·up^] PF vin. fallzusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr

"] PF n. future (c.w. from

z«us»a’u coming and krr time)

21

A The Number System

The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in theirsingular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underliningindicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial numberreference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 390 1 2 3 4

0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 635 6 7

0 mrrvol puvol kivol1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin

Ordinal NumbersNumber + -ve

1 ’awve2 muve3 pxeyve4 tsìve5 mrrve6 puve7 kive8 volve

More Na’vi Numbers:x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096

1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

Non-Na’vi Numbers8 ’eyt 9 nayn

22

B Time

Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxontrr’ong dawn

trr’ongmaw after dawnrewon morning

srekamtrr before noonkxamtrr noon

kxamtrrmaw after noonha’ngir early afternoonkaym late afternoon

sreton’ong before nightfalltxon’ong nightfall

txon’ongmaw after nightfalltxon night

srekamtxon before midnightkxamtxon midnight

kxamtxomaw after midnighttxon night

sresrr’ong before dawntrr’ong dawn

Days of the Terrestrial WeekSunday trr’awveMonday trrmuveTuesday trrpxeyve

Wednesday trrtsìveThursday trrmrrve

Friday trrpuveSaturday trrkive

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] PF n. English language (loa-ned from Eng. English)

’Rrta: ["Pr".ta] PF,Prr prop.n. Earth (loaned

from Eng. Earth)feyzrr: ["fEj.zr

"] LN n. phaser, ray-gun (loaned

from Eng. phaser)hametsì: [ha.mE.

>tsI] PF n. leavened bread (loa-

ned from Hebrew chametz)jakesully: [ZEjk’su:l

"i] M n. moron, toruk mak-

toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor-mally allowable under Na’vi phonotacticrules)

kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] PF n. gunship (loaned fromEng. gunship)

matsa: [ma.>tsa] PF n. matsa, crackers (loaned

from Hebrew matsa)pìlok: [pI."lok^] PF n. blog (loaned from Eng.

blog)

puk: [puk^] PF n. book (loaned from Eng. book)puktsyìp: ["puk.

>tsjIp^] PF n. pamphlet, booklet

(derived from puk book)pxir: [p’iR] PF n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bi-

er)tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] PF n. sky-ship (loaned from

Eng. ship)toktor: ["tok.toR] PF n. doctor (loaned from

Eng. doctor)tsyänel: [>tsjæ.nEl] PF n. TV channel (loaned

from Eng. channel)tsyìräfì: [>tsjI.Ræ.fI] PF n. giraffe (loaned from

Eng. giraffe)wou: ["w·o.·u] PF svin. be amazing, fascinating

(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)Yu.E.Sey: [ju.E.sEj] PF prop.n. USA (loaned

from Eng. USA)

23

D Na’vi Proper Nouns

Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’viAmanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa-

niAmhul: [am."hul] PF prop.n. female Na’viÄnsìt: ["æn.sIt^] PF prop.n. male Na’viAnurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan nameAteyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo

(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itanson)

Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’viayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] PF prop.n.

the Floating Mountains (c.w. from rammountain and lìng hover)

ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra souland ramunong well)

Entu: ["En.tu] PF prop.n. male Na’viEytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of

the OmatikayaEywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-

rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL

Eywa’eveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,PF prop.n.Pandora (c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’evengchild)

Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the TipaniHukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the TipaniIkalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the TipaniIknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to

Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’viÌstaw: [I."staw] PF prop.n. male Na’viKamun: ["ka.mun] PF prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-

tionate form Kamtsyìp)Kaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains

of GoliathKelutral: ["kE.lut.Ral] PF prop.n. Hometree (c.w.

from kelku home and utral tree)Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the

TipaniLi’ona: [li.Po.na] G,PF prop.n. a clanLoak: ["lo.ak^] PF prop.n. male Na’viLompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiLungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the

TipaniMalimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

miMarali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani

Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. maleNa’vi

Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-pani

Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-tikaya (also pronounced Moat)

Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter ofMo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’itedaughter)

Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-kami

Na’vi: ["naP.vi] PF prop.n. the People, indige-nous Pandoran sentient race

Nera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of theTawkami

Newey: [nE."wEj] PF prop.n. female Na’viNeytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the

OmatikayaNinat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the

OmatikayaNok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiOloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of

the TipaniOmati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiOmatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue

Flute ClanOnantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

miOtamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the TipaniOtranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. namePeyral: [pEj."Ral] PF prop.n. female of the Oma-

tikayaRai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the AnuraiRaltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the

TipaniRalu: ["Ra.lu] PF prop.n. male Na’viRini: ["Ri.ni] PF prop.n. female Na’viRongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clanSänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-

pani (derived from sänume teaching)Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-

kamiSeze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s bansheeSilwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sisterSorewn: [so."REwn] PF prop.n. female Na’viSwawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani

24

Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] PF prop.n. sacred river(derived from swotu sacred place)

Ta’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus,rocky place on Pandora

Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of theLì’ona

Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w.from taw sky and kame see)

Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] PF prop.n. Sky-person,human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)

Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani villageTipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clanTsa’law: [>tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

miTsahìk: [">tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high

priestess, interpreterTsaro: [>tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the TipaniTsenu: [">tsE.nu] PF prop.n. female Na’viTskaha: [">tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clanTsmuke: [>tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village

Tsu’tey: [>tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-tikaya

Tsumongwi: [>tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. originalname for the Omatikaya

Tuke: ["tu.kE] PF prop.n. female Na’viTxewì: ["t’E.wI] PF prop.n. male Na’viTxilte: ["t’il.tE] PF prop.n. female Na’viUkamtsu: [u.kam.

>tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

paniUmkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-

lageUniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] PF prop.n. Dream

Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the TipaniUtral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,PF

prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral treeand mokri voice)(from utraya mokri JC)

Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G

prop.n. Vaderas HollowVa’ru: ["vaP.Ru] PF prop.n. male Na’viVayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village

E Flora and Fauna

Flora

’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] PF n. pitcher plant’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik’] PF n. leaf pitcher plant

(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl

"] PF n. thorny paw, cactus

(derived from ’ewll plant)anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] PF n. fibonacci, blue spiral

plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)apxangrr: [a."p’a.Nr

"] PF n. delta tree (c.w. from

apxa large and ngrr root)awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] PF n. banshee of paradiseeanean: ["E.an."E.an] PF n. cheadle, herbaceous

plant (c.w. from ean blue)eyaye: [E."ja.jE] PF n. warbonnetfkxakewll: ["fk’a.kE.wl

"] PF n. itch plant (c.w.

from fkxake itch and ’ewll plant)flefle: ["flE.flE] PF n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic

plantfngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut’.wl

"] PF n. metal-

following plant (c.w. from fngap metal andsutx follow)

fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl"] PF n. mantis orchid (c.w.

from fwäkì mantis and ’ewll plant)hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl

"] PF n. puffer plant

kllpxiwll: [kl"."p’i.wl

"] PF n. lionberry (c.w. from

kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)kxaylte: ["k’ajl.tE] PF n. cillaphant (derived

from kxayl high)loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] PF n. helicoradian, beautiful

spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-ral)

mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner, twisted lily (deri-ved from mìn turn)

mulpxar: [mul."p’aR] PF n. roosterhead plantpa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl

"] PF n. direhorse pitcher plant

(c.w. from pa’li direhorse and ’ewll plant)pamtseowll: ["pam.

>tsE.o.wl

"] PF n. cat ear, mu-

sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewllplant)

paywll: ["paj.wl"] PF n. water plant, dapophet

(c.w. from pay water and ’ewll plant)penghrrap: [pEN."hr

".ap^] PF n. binary sunshine,

fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrapdanger)

pxayzekwä: [p’aj."zEk.wæ] PF n. spiny whips(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)

25

pxiut: ["p’i.ut^] PF n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.from pxi sharp and utral tree)

pxiwll: ["p’i.wl"] PF n. hermit bud plant (c.w.

from pxi sharp and ’ewll plant)pxorna’: ["p’oR.naP^] PF n. episoth, exploding

seed (c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)pxorna’lor: ["p’oR.naP."loR] PF n. sari, beautiful

exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-ploding seed and lor beautiful)

rawp: [Rawp^] PF n. bladder polyprumut: ["Rum.ut^] PF n. ball tree (c.w. from rum

ball and utral tree)seze: ["sE.zE] PF,ZS n. blue flowersmaoe: [sma."o.E] PF n. phalanxia, heavily thor-

ned plantsngukx: [sNuk’] PF n. grub plantsomtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] PF n. popsicle, hot beauty

(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] PF n. hyneman, person

trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] PF n. sky tree (c.w. from taw

sky and utral tree)tawtsngal: ["taw.

>tsNal] PF n. panopyra, sky cup

(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl

"] PF n. spartan, pro-

tection plant (c.w. from tìhawnu protectionand ’ewll plant)

tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl"] PF n. geode, rain plant

(c.w. from tompa rain and ’ewll plant)torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp’am] PF n. octoshroom,

great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from torukgreat leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)

tsawlapxangrr: [">tsawl.a.p’a.Nr"] PF n. unidelta

tree, lit. tall large root (c.w. from tsawl bigand ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)

tstxa’a: [">tst’a.Pa] PF n. canalydtsyorina’wll: [>tsjo.Ri."naP.wl

"] PF n. cycad, flour

seed plant (c.w. from rina’ seed and ’ewllplant)

txll’u: ["t’l".Pu] PF n. hookagourd

txumpaywll: ["t’um.paj.wl"] PF n. scorpion

thistle, poison water plant (c.w. from txumpoison and paywll water plant)

txumtsä’wll: [t’um.">tsæP.wl

"] PF n. Baja tickler,

poison-squirting plant (c.w. from tsä’ squirtand ’ewll plant)

utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utumauti push fruit)

utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,push fruit

väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl"] PF n. Centipede, bad-smell

plant (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant and fahewsmell)

värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] PF n. vein pod (c.w.from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)

Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] PF prop.n. Tree ofSouls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] PF n. small ani-mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eatand hì’ang insect)

yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] PF n. chalice plant (c.w.from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna

’angtsìk: ["PaN.>tsIk^] PF n. hammerhead

eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] PF n. brainworm(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)

fpxafaw: ["fp’a.faw] PF n. medusafwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] PF n. mantisikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. bansheeikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not

PF)kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-

nous arachnidlonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja] ASG n. medusanantang: ["nan.taN] JC,PF n. viperwolf Canifer-

ratus costatus, striped armored wolfpa’li: ["paP.li] PF n. direhorsepalulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-

loquial [pa."lu.kan])riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbattalioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived

from ioang animal)teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larvatoruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-

dowyerik: ["jE.Rik^] PF n. hexapedezize’: [zi."zEP^] PF n. hellfire wasp

26

F Useful Phrases

These are some useful idiomatic phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although themorphemes are probably invariable. I’ve included these not only to show instances where aphrase encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common construc-tions. For this reason I have also included some single words again here.

’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’] PF phrase be hungry (derived from ’efu feel and ohakx hungry)ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] PF phrase ’Ask a thanator to release it’s prey’, ’it’s a

foregone conclusion’ (from Na’vi idiom Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì smarit livonu)etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] PF phrase good luck (derived from etrìp favourable and syayvi

luck)Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] JC,PF phrase goodbye, Eywa (be) with you (derived from Eywa Gaia

and ngahu with you)ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu."kE] PF phrase whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] PF phrase what are you called, what is your namehakuna matata: [ha."ku.na ma."ta.ta] RL(NotPF ) phrase there are no worries (I lost a bet.)hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] PF phrase next time from me (derived from hayalo

next time and oeta from me)hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] PF phrase until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)irayo: [i."Raj.o] PF intj. thanks, thank youkaltxì: [kal."t’I] PF intj. hello (casual)ke pxan: [kE p’an] PF phrase I’m not worthy (derived from ke not and pxan worthy)ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] PF phrase not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] PF phrase no need (for thanks) (derived from kea no and tìkin need)kefya srak: [kE."fja sRak^] PF phrase isn’t that so? right? no? (derived from fya’o way and srak

yes?)kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] PF intj. good-bye, see you again soon (derived from kame see and «ìyev»

future subjunctive infix)krro krro: ["kr

".o "kr

".o] PF phrase at times, on occasion (derived from krr time)

nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] PF phrase I love you, you are beloved to mengaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] PF phrase How are you? are you well?ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru

>tsul."fæ] PF phrase to your the mastery (derived from ngaru to you and

tsulfä mastery)ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] PF phrase and to you? and you? (derived from nga you and tut continua-

tion marker) (After a question with a dative subject)ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k’E.

>tsE l·u "wE.Ru] PF phrase your tail is mine, you’re going down

nìprrte’: [nI."pr".tEP^] PF adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure

oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] PF phrase I give thanks to you, thank youoel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] PF phrase I see you, hello (familiar)oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] PF phrase an honor to me, it was an honour (derived from oeru to

me and meuia honor)oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] PF phrase fills me with satisfaction, joy (derived from oeru to me

and teya si fill)oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t’o.a li."vu] PF phrase please forgive me, may forgiveness be to mepum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] PF phrase yours, I should thank you (derived from pum possession

(dummy pronoun) and ngeyä your)seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram] PF phrase strong and happy!, congratulations (derived

from seykxel strong and nitram happy)

27

tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] PF phrase in my opinion (derived from tì’efu feeling and oeyämy)

tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr".æ] PF phrase forever, until the end of time (derived from tì’i’avay

until the end and krr time)tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k’Ej "Na.Ru] PF phrase you’re wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness and

ngaru to you)tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] PF phrase you’re right (derived from tìyawr correctness and ngaru

to you)tstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, that was kind of you to saytxon lefpom: [t’on lE."fpom] PF phrase good night, peaceful night (derived from txon night and

lefpom happy)zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr

".tEP^] PF phrase come pleasurably, welcome (derived from z«ol»a’u

come and nìprrte’ pleasurably)

28

G Illegal Words

These are illegal words that are not from Frommer: I have included them as they are in thecorpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. The following words, or their roots,either break syllable rules that Frommer set forth, or have at least one of the following illegalsounds, spellings, or digraphs:

’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]

ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plantBeyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri-

or of the Tipanichan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]

ASG n. stone jarchey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from

P’ah s’ivil chey rack)Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-

briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradleseveryone

Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to allof us

Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-sEJ makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personalname)

feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-ket

Gro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of cavesiveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-

by slingk’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleepKoo Tsura: [ko:

>tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-

lageKyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurailenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory

animalm’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]

ASG n. shieldmalmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stonemas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]

ASG mother loomMendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

panimeresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or

[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,

bola, lit. nothing to seemreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pitna’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-

se lead, lit. face pullNaalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the Tipaninikt’chey: [niktP

>tshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.

small bit of food, packed lunchnivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-

rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewyacradles everyone)

omati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blueflute

P’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso-nal belongings rack

pxtxawng: [p’t’awN] JC n. douchebagshah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from

Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable underNa’vi phonotactic rules)

su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran

sumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf platesumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hul

"Eh] ASG slee-

ping outside of the groupt’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-

dulum drumTan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the Tipanitmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-

tern, from food hereU’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG

prop.n. a clanulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariP

>tsEj

makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of thetree look to each other for strength, or manybranches together are strong

ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-si] ASG n. leaf plate

29

H Inflections

Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.PAST), derived from am +ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.

aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.FUT.), derived from ay + ol:Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.

am: [am] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.äng: [æN] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ.): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).äp: [æp] PF reflexive verbal infix in the pre-first position (REFL.): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check

myself.arm: [aRm] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.PAST.), derived from am

+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.FUT.), derived from ay

+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.asy: [asj] PF future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.D.): Oel tspam«asy»ang

palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator.ats: [a>

ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position 2(INFR.): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)

awn: [awn] PF passive participle verbal infix in the pre-first position (P.PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu. I am a hunted person.

ay: [aj] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt theyerik.

ei: [Ei] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD.): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).er: [ER] PF imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.eyk: [Ejk] PF causative verbal infix in the pre-first position (CAUS.): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I

caused him to die.ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.REC.PAST.), derived

from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.ilv: [il.v] PF present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.PER.SUBJ.): Oe new

tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.IMM.FUT.), deri-

ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.ìm: [Im] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC.PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.imv: [im.v] PF past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.SUBJ.): Oe namew tsl«imv»am

I wanted to understand.ìrm: [IRm] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.REC.PAST.), derived

from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.irv: [iR.v] PF present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.IMPF.SUBJ.): Oe

new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.IMM.FUT.),

derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.ìsy: [Isj] PF immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.D.):

Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator soon.iv: [iv] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ.): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You

want this thing: for me to fight.ìy: [Ij] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron. I

will hunt the yerik soon.

30

ìyev: [I.jEv] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.I will see you soon.

iyev: [i.jEv] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.I will see you soon.

ol: [ol] PF perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finishedaction).

us: [us] LN active participle verbal infix in the pre-first position (A.PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a tútelu. I am a hunting person.

uy: [u.j] PF honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON.): Na’viyä,l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case and Plurality Inflections

–ä: [æ] PF genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)(GEN.): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.

–ìl: [Il] PF ergative case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel(allomorph of l) (ERG.): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.

–ìri: [IRi] PF topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-morph of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.

–it: [it^] PF accusative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel(allomorph of t, ti) (ACC.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.

–l: [l] LN ergative case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.–ri: [Ri] PF topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet

ngaru tìng. I give food to you.–t: [t^] LN accusative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (ACC.): Oel ngat

kame. I see you.–ti: [ti] LN accusative for pronouns and nouns (ACC.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.–ur: [uR] PF dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-

morph of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.–y: [j] PF genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN.): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.

Your toruk is good.–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (GEN.): Oel

yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:may look like –eyä)

–ya: [ya] PF,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.ay+: [aj] PF plural for nouns (PL.): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.me+: [mE] LN dual for nouns (DU.): Oel new me+olet. I want two lakes.pxe+: [p’E] PF trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI.): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three children.

(Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun whichoften undergoes ellision)

Other Inflections

Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. Here (0) indicates unproductivity, which meansit cannot be freely applied and each Frommerian form is in the lexicon, while (4) indicatescomplete productivity. All verbal infixes, case and plurality markers are entirely productive.

31

–a–: [a] PF (4) adjectival attributive marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean tswayon. I fly the excel-lent blue ikran.

–an: [an] LN (1) masculine suffix for certain nouns: Oe poan lu. I am a dude.–e: [E] PF (1) feminine suffix for certain nouns: Oe poe ke lu. I am not a girl.–lo: [lo] PF (3) multiplicative number suffix for nouns: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.–ng: [N] LN (0) clusivity for pronouns (CLUS.): Ayoeng rol. We all sing.–o: [o] PF (4) indefinite suffix: Oel tspamang tuteot. I killed someone.–tsyìp: [>tsjIp^] PF (4) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp. Come

here, little daughter.–tu: [tu] PF (3) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.–ve: [vE] PF (4) ordinal suffix for numbers (irregular but predictable from the ordinals from

one to eight): Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule of living together.–vi: [vi] PF (2) partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.–yu: [ju] LN (4) agent noun deriving affix Oe ska’ayu ke lu. I am not a destroyer.le–: [lE] PF (0) adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.nì–: [nI] LN (0) adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) ((4)

Productive for adjectives only - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate adjective orrelative clause)

pe+: [pE] LN (4) affix inter. marker what: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?sä–: [sæ] PF (0) instrumental noun deriving affix Oel sänumet nume. I learn the teaching.si: [s·i] LN (0) postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit.

I home make in Hometree.)tì–: [tI] LN (0) noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.

I The Changelog

This is the changelog. I’ve kept it in, not for translators, who should contact Tuiq, but for thereader, who would presumably like to know what I’ve done.

• 11.293 Added 15 proper nouns from Frommer. Changed tstu to an adj. Moved Entu, ad-ded ne + mìfa to nemfa, edited reypay. Added in a table for ordinal numbers, days of theweek, and times of the day. tìng mikyun, tìng nari now intransitive. Changed definitionof u’imi to singular streamer, pendant. Added lì’fyaolo’ language group. Added the restof the infix combinations, deleted the trilinear gloss appendix, edited to. Edited someexample sentences, changed some c.w. to derivations. Provided derivation for za’ärìp.Added everything I could from the new blog post: dimunitives, phrases. Deleted –am,–ay, changed all derivations to hay, ham. Added fuke, ftxey...fuke again. Deleted somechangelog, changed formatting for new phrase appendix. IPA error. IPA, derivation foratanvi, txepvi, and pxe- example error. Edited prologue. Marked productivity for deri-vational inflections. Fixed some errors. Added everything from the July 16th naviteri.orgupdate. Fixed error. Added kemlì’uvi infix. Added more to the phrases section. Addedlink to Swedish dictionary (Irayo seiyi nìtxan, ma le’eylan!). Edited wou. Edited error in-ru sentence. Added link to the Hungarian dictionary (woot!). Changed POS for fnawe’.Changed -tu to reflect person-noun maker, not patientive noun. Added in order to for fte.Added lefkrr. Added derivation for sa’sem. Edited definition of fko to include they thesingular use (As in, the applicant will be awesome: they will understand awesomeness"),and not it. IPA for te. IPA. IPA. IPA. sngä’i now modal. IPA. Changed some sourcingsto correct ones, changed all W to LN for LearnNavi. Error checking. Keyey atxan. Edi-ted definition of pum. IPA, moved oe irayo si ngaru to phrases. Added lì’upam accent.

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Added natkenong for example, as an example. Keyey. Added subjunctive note to nìrangal.Keyey in an example.

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