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NASAKennedySpaceCenterLaunaMaier
Dr.LisaHuddlestonKris3nSmith
January27,2016
Ar0strenderingofSLSsoaringthroughclouds
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160001284 2018-08-25T04:07:38+00:00Z
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Agenda
• Background• PastResearch• KSCWeatherToday,Staff,Responsibili>es,Ac>vi>es
• Evolu>onofWeatherSupport• FutureTechnology• BuoyUpdate• Summary
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Background
• PriorandduringApollo,theWeatherBureau(laternamedtheNa>onalWeatherService)providedmeteorologicalsupportforKennedySpaceCenter(KSC)andhadofficesatJohnsonSpaceCenter(JSC),Miami,HonoluluandWashingtonD.C.
• Duringthis>me,theUSAFprovidedsomemeteorologicalservicesincludingrawinsondes,weatherradar,surface-basedinstrumentsandanetworkofwindtowersfordiffusionoftoxic/nuclearmaterials.(ref.KCA-1645Webb-McNamaraAgreement)
• PostApollo,KSCelectedtousetheUSAFforweathersupportandJSCcon>nuedtousetheNa>onalWeatherService.
• TheLightningAdvisoryPanel(LAP)wasformedfollowinginves>ga>onoftriggeredlightningeventonlaunch(AC-67)toproviderulesandassociatedtechnicalra>onaleforlaunchconstraintstoprecludetriggeredlightningduringlaunch.
• WeatherOfficeformedaboutthesame>me,baseduponrecommenda>onoftheinves>ga>onboard.
• TheWeatherSupportOffice(WSO)wasformedatNASAHQaboutthesame>me.Subsequently,(late90s)thisresponsibilitywasdelegatedtoJohnMaduraatKSCandtheWSOwaseliminated.
• Shortlytherea^er,theAppliedMeteorologyUnitwasformedbaseduponrecommenda>onsfromNASA-sponsoredpaneltodevelopandapplynewmeasurementtechnologyaswellasnewweatheranalysisandfore-cas>ngtechniquestoimproveweathersupportforspaceopera>ons.
1/27/2016 3
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
ThunderstormResearchInterna3onalProgram(TRIP)
• SouthDakotaSchoolofMinesT-28(1978)
• NASA-6AirborneFieldMill
• NewMexicoTechRainGauges(Brook)
• EnvironmentalResearchLaboratoryC-131(Kasemir)
• KennedySpaceCenterNASA-6(Taiani)• NavalResearchLaboratoriesS2D(Ruhnke)• UniversityofArizona(Krider)• RiceUniversity(Few)• Transporta>onSystemsCenter(Kalafus)
• AFFlightDynamicsLaboratory(Baum)
• JSC(Arabian)
• GSFC(LeVine)• StanfordResearchIns>tute(Nanevicz)• StatueUniversityofNewYorkatAlbany
(OrvilleandIdone)
• PennsylvaniaStateUniversity(Panofsky)• Na>onalSevereStormsLaboratory(Rust
andTaylor)
• USAF1035thTechnicalOpera>onsGroup(Turman)
• UniversityofFlorida(Uman)
• KSC(Lennon,Poehler,Stubbs,PRC/Stahmann)
1976-77TRIPreporthgp://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780003695.pdf1976FlightDatahgps://archive.org/stream/nasa_techdoc_19780025750/19780025750#page/n179/mode/2up
1/27/2016 4
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
ResultsfromTRIP
MovingFilmS>llPhoto
Flashthatoccurredat2024:50UT,7/29/78,KSC,FloridafromOrvilleandIdone,JGR,1982
Lightningelements
Veloci3es
Steppedleaders
2x105
Dart-steppedleaders
1-2x106
Dartleaders 1-2x107
ReturnStrokes
2x107-2.8x108
IXInterna>onalSymposiumonLightningProtec>on,
Rakov,2007
1/27/2016 5
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Loca3ngLightningandThunderstormCurrentswithElectricFieldMills
7/19/1976
Al>tudesofchargesdepositedbycloud-to-groundlightninganduseofdipolestolocateintracloudlightning,MaierandKrider,JGR,1986
TheElectricCurrentsProducedbyThunderstorms,KriderandBlakeslee,J.Electrosta>cs,1985
7/11/1978
1/27/2016 6
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Rocket-TriggeredLightning
• NASAhostedtheRocket-triggeredlightningprogramfrom1984-1991
• Repeatedlytriggeredlightningataknownloca>ontomeasurelightningcharacteris>cs
• ResearchersfromFrance,Florida,NewYork,Arizonaandmorepar>cipatedincharacterizingthecurrents,veloci>es,spectrums,etc.oftriggeredlightning
1/27/2016 7
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
LightningProtec3onSystems
• Numeroussystemsareemployedtoprotectsensi>vehardwarefromlightningeffects
• Thesesystemshavealsobeenusedtostudythecharacteris>csoflightning;e.g.,frequencyofoccurrence,returnstrokes,currents,inducedcurrents,andmore
• Systemsusedincludecatenarywiresystem,lightningtowers,internalelectricmeasurementstoquan>fyinducedvoltages,electricandmagne>cfieldmeasurementsandmore
1/27/2016 8
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Convec3onandPrecipita3onExperiment(CaPE)
• TheConvec>onandPrecipita>on/Electrifica>onExperiment(CaPE)
• 7/18-8/18,1991• Par>cipantsincludedNSF,FAA,NASA,NOAA,USAF• MainObjec>ves:1)Rela>onshipbetweenwind,waterandelectric
fieldsinconvec>veclouds;2)Mesoscalemodelforecastsofwind,cloudandthunderstorms;3)Improvingnowcas>ngofconvec>on,downburstsandtornadoes;4)precipita>onpar>clecharacteriza>onandes>ma>onofrainfall
1/27/2016 9
ExampleExperiment:TheAdvancedMicrowavePrecipita3onRadiometerTheAMPRisatotalpowerpassivemicrowaveradiometerproducingcalibratedbrightnesstemperatures(TB)at10.7,19.35,37.1,and85.5GHz.Thesefrequenciesaresensi>vetotheemissionandscageringofprecipita>on-sizeice,liquidwater,andwatervapor.
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
12/8/2015 10
AirborneFieldMillCampaigns
AirborneFieldMillII(6/2000,2/2001,5-6/2001)• KSC,MSFC,USAF,NCAR,UnivofNDakota,
NHLandNOAAEnvir.TechLab• Studiedtheelectricfieldinanviland
debrisclouds
AirborneFieldMillI(2000-2001)• NASA(HQ,KSC,MSFC,LaRC),USAF,SRI,
Aerojet• Studiedtheelectricfieldabovegrowing
cumulusandinsidevariouscloudtypes
Purpose:Toiden>fy,bymeasurableparameters,whichcloudshavesufficientelectricfieldtotrigger
lightningduringlaunch.
KSC Weather LisaHuddleston,AMUChief§ BS(IndustrialEngineering)§ MS(EngineeringManagement)§ PhD(EnvironmentalScience)§ 12yearsNASA;17yearscontractor§ 15+professionalpublica>ons
Kris3nSmith§ BS(Meteorology)§ MS(Atmospheric&OceanicScience)§ PhDstudent(Atmospheric&OceanicScience)
§ 3yearswithNASA/KSC,MSFCcontractor(2years)
§ 3+professionalpublica>ons
LaunaMaier,Manager§ BS(Physics)§ MS(AtmosphericPhysics)§ MS(EngineeringManagement)§ NSSL(2years),UnivAriz(5years),CSC(2years)andNASA(27years)
§ 15+professionalpublica>ons
1/27/2016 11
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
KSCWeatherResponsibili3es
• Ensureefficientandeffec>veopera>onalweathersupportforNASAProgramsandProjects
• Budgetandacquireopera>onalweatherservices(USAF,NDBC,contractorsupport,etc.)
• Dailyforecasts,warnings(severeweather,lightning,highwinds,temperatureextremes),accesstodata
• Developbothpolicyandagreementsandoverseeimplementa>on• Developmeasurablelaunchcommitcriteriatoprecludenaturalortriggered
lightningduringlaunchandavoidtribo-electrifica>onhazards• Developandimplementsensors,tools,orprocessestoincreasesafetyofopera>ons
andlaunchandtoincreaseopera>onalandlaunchavailabilitythroughrela>onshipswithotherNASACenters,USAFandacademia
• Supportdecisionmakersinprepara>onsandresponsetoadverseweatherevents(e.g.,tropicalweather)
• Provideanalysisofweathereventsfordamageassessmentsanddecisionsregardingrepair,retestandreuse
• Providepriori>esforKSCweatherresearchprojectstoimproveopera>onalandlaunchavailabilitythroughnewtoolsandtechniques(e.g.,priori>esforSBIR,NASAgrants)
1/27/2016 12
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
KSCWeatherCustomers
• GroundSystemsandDevelopmentOpera>ons,OrionandSpaceLaunchSystems
• 21stCenturyGroundSystems• LaunchServicesProgram• CommercialCrewProgram• CommercialLaunchers• SmallerprojectsuchasAdvancedExplora>onSystems,LunarExpress,Morpheus,RocketUniversity
• KSCEmployees
1/27/2016 13
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
WeatherPartnerships
1/27/2016 14
USAF Eastern Range & USAF O&M, Sustaining Contractor Instruments located at CCAFS, KSC and surrounding area
NOAA NWS Doppler Radar, Satellites, Forecast Models NOAA NHC Models and Forecasts
KSC (50 MHz DRWP, 39B Wx Instr) MSFC Natural Environments Branch (Wx effects on Vehicles)
JSC/NWS (Landing/Recovery Operations)
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
45thWeatherSquadronSupporttoKSC
1/27/2016 15
• DedicatedLaunchWeatherOfficer(LWO)toprovidedailyopera>onalforecasts,tosupportdailyopera>ons(e.g.,flighthardwaremoves),tosupportlaunchopera>onsandtoprovidereal->merequestsforinforma>on
• Providesallweatherinstrumenta>on(e.g.,rawinsondes,weatherradar,windtowernetwork,lightningsystems,fieldmillnetwork,915MHzDRWPs)withtheexcep>onoftheDopplerRadarWindProfiler(DRWP)andPadBweatherinstrumenta>onusedfordailyandlaunchopera>ons
• Provideswarnings(e.g.,highwinds,lightning,tornado,hail,extremetemperature,tropicalstorm)
• Providesforecastsforweathersensi>veopera>ons(e.g.,hardwaremoves,launches,construc>on,fueling,controlledburns)
• Providespost-eventweatherdataandanalyses
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
WeatherInstrumenta3onsuppor3ngUSAF/KSC
1/27/2016 16
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
AppliedMeteorologyUnit
1/27/2016 17
• Developandapplynewmeasurementtechnology(e.g.,setuphardwaretodisplaywindfieldfrom3Dopplerweatherradars,splicingtoolfortowers,915and50MHzDRWP)
• Developandapplynewweatheranalysisandrecentforecas>ngtechniques(e.g.,localizedmodelsforini>alconvec>onandfog,valida>onofDRWPdata)
• Improveweathersupportforspaceopera>onsbydevelopmentofoverlaysanddisplaysspecifictocustomerweatherrequirements(e.g.,rangeringsforKSC,windlimitdisplays,anvilmovementand>mingoverlayforLLCCforecas>ng,videolineofsightareas)
• Provideforecastereduca>onandtraining
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
ExampleAMUproduct:EvaluatePredic3onofLocalSeaBreezeFronts
fromAMU-WRFModel
• Purpose• Evaluateperformanceofthe1.33kmresolu>onAMU-WRFmodelinpredic>ngtheonset>me,inlandposi>on,andintensityofseabreezefrontsintheKSC/CCAFSareaduringthewarmseason.
• Evalua>onwillhelpdeterminemodel’sabilitytopredict“firstlightning”oftheday.
• Opera3onalProduct• AMU-WRFmodeldisplayedintheAdvancedWeatherInterac>veProcessingSystem(AWIPS)intheAMUandRangeWeatherOpera>ons.
1/27/2016 18
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
ExampleAMUproduct:Configura3onandEvalua3onofaReal-TimeDual-DopplerWind
FieldSystem
• Purpose• Useradialveloci>esfromtwoDopplerradarstoproducewindfieldsinreal>me
• Improveweathermodelforecasts• Makehorizontalwindfieldeasiertointerpret,enablingforecastersto
• Predictstormdevelopment• Issuewindandlightningwarnings
• Opera3onalProduct• Opera>onalversionofdual-Dopplerso^warerunninginreal>me• Reportoffindingsfrominves>ga>onofmethods,hardware/so^warerequirements
1/27/2016 19
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
ExampleAMUproduct:AnvilTool
• Purpose• Predictarrival>meofanvilclouds(usingupperairwinddatafromrawinsondes,Dopplerradarwindprofilerormodels)
• Cloudscanbeathreatfortriggeredlightningduringlaunchvehicleascent
• Opera3onalProduct• Centeredonlaunchpad,depictarcswhichrepresent>meforcloudstopropagateoverthelaunchpad
• Forecastlikelihoodofconstraintviola>onforupcoming>meoflaunch
1/27/2016 20
Lightning & Chemistry • LargestsourceofNOx(NO+NO2)intheuppertroposphere
• NOxinfluences:• O3produc>on• OHconcentra>on• Indirectlyaffectsclimate
• Roughly60%uncertaintyinamountoflightning-generatedNOx(LNOx)produc>on
• Flashtypeandlength• Needtobegerunderstandfor
modeling
• Howdowereduceuncertainty?• Fieldcampaigns• Modeling• Laboratorytests Schumann&Huntrieser,2007
O2+N2+NO+NONO+O3NO2+O2
NO2+NO+OO+O2+MO3+M
16Nov2005HectorThunderstorm(Darwin,AU;SCOUT-O3/ACTIVEfieldcampaign)
29May2012OklahomaConvec3on(DC3fieldcampaign)
Cummingsetal.,2013Cummingsetal.,2016
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
LightningAdvisoryPanel• Smallprocurementswithworld-wideexpertsto:– DevelopandupdateLightningLaunchCommitCriteria(LLCC)toenablesafelaunch,improvelaunchavailabilityanddocumentthera>onale
– Adviseonlightningadvisoryandwarningcriteria,sensorsandevalua>ontechnologyforimprovedopera>onalavailability
• LLCCu>lizedforalllaunchvehiclesatalllaunchsites(i.e.,USAF,NASA,andFAA-licensed)
1/27/2016 23
3 hrs 4 hrs
7.5dBZ
-20°C
-15°C
0 °C
OK > 4500 ft
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
DopplerRadarWindProfiler
1/27/2016 24
Opera>onsandmaintenanceofaphased-arrayradarcomprisedof640antennason~5acreswithsolid-stateantennabeam-poin>ngtechnologytodirecta250kWagDopplerbeam
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
50-MHzDopplerRadarWindProfiler(DRWP)
1/27/2016 25
50MHzDRWPantennafield
§ 50 DRWP: Tropospheric wind profiler § Vertical profiles of wind (2,600-18,600 m, every 145 m) § Evaluate aerodynamic loading of space launch vehicles § Weather balloons take ~1.5 hours to reach top altitude
and can drift up to 200 miles downwind § 50DRWP is every 3 min and directly overhead
50DRWPloca>on
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
LPLWSsensor LPLWSsensorloca>ons
LaunchPadLightningWarningSystem(LPLWS)
1/27/2016 26
§ 31 surface electric field sensors § Electric charge at surface induced by charges aloft
§ Evaluate Lightning Launch Commit Criteria § Can indicate danger or provide relief from other rules
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
WeatherDataArchive
1/27/2016 27
• Provide>melyno>fica>onofpossibledamagetoGSEandflight,andspacecra^hardwaredueto24/7nearreal->melightningalerts
• Supportsta>s>calanalysesofweatherdatanecessaryforthedesignofnewgroundprocessing,launch,flight,andrecoveryhardwareorfacili>es
• Provideaccesstodataforinves>ga>ngweather-relatedaccidentsoranomalies
• ProvidesKSCaccesstoRangeMeteorologicaldatawhichrequiresalicenseagreement.Thisservicemaintainssecurityandeliminatesexpenseofbuyingmul>plelicensestoaccessdata.ProvidesRangeandothersaccesstoKSCdata.
• Automatedscriptswhicheliminatesrecurringwork;i.e.,subsequentrequestsforthesametypesofdataoccurwithoutaddi>onalhours.
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
LightningAssessmentandAnalysis
1/27/2016 28
• Define/clarifyKSCpolicyandproceduresonfacility/systemdesigntoassuresafetyofpersonnel,flighthardware,andfacili>es
• Reviewnewfacili>esdesignsandexis>ngfacili>esmodifica>onsforlightningprotec>on
• Inves>gatelightningincidentstodeterminecorrec>veac>onsneededincludingretestofsensi>vesystems
• SupportKSCLightningSafetyCommigee
• Interpretdataandanalyzeanomaliesfromligh>ngsystems
• Formulate/reviselightningsafetyproceduresingroundsupportdocuments
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
MiscellaneousProjects:KaBOOM(Ka-BandObserva3on:ObjectsandMonitoring)
1/27/2016 29
Changes in cataloged objects in orbit around Earth over 50 years
Build a high power, high resolution radar system for: • Precision tracking and characterization of near
Earth objects to: • Save the Earth from Asteroid impacts • Select asteroids for human exploration
• Tracking orbital debris • Down to 5 cm at GEO • Protect astronauts on the ISS and
satellites up to GEO
Orbit determination 100,000 times more precise than by optical means.
0.5 AU capability for tracking and characterizing NEO’s
0.1 AU Current capability for tracking and characterizing NEO’s:
NASA Primary Goals
1963 2013
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
TheDemonstra3onProject• Phased Array, 3 – 12m diameter antennas
• Eventually operate near 30 GHz • Main features are the ability:
• to produce phase-aligned signals at a distant target without external calibration
• to use a downlink signal (if one is simultaneously present) to measure the effects of tropospheric turbulence along the signal paths and apply real-time corrections to the uplink signal.
KaBOOM
1/27/2016 30
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
1 of 3 12 m KaBOOM antennas
1 of 3 0.8 m Site Test Interferometer antennas
SiteTestInterferometers
1/27/2016 31
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
• An STI constructed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been implemented at KSC.
• It uses three small antennas to receive signals from a commercial geostationary satellite in order to measure the effects of turbulence in the atmosphere on space communication and radar signals.
• The STI will help KaBOOM determine: • how much its signals are being disrupted by the atmosphere, and • provide a measure of how well KaBOOM's atmosphere compensation
process is working.
SiteTestInterferometers
1/27/2016 32
Turbulencevarieswithweatherandseason,butitisnotmeasurablebyordinarymeteorologicalinstruments,hencetheneedforthespecializedSTIinstrument.
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Evolu3onofWeatherSupport
1/27/2016 33
• Government-only launches • 2-4 launches per month • 1 Big Customer • Self-sufficiency Model • Solely USAF Range • Upper air data (Balloons only) • Initial Lightning Launch Commit
Criteria (LLCC) development • Accidents attributed to wx
• Majority commercial launches • 2-4 launches per month • Many Med/Small Customers • Buy-by-the-pound Model • USAF and FAA-licensed launches • Upper air data (Balloons, Doppler
Radar Wind Profiler (DRWP)) • Gradual refinement of LLCC • Limited Space Wx assessment • No recent accidents due to wx
• Reductions (AMU, buoys) • Complex budget process • Workforce unfamiliar with state prior to weather incidents
• Continuous demand for increased support for less cost
Effects
• Government, commercial, tourist launches • 2-4 launches per week • Numerous small launches • Weather funded by commercial users? • 50% or more Federal Aviation Agency
(FAA)-licensed launches • Upper air data (DRWP, radar, satellite) • LLCC less conservative & reliant on
instrumentation • Localized, tailored Space Weather
evaluation • Tailored, geolocated wx watches/warnings • Goal: 0 accidents, reduced scrubs/delays
1995
2015
2035
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
FutureTechnologyinWeatherSupport
1/27/2016 34
0-5Years 5-10Years 10-15Years 15-20Years
Rapid increase of meteorological data products via satellite
3- or 4-D, highly-interactive displays
Personalized point wx warnings
Increased resolution radar systems
Microscale and nested wx models incorporating local data sets
Sensing Technology
Meteorological Tools Mesoscale wx models
Land and satellite-based remote sensing thermal and vapor
Warning Technology
Automated, model-based warning initiation, translation and cessation
Use of unmanned aerial and robotic sensors
Solid-state, low maintenance sensors
Multiple 3-D object overlay and intersection
Facility wx warnings
Remotely providing Meteorological services for multiple launch sites
Accurate characterization of space weather hazards
Meteorological tools for return –to-base decisions
Space weather detection and forecast tools
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
BuoyUpdate
1/27/2016 35
Buoysprovidedataofhighintegrityandfixedloca3onforwhichremotesensingcapabili3esarenotavailable.
Sta3on41010120NMEastofCapeCanaveral,FL3-meterdiscusbuoyARESpayload28.903N78.464W(28°54'10"N78°27'50"W)Airtempheight:4mabovesiteeleva>onAnemometerheight:5mabovesiteeleva>onBarometereleva3on:sealevelSeatempdepth:1mbelowsiteeleva>onWaterdepth:1873m
Sta3on4100920NMEastofCapeCanaveral,FLAMPSpayload3-meterdiscusbuoy28.522N80.188W(28°31'18"N80°11'18"W)Airtempheight:4mabovesiteeleva>onAnemometerheight:5mabovesiteeleva>onBarometereleva3on:sealevelSeatempdepth:1mbelowsiteeleva>onWaterdepth:40.5m
NASAnolongerfundsNa>onalBuoyDataCenter(NDBC)buoysoffKSCandtheymaybemovedatNDBCdiscre>on.
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Summary
KSCWeather:• Istheresultoflessonslearnedandhasarichhistoryofmeteorologicalresearchandtechnology
• Supportsnumerousac>vi>es• Supportsanextensivesetofstakeholders,partnersandcustomers
• Hasmadeextensiveprogressinimprovingopera>onsavailabilitywhileensuringsafety
1/27/2016 36
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Backup
1/27/2016 37
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
• The STI will help KaBOOM determine: • how much its signals are being disrupted by the atmosphere, and • provide a measure of how well KaBOOM's atmosphere compensation
process is working.
Loca>onofKaBOOMsiteatKSC.
Turbulencevarieswithweatherandseason,butitisnotmeasurablebyordinarymeteorologicalinstruments,hencetheneedforthespecializedSTIinstrument.
SiteTestInterferometers
1/27/2016 38
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
Theore3calBackground
SiteTestInterferometers
1/27/2016 39
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
DelayRMSin600-sblocksreferencedtozenithfortheKSCSTIinSeptember2013(allthreebaselines).
SiteTestInterferometers
1/27/2016 40
J.F.KennedySpaceCenter
SiteTestInterferometers
1/27/2016 41
Monthlycumula>vedistribu>oncurvesofzenithdelayRMSfortheKSCSTI(warmermonthsshowninreddishcurves,wintermonthsinbluish/purplishcurves.)