NAMIBIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

COLIN VAN RENSBURGST PAUL'S COLLEGE

PUBLISHED BY

Z E B RA PUB LI S HIN G

Introduction ii

CHAPTER 1: GEOMORPHOLOGY 1Plate Tectonics 1Causes of Plate Movements 2Types of Plate Boundaries 5Volcanic Island Arcs 9Fold Mountains 9Volcanoes 11Earthquakes 16Tsunamis 20Ca se Studies 21Questions 29

CHAPTER 1: WEATHERING ANDEROSION )0Types ofWeathering : 30Influence of Climate on Weathering 32Mass movement and slope stability 33Questions 37

CHAPTER): RIVER PROCESSES )9Types of flow 39The long profile of streams .40Landforms associated with rivers 43Management of floodplains .47Case Study 49Questions 50

CHAPTER4: DRAINAGE BASINS 51Terminology of drainage basins 51Drainage basins and hydrographs 52Drainage Density 54Stream Orders 54Drainage Patterns 55River Capture 56The Hydrological Cyde 56Ground water 57Artesian Basins 59Questions 61

CHAPTER 5: WIND PROCESSES 6)Processes ofwind erosion 63Landforms created by wiOnd erosion 63Landforms created by wind deposition 65Questions 67

CHAPTER 6: COASTAL PROCESSES 68Types of waves 68Howare coastlines changed 69Erosion of coastlines 71Coastal deposition 74Questions 76

CHAPTER 7: WEATHER AND CLiMATE 77Elements of weather 77Weather instruments 77Using and analysing dimatic data 85Factors influencing temperature 87The energy budget 93Vertical temperature changes 94Air Pressure 95Atmospheric circulation 96

Air Masses 100Tropical Cydones 104Case Studies 108Precipitation 111EI Nino 118Synoptic weather maps 120Ca se Studies 121Questions 125

CHAPTER 8: NATURAL VEGETATION 117Equatorial rain forests 127Sustainable management of equatorialforests 129Tropical Grasslands 133Tropical Deserts 137Mediterranean Regions 140Case Studies 143Questions 148

CHAPTER 9: THE DEVELOPMENT OFSOl LS 150Factors involved in soil formation 150The soil profile 151Ferralitic soils 152Ferruginous soils 153Soils of the Mediterranean regions 153Desert Soils 154Questions 154

CHAPTER 10: AGRICULTURE 155Farming as a system 155Types of farming 155Farming in Namibia 156Physical inputs 160Human inputs 162Economic inputs 163Government involvement 164Case Studies 164Factors causing food shortages 167Problems related to food aid 168Farming and the environment 169Strategies for sustainable agriculture 170Case Studies 171Increasing agricultural output 173The Green Revolution 174Genetically modified foods 177Soil erosion 177Conservation and land management 179Case Studies 180Questions 183

CHAPTER 11: INDUSTRY 184Industrial systems 184Location factors 185The Namibian Fishing Industry 188Location factors of the fishing industry 189Harvesting the fish 190Natural factors influencing fishing 192Human factors influencing fishing 193Siting factors 194Restructuring of the fishing industry 196Case Studies 197Questions 199

CHAPTER 11: THE DYNAMIC NATURE OFIN DUSTRI ES 101The motor vehicle industry 201The High-Tech industry 203Case Study 205The craft industry 206Cottage industries 206The characteristies of factories 208Multinational corporations 208Environmental consequences of industrialdevelopment 209Industrial change 212Questions 213

CHAPTER 13: TOURISM 116Reasons for growth in tourism 216Why Southern Africa fails to benefit 217Benefits oftourism 217Problems created by tourism 218Eco-tourism 219Case study 220Community-based tourism 222Case Studies 224Questions 226

CHAPTER 14: ENERGY RESOURCES 117Renewable and non-renewable energy 227Case Study 230The power ofwater 231Power trom coal 234The use of nuclear power 235The use of solar energy 238The use ofwind power 239Namibia's energy policy 241Questions 242

CHAPTER 15: ENERGY AND MINING 14)Patterns of production and consumption 243Electricity and greenhouse gases 248Alternative energy sources 249Impact ofmining 252Questions 255

CHAPTER 16:WATER RESOURCES INNAMIBIA 157Sources ofwater 257Pollution of Namibian water supplies 262Reducing water pollution 265Water shortages 266Causes of floods 267Case Studies 269Questions 271

CHAPTER 17: ENVIRONMENTAL RISKSANDMANAGEMENT 171Global Warming 272Acid Rain 274Desertifieation 277Deforestation 280Questions 282

CHAPTER 18: POPULATIONGEOGRAPHY 184Distribution and density 284Population growth since 1960 287Birth rate, death rate and net migration 288Demographie transition model 291Population pyramids 292Dependency ratio 294

Case Studies 296Questions 300

CHAPTER 19: POPULATION DYNAMICS ..)OlPopulation migration 302Multi-cultural societies 308Quality of life 309Population growth and food supply 310Aid schemes 311Case Studies 317Questions 318

CHAPTER 10: H IV AND AI DS )10What is AIDS 320Is there a cure for AIDS 321Influence of AIDS on the economy 322What is being done 323Case Studies 324Questions 327

CHAPTER 11: SETTLEMENTS )18Patterns of rural settlements 328Physieal factors 332Factors influencing size and function 333Morphology of cities 336Morphologieal regions 339Cities in LEDCs 348The impact ofthe motor car on cities 349Problems of cities and possible solutions 351Case Studies 354Questions 356

CHAPTER11: URBANISATION )58Causes and effects of urbanisation 358Solutions to the problems of urbanisation 363Settlement hierarchies 366Inequalities in cities 367Change in urban areas 369Case Study 372Questions 374

CHAPTER1J: RESEARCH TECHNIQUES .. )75Choosing a topic 375How to go about the study 376Collecting data 377Stream measurements 384Beach studies 386Measuring the weather 387Presenting the final project 388Assignment 392Questions 393

CHAPTER 14: MAP WORK )95The title of a map 395The key 395Scale 396Direction 399Locating features on a map 400Bearings 401Determining height 403Gradient 404Drainage 405Contours 405Cross-sections 408Photographs 411Questions 414

Glossary 415Index 417